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The Effectiveness of Think-Read-Ask-Paraphrase Strategy Instruction on the Problem-Solution Text Comprehension of Students with Learning Disabilities

Yıl 2025, Erken Görünüm, 1 - 21

Öz

Introduction: Reading comprehension is one of the most basic reading skills frequently encountered in academic and social life. Considering the difficulties that individuals with learning disabilities (LD) experience in reading comprehension, it is essential to ensure that these skills are acquired and improved. The objective of the present study is to investigate the effectiveness of the “Think-Read-Ask-Paraphrase” strategy instruction presented with the Self-Regulated Strategy Development (SRSD) model on the problem-solution text comprehension of students with LD.
Method: This study, designed using a multiple-probe design with probe trials across subjects, which is one of the single-subject research designs, was conducted with three students with LD studying in the fourth and fifth grades.
Findings: The research findings demonstrated that the “Think-Read-Ask-Paraphrase” strategy was effective on the subjects’ text recall and short-answer question response performances. Furthermore, the subjects could maintain their achievements in the maintenance sessions conducted two, four, and six weeks after the intervention. Additionally, the subjects could generalize their achievements to a text of the same type written on a different subject. The subjects’ use of cognitive and metacognitive strategies increased. The social validity data showed that the subjects, their teachers, and families found the intervention applicable and effective.
Discussion: The findings agree with the results of similar studies in the literature, which used the “Think-Read-Ask-Paraphrase” strategy presented with the SRSD model. This study found that strategy instruction positively affected the reading comprehension and self-regulated skills of students with LD.

Kaynakça

  • Akyol, H. (2013). Türkçe ilk okuma yazma öğretimi [Turkish early literacy instruction] (13. baskı). Pegem Akademi.
  • Armbruster, B. B., & Anderson. T. H. (1981). Research synthesis on study skills. Educational Leadership, 39(2). 154-156.
  • Armbruster, B. B., Anderson, T. H., & Ostertag, J. (1989). Teaching text structure to improve reading and writing. The Reading Teacher, 43(2), 130-137. https://doi.org/10.2307/20200307
  • Chall, J. S. (1983). Stages of reading development. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
  • Chandler, B., & Hagaman, J. (2020). Pre-service teacher implementation of strategy instruction: Effects on the comprehension of middle school students. Journal of Special Education Apprenticeship, 9(1), 1-16.
  • Doğanay-Bilgi, A., & Özmen, E. R. (2014). Uyarlanmış çok ögeli bilişsel strateji öğretiminin zihinsel engelli öğrencilerin metin anlama sürecinde kullanılan üstbilişsel strateji bilgisini kazanmalarında etkisi [The effectiveness of modified multi-component cognitive strategy instruction in comprehension of expository texts students with mental retardation]. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 14(2), 693-714. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2014.2.1629
  • Englert, C. S., & Mariage, T. V. (1991). Making students partners in the comprehension process: Organizing the reading “POSSE”. Learning Disability Quarterly, 14(2), 123-138. https://doi.org/10.2307/1510519
  • Ericsson, K. A., & Simon, H. A. (1980). Verbal reports as data. Psychological Review, 87(3), 215-251. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.87.3.215
  • Fırat, T. (2017). Okuma öncesinde sırasında ve sonrasında düşün (3D) stratejisi öğretiminin öğrenme güçlüğü olan öğrencilerin okuduklarını anlama becerilerine etkisi [Effects of the 3D strategy instruction on reading comprehension skills of students with learning disabilities] (Tez Numarası: 483858) [Doktora tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  • Flavell, J. H. (1976). Metacognitive aspects of problem solving. In L. B. Resnick (Ed.), The nature of intelligence (pp. 231-235). Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Görgün, B. (2018). Akıcı okuma ve okuduğunu anlama destek eğitim programının (Oka2dep) özel öğrenme güçlüğü olan öğrencilerin okuma becerilerine etkisi [The impact of reading fluency and comprehension supplemental education program (OKA2DEP) on reading skills of students with specific learning disabilities] (Tez Numarası: 524076) [Doktora tezi, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  • Graham, L., & Bellert, A. (2004). Difficulties in reading comprehension for students with learning disabilities. In B. Y. L. Wong (Ed.), Learning about learning disabilities (3rd ed., pp. 251-279). Elsevier Academic Press.
  • Graham, S., Harris, K. R., & Reid, R. (1992). Developing self-regulated learners. Focus on Exceptional Children, 24(6), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.17161/foec.v24i6.7539
  • Hagaman, J. L., & Casey, K. J. (2017). Paraphrasing strategy instruction in content area text. Intervention in School and Clinic, 52(4), 210-217. https://doi.org/10.1177/1053451216659468
  • Hagaman, J. L., Casey, K. J., & Reid, R. (2012). The effects of the paraphrasing strategy on the reading comprehension of young students. Remedial and Special Education, 33(2), 110-123. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741932510364548
  • Hagaman, J. L., Casey, K. J., & Reid, R. (2016). Paraphrasing strategy instruction for struggling readers. Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 60(1), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/1045988X.2014.966802
  • Hagaman, J. L., Luschen, K., & Reid, R. (2010). The “RAP” on reading comprehension. Teaching Exceptional Children, 43(1), 22-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/004005991004300103
  • Hagaman, J. L., & Reid, R. (2008). The effects of the paraphrasing strategy on the reading comprehension of middle school students at risk for failure in reading. Remedial and Special Education, 29(4), 222-234. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741932507311638
  • Harris, K. R., & Graham, S. (1996). Making the writing process work: Strategies for composition and self-regulation. Brookline Books.
  • İlter, İ. (2017). Improving the reading comprehension of primary-school students at frustration-level reading through the paraphrasing strategy training: A multiple probe design study. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 10(1), 147-161. https://doi.org/10.26822/iejee.2017131894
  • Jena, S. P. K. (2013). Learning disability: Theory to practice. Sage Publications.
  • Kazdin, A. E. (1982). Single-case research designs: Methods for clinical and applied settings. Oxford University Press.
  • Keck, C. (2006). The use of paraphrase in summary writing: A comparison of L1 and L2 writers. Journal of Second Language Writing, 15(4), 261-278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2006.09.006
  • Kınıklı, M. A. (2019). Tekrarlı eko okuma stratejisinin öğrenme güçlüğü olan öğrencilerin okuduğunu anlama becerisi üzerindeki etkisi [The effect of repetitive echo reading strategy on the ability to understand what they read of children with learning difficulties] (Tez Numarası: 566067) [Yüksek lisans tezi, Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  • Lauterbach, S. L., & Bender, W. N. (1995). Cognitive strategy instruction for reading comprehension: A success for high school freshmen. The High School Journal, 79(1), 58-64. https://doi.org/10.2307/40364744 Leslie, L., & Caldwell, J. (2001). Qualitative Reading Inventory-3. Addison Wesley Longman.
  • Mason, L. H., Reid, R., & Hagaman, J. L. (2012). Building comprehension in adolescents: Powerful strategies for improving reading and writing in content areas. Paul H. Brookes.
  • Mastropieri, M. A., & Scruggs, T. E. (1997). Best practices in promoting reading comprehension in students with learning disabilities 1976 to 1996. Remedial and Special Education, 18(4), 198-213. https://doi.org/10.1177/074193259701800402
  • Mercer, C. D. (1997). Students with learning disabilities (5th ed.). Prentice Hall.
  • Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
  • Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı [Ministry of National Education]. (2009). İlköğretim Türkçe dersi öğretim programı ve kılavuzu (1-5. Sınıflar) [Primary school Turkish language curriculum and guide (Grades 1-5)]. Devlet Kitapları Müdürlüğü Basım Evi.
  • Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı [Ministry of National Education]. (2018). Sosyal bilgiler dersi öğretim programı (İlkokul ve ortaokul 4, 5, 6 ve 7. sınıflar) [Social studies curriculum (Primary and secondary school grades 4, 5, 6, and 7)]. https://mufredat.meb.gov.tr/Dosyalar/201812103847686-SOSYAL%20B%C4%B0LG%C4%B0LER%20%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%20PROGRAMI%20.pdf
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  • Özak, H. (2017). Zihinsel yetersizliği olan öğrencilere okuduğunu anlama becerilerinin öğretiminde uyarlanmış bilişsel strateji öğretiminin etkililiği [The effectiveness of modified multi-component cognitive strategy instruction on reading comprehension of students with intellectual disability] (Tez Numarası: 468270) [Doktora tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
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Öğrenme Güçlüğü Olan Öğrencilerin Problem-Çözüm Türündeki Metinleri Anlamalarında Düşün-Oku-Sor-Kendi Kelimelerinle İfade Et Stratejisinin Öğretiminin Etkililiği

Yıl 2025, Erken Görünüm, 1 - 21

Öz

Giriş: Okuduğunu anlama becerisi, akademik ve sosyal yaşamda sıklıkla karşılaşılan en temel okuma becerileri arasındadır. Öğrenme güçlüğü (ÖG) olan bireylerin okuduğunu anlamada yaşadıkları güçlükler dikkate alındığında, bu becerinin kazandırılması ve geliştirilmesi büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, ÖG olan öğrencilerin problem-çözüm türündeki bilgi veren metinleri anlamalarında, Kendini Düzenleme Stratejisi Gelişimi (KDSG) modeli ile sunulan “Düşün-Oku-Sor-Kendi Kelimelerinle İfade Et” stratejisinin öğretiminin etkililiğini incelemektir.
Yöntem: Tek-denekli araştırma modellerinden denekler arası yoklama denemeli çoklu yoklama modeli ile desenlenen bu çalışma, dördüncü ve beşinci sınıfa giden, ÖG olan toplam üç öğrenciyle yürütülmüştür.
Bulgular: Araştırmanın bulguları, “Düşün-Oku-Sor-Kendi Kelimelerinle İfade Et” stratejisinin, deneklerin metin hatırlama ve kısa cevaplı soruları yanıtlama performansları üzerinde etkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca, uygulamanın tamamlanmasından sonra ikinci, dördüncü ve altıncı haftalarda düzenlenen izleme oturumlarında, deneklerin kazanımlarını sürdürebildikleri görülmüştür. Buna ek olarak, denekler kazanımlarını farklı bir konuda yazılmış aynı türdeki bir metne genelleyebilmişlerdir. Deneklerin bilişsel ve üstbilişsel strateji kullanımlarında artış izlenmiştir. Sosyal geçerlik verileri ise deneklerin, öğretmenlerin ve ailelerin uygulamayı uygulanabilir ve etkili bulduklarını göstermiştir.
Tartışma: Bulgular, KDSG modeli ile sunulan “Düşün-Oku-Sor-Kendi Kelimelerinle İfade Et” stratejisinin kullanıldığı alanyazındaki benzer çalışmaların sonuçları ile tutarlılık göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada, strateji öğretiminin ÖG olan öğrencilerin okuduğunu anlama ve kendini düzenleme becerileri üzerinde olumlu etkisinin olduğu izlenmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Akyol, H. (2013). Türkçe ilk okuma yazma öğretimi [Turkish early literacy instruction] (13. baskı). Pegem Akademi.
  • Armbruster, B. B., & Anderson. T. H. (1981). Research synthesis on study skills. Educational Leadership, 39(2). 154-156.
  • Armbruster, B. B., Anderson, T. H., & Ostertag, J. (1989). Teaching text structure to improve reading and writing. The Reading Teacher, 43(2), 130-137. https://doi.org/10.2307/20200307
  • Chall, J. S. (1983). Stages of reading development. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
  • Chandler, B., & Hagaman, J. (2020). Pre-service teacher implementation of strategy instruction: Effects on the comprehension of middle school students. Journal of Special Education Apprenticeship, 9(1), 1-16.
  • Doğanay-Bilgi, A., & Özmen, E. R. (2014). Uyarlanmış çok ögeli bilişsel strateji öğretiminin zihinsel engelli öğrencilerin metin anlama sürecinde kullanılan üstbilişsel strateji bilgisini kazanmalarında etkisi [The effectiveness of modified multi-component cognitive strategy instruction in comprehension of expository texts students with mental retardation]. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 14(2), 693-714. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2014.2.1629
  • Englert, C. S., & Mariage, T. V. (1991). Making students partners in the comprehension process: Organizing the reading “POSSE”. Learning Disability Quarterly, 14(2), 123-138. https://doi.org/10.2307/1510519
  • Ericsson, K. A., & Simon, H. A. (1980). Verbal reports as data. Psychological Review, 87(3), 215-251. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.87.3.215
  • Fırat, T. (2017). Okuma öncesinde sırasında ve sonrasında düşün (3D) stratejisi öğretiminin öğrenme güçlüğü olan öğrencilerin okuduklarını anlama becerilerine etkisi [Effects of the 3D strategy instruction on reading comprehension skills of students with learning disabilities] (Tez Numarası: 483858) [Doktora tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  • Flavell, J. H. (1976). Metacognitive aspects of problem solving. In L. B. Resnick (Ed.), The nature of intelligence (pp. 231-235). Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Görgün, B. (2018). Akıcı okuma ve okuduğunu anlama destek eğitim programının (Oka2dep) özel öğrenme güçlüğü olan öğrencilerin okuma becerilerine etkisi [The impact of reading fluency and comprehension supplemental education program (OKA2DEP) on reading skills of students with specific learning disabilities] (Tez Numarası: 524076) [Doktora tezi, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  • Graham, L., & Bellert, A. (2004). Difficulties in reading comprehension for students with learning disabilities. In B. Y. L. Wong (Ed.), Learning about learning disabilities (3rd ed., pp. 251-279). Elsevier Academic Press.
  • Graham, S., Harris, K. R., & Reid, R. (1992). Developing self-regulated learners. Focus on Exceptional Children, 24(6), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.17161/foec.v24i6.7539
  • Hagaman, J. L., & Casey, K. J. (2017). Paraphrasing strategy instruction in content area text. Intervention in School and Clinic, 52(4), 210-217. https://doi.org/10.1177/1053451216659468
  • Hagaman, J. L., Casey, K. J., & Reid, R. (2012). The effects of the paraphrasing strategy on the reading comprehension of young students. Remedial and Special Education, 33(2), 110-123. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741932510364548
  • Hagaman, J. L., Casey, K. J., & Reid, R. (2016). Paraphrasing strategy instruction for struggling readers. Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 60(1), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/1045988X.2014.966802
  • Hagaman, J. L., Luschen, K., & Reid, R. (2010). The “RAP” on reading comprehension. Teaching Exceptional Children, 43(1), 22-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/004005991004300103
  • Hagaman, J. L., & Reid, R. (2008). The effects of the paraphrasing strategy on the reading comprehension of middle school students at risk for failure in reading. Remedial and Special Education, 29(4), 222-234. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741932507311638
  • Harris, K. R., & Graham, S. (1996). Making the writing process work: Strategies for composition and self-regulation. Brookline Books.
  • İlter, İ. (2017). Improving the reading comprehension of primary-school students at frustration-level reading through the paraphrasing strategy training: A multiple probe design study. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 10(1), 147-161. https://doi.org/10.26822/iejee.2017131894
  • Jena, S. P. K. (2013). Learning disability: Theory to practice. Sage Publications.
  • Kazdin, A. E. (1982). Single-case research designs: Methods for clinical and applied settings. Oxford University Press.
  • Keck, C. (2006). The use of paraphrase in summary writing: A comparison of L1 and L2 writers. Journal of Second Language Writing, 15(4), 261-278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2006.09.006
  • Kınıklı, M. A. (2019). Tekrarlı eko okuma stratejisinin öğrenme güçlüğü olan öğrencilerin okuduğunu anlama becerisi üzerindeki etkisi [The effect of repetitive echo reading strategy on the ability to understand what they read of children with learning difficulties] (Tez Numarası: 566067) [Yüksek lisans tezi, Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  • Lauterbach, S. L., & Bender, W. N. (1995). Cognitive strategy instruction for reading comprehension: A success for high school freshmen. The High School Journal, 79(1), 58-64. https://doi.org/10.2307/40364744 Leslie, L., & Caldwell, J. (2001). Qualitative Reading Inventory-3. Addison Wesley Longman.
  • Mason, L. H., Reid, R., & Hagaman, J. L. (2012). Building comprehension in adolescents: Powerful strategies for improving reading and writing in content areas. Paul H. Brookes.
  • Mastropieri, M. A., & Scruggs, T. E. (1997). Best practices in promoting reading comprehension in students with learning disabilities 1976 to 1996. Remedial and Special Education, 18(4), 198-213. https://doi.org/10.1177/074193259701800402
  • Mercer, C. D. (1997). Students with learning disabilities (5th ed.). Prentice Hall.
  • Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
  • Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı [Ministry of National Education]. (2009). İlköğretim Türkçe dersi öğretim programı ve kılavuzu (1-5. Sınıflar) [Primary school Turkish language curriculum and guide (Grades 1-5)]. Devlet Kitapları Müdürlüğü Basım Evi.
  • Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı [Ministry of National Education]. (2018). Sosyal bilgiler dersi öğretim programı (İlkokul ve ortaokul 4, 5, 6 ve 7. sınıflar) [Social studies curriculum (Primary and secondary school grades 4, 5, 6, and 7)]. https://mufredat.meb.gov.tr/Dosyalar/201812103847686-SOSYAL%20B%C4%B0LG%C4%B0LER%20%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%20PROGRAMI%20.pdf
  • Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı [Ministry of National Education]. (2019). Türkçe dersi öğretim programı (İlkokul ve ortaokul 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ve 8. sınıflar) [Turkish language curriculum (Primary and secondary school grades 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8)]. https://mufredat.meb.gov.tr/Dosyalar/20195716392253-02-T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e%20%C3%96%C4%9Fretim%20Program%C4%B1%202019.pdf
  • Montague, M. (2003). Solve it!: A practical approach to teaching mathematical problem solving skills. Exceptional Innovations.
  • Özak, H. (2017). Zihinsel yetersizliği olan öğrencilere okuduğunu anlama becerilerinin öğretiminde uyarlanmış bilişsel strateji öğretiminin etkililiği [The effectiveness of modified multi-component cognitive strategy instruction on reading comprehension of students with intellectual disability] (Tez Numarası: 468270) [Doktora tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  • Özaydın, M. M. (2019). SQ4R tekniğinin hafif düzeyde zihin yetersizliği olan öğrencilerin okuduğunu anlama düzeylerine etkileri [The effects of SQ4R technique on reading comprehension levels of students with mild intellectual disability] (Tez Numarası: 614954) [Yüksek lisans tezi, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  • Özbek, A. B. (2019). Öğrenme güçlüğü olan öğrencilerde strateji öğretimi yazılımının okuduğunu anlama becerilerinin geliştirilmesine etkisi [Effects of strategy instruction software on developing reading comprehension skills of students with learning disabilities] (Tez Numarası: 547851) [Doktora tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  • Özkubat, U. (2019). Öğrenme güçlüğü olan öğrenciler ile düşük ve ortalama başarılı olan öğrencilerin matematik problemi çözerken kullandıkları bilişsel stratejiler ile üstbilişsel işlevler arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi [An examination of the relationships between cognitive strategies and metacognitive functions used during mathematical problem solving by the students with learning disabilities, low achieving, and average achieving] (Tez Numarası: 602277) [Doktora tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  • Parker, R. I., & Vannest, K. (2009). An improved effect size for single-case research: Nonoverlap of all pairs. Behavior Therapy, 40(4), 357-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2008.10.006 Parker, R. I., Vannest, K. J., Davis, J. L., & Sauber, S. B. (2011). Combining nonoverlap and trend for single-case research: Tau-U. Behavior Therapy, 42(2), 284-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2010.08.006
  • Pauk, W. (1984). The new SQ4R. Reading World, 23(3), 274-275. https://doi.org/10.1080/19388078409557775
  • Pedrotty-Bryant, D., Ugel, N., Thompson, S., & Hamff, A. (1999). Instructional strategies for content-area reading instruction. Intervention in School and Clinic, 34(5), 293-302. https://doi.org/10.1177/105345129903400506
  • Pressley, M. (2002). Metacognition and self-regulated comprehension. In A. E. Farstrup & S. J. Samuels (Eds.), What research has to say about reading instruction (3rd ed., pp. 291-309). International Reading Association.
  • Reid, R., & Lienemann, T. O. (2006). Strategy instruction for students with learning disabilities. The Guilford Press.
  • Rollins, L. H. (2020). A function-based adaptation to the self-regulated strategy development instructional approach for students with behavioral challenges in residential treatment (Publication No. 27998667) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Alabama]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
  • Rosenzweig, C., Krawec, J., & Montague, M. (2011). Metacognitive strategy use of eighth-grade students with and without learning disabilities during mathematical problem solving: A think-aloud analysis. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 44(6), 508–520. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219410378445
  • Sanders, S. (2020). Using the self-regulated strategy development framework to teach reading comprehension strategies to elementary students with disabilities. Education and Treatment of Children, 43(1), 57-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43494-020-00009-z
  • Sanders, S., Jolivette, K., & Harris, C. (2021). Improving the reading comprehension skills of systems‐involved youth: A preliminary investigation of an underserved population. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 36(3), 201-212. https://doi.org/10.1111/ldrp.12254
  • Sanders, S., Rollins, L. H., Michael, E., & Jolivette, K. (2021). “TRAP is legit!” using self-regulated strategy development to teach reading comprehension in a residential treatment facility. Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 66(1), 89-98. https://doi.org/0.1080/1045988X.2021.1972921
  • Schumaker, J. B., Denton, P. H., & Deshler, D. D. (1984). The paraphrasing strategy. University of Kansas.
  • Scruggs, T. E., Mastropieri, M. A., Cook, S. B., & Escobar, C. (1986). Early intervention for children with conduct disorders: A quantitative synthesis of single-subject research. Behavioral Disorders, 11(4), 260-271. https://doi.org/10.1177/019874298601100408
  • Snow, C. E. (2002). Reading for understanding: Toward an R&D program in reading comprehension. RAND Education.
  • Sweeney, C. M. (2010). The metacognitive functioning of middle school students with and without learning disabilities during mathematical problem solving (Publication No. 3424782) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Miami]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
  • Tekin-İftar, E. (2018). Çoklu yoklama modelleri. E. Tekin-İftar (Ed.), Eğitim ve davranış bilimlerinde tek-denekli araştırmalar [Single-subject research in education and behavioral sciences] (2. baskı, ss. 217-254). Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Tekin-İftar, E., & Kırcaali-İftar, G. (2013). Özel eğitimde yanlışsız öğretim yöntemleri [Errorless teaching methods in special education] (2. baskı). Vize Yayıncılık.
  • Washburn, E. K., Abdullah, S., & Mulcahy, C. A. (2021). Effects of a paraphrasing strategy on the text comprehension of fourth-grade striving readers. The Elementary School Journal, 121(4), 586-608. https://doi.org/10.1086/714035
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Özel Eğitim ve Engelli Eğitimi (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Aslin Arslanoğlu Öser 0000-0002-0734-6974

Yeşim Fazlıoğlu 0000-0002-3970-7084

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 19 Nisan 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 5 Ekim 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Şubat 2024
Kabul Tarihi 24 Mart 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Erken Görünüm

Kaynak Göster

APA Arslanoğlu Öser, A., & Fazlıoğlu, Y. (2025). The Effectiveness of Think-Read-Ask-Paraphrase Strategy Instruction on the Problem-Solution Text Comprehension of Students with Learning Disabilities. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi1-21.
Ankara University Faculty of Educational Sciences Journal of Special Education is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0