Araştırma Makalesi
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Development of the Concept of Death and Grief Process in Adults with Intellectual Disabilities Who Have Lost Relatives

Yıl 2025, Erken Görünüm, 1 - 16
https://doi.org/10.21565/ozelegitimdergisi.1503010

Öz

Introduction: The aim of this study was to examine the perceptions of individuals with intellectual disabilities in adulthood about the concept of death when they lost a first-degree relative, their experiences of the grief process and their views on how they make sense of life after the loss.
Method: This study was conducted with a phenomenological design, one of the qualitative research methods. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analyzed using descriptive analysis. Participants were determined by criterion sampling and snowball sampling strategy. The individuals participating in the study consisted of 10 adults with intellectual disabilities between the ages of 21-65.
Findings: The results were grouped under 5 themes. These themes are the concept of death, news of death, emotions evoked by the word death, funeral ceremony and grave visit, grief process and experiences. The findings suggest that one participant used statements indicating a full understanding of all five components of death. However, the majority of other participants seem to understand only some of the subcomponents of death. All the participants attended the funeral and expressed that they experienced intense sadness during the grief process. Most of them reported that they moved, received psychological help and felt alone during the grief process.
Discussion: The results indicate that adult individuals with intellectual disabilities understand death to some extent, although not in all its dimensions. It has been observed that the consolatory sentences formed under the influence of the prevailing culture and religious beliefs shape their understanding of death. Given this, it is necessary to implement death education for individuals with intellectual disabilities to promote a correct understanding of death.

Kaynakça

  • Alcedo-Rodríguez, M. Á., Cristóbal-Fernández, L., Gómez-Sánchez, L. E., & Arias-González, V. B. (2018). Evaluating the characteristics of the grieving process in people with intellectual disability. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 31(6), 999-1007 https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12454
  • Bihm, E. M., & Elliott, L.S. (1982). Conceptions of death in mentally retarded persons.The Journal of Psychology, 111(2), 205-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1982.9915359
  • Blackman, N. (2008). The development of an assessment tool for the bereavement needs of people with learning disabilities. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 36(3), 165-170 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468 3156.2008.00514.x
  • Blackman, N. (2013). The use of psychotherapy in supporting people with intellectual disabilities who have experienced bereavement (Publication No. 22999801) [Doctoral dissertation, Universty of Heartfordshire] University of Hertfordshire Research Archive.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2013). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Pegem Akademi.
  • Canayaz, M. (2022). Sosyal medyada ölüme yüklenen anlam ve tutumlar: Bir ölüm sosyolojisi çalışması (Tez Numarası: 722342) [Yüksek lisans tezi, Karabük Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  • Cathcart, F. (1995). Death and people with learning disabilities: Interventions to support clients and carers. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 34(2), 165-175 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1995.tb01452.x
  • Chow, A. Y. M., McEvoy, J., Chan, I. K. N., Borschel, M., Yuen, J. H. L., & Lo, J. Y. M. (2017). Do men and women with intellectual disabilities understand death?. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 61(12), 1130-1139. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12431
  • Christensen, L. B., Johnson, R. B., & Turner, L. A. (2015). Araştırma yöntemleri desen ve analiz [Research methods design and analysis] (A. Aypay, Çev., 3. Baskı). Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Coppus, A. M. (2013). People with intellectual disability: what do we know about adulthood and life expectancy?. Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 18(1), 6-16. https://doi.org/10.1002/ddrr.1123
  • Dodd, P., Dowling, S., & Hollins, S. (2005). A review of the emotional, psychiatric and behavioural responses to bereavement in people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49(7), 537-543. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00702.x
  • Dodd, P., Guerin, S., McEvoy, J., Buckley, S., Tyrrell, J., & Hillery, J. (2008). A study of complicated grief symptoms in people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 52(5), 415- 425. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2008.01043.x
  • Dunning, S. (2006). As a young child’s parent dies: Conceptualizing and constructing preventive interventions. Clinical Social Work Journal, 34(4), 499 514.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-006-0045-5
  • Dusart, A. (2008). Perceptions of death among adults with intellectual disability and awareness of their own mortality. International Journal on Disability and Human Development, 7(4), 433-440. https://doi.org/10.1515/IJDHD.2008.7.4.433
  • Edmonds, W., & Kennedy, T. (2017). An applied guide to research designs. Sage Publications, https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071802779
  • Fındıklı, S., & Saygın, E. P., Nitel araştırmalarda araştırmacının rolü ve araştırmacı günlükleri, Tujom (2023) 8 (2):64-74.https://doi.org/10.30685/tujom.v8i2.184
  • Greasley, K., Ashworth, P. (2007). The phenomenology of “approach to studying”: The university student’s studies within the Lifework. British Educational Research Journal, 32, 819-843. https://doi.org/10.1080/01411920701656977
  • Harper, D. C., & Wadsworth, J. S. (1993). Grief in adults with mental retardation: Preliminary findings. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 14(4), 313-330. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-4222(93)90025-F
  • Johnson, A. P. (2005). A short guide to action research. Pearson Education
  • Kessel, S., & Merrick, J. (2001). The benefits of jewish mourning rituals for the grieving individual with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Religion, Disability & Health, 5(2-3), 147-156. https://doi.org/10.1300/J095v05n02_12
  • Kitching, N. (1987). Helping people with mental handicaps cope with bereavement: A case study with discussion. Journal of the British Institute of Mental Handicap, 15(2), 60-63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.1987.tb00395.x
  • Kloeppel, D. A., & Holllns, S. (1989). Double handicap: Mental retardation and death in the family. Death Studies, 13(1), 31-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481188908252277
  • Kümbetoğlu, B. (2015). Sosyolojide ve antropolojide niteliksel yöntem ve araştırma [Qualitative method and research in sociology and anthropology]. Bağlam Yayıncılık
  • Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Sage Publications.
  • Lunsky, Y. (2004). Suicidality in a clinical and community sample of adults with mental retardation. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 25(3), 231-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2003.06.004
  • MacHale, R., & Carey, S. (2002). An investigation of the effects of bereavement on mental health and challenging behaviour in adults with learning disability. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 30(3), 113-117. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-3156.2002.00166.x
  • McEvoy, J., MacHale, R., & Tierney, E. (2012). Concept of death and perceptions of bereavement in adults with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 56(2), 191-203. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01456.x
  • McMaugh, P. J., Wiese, M. Y., & Stancliffe, R. J. (2017). The experiences of parents in supporting their son or daughter with intellectual disability to learn about dying and death. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 42(3), 285-294. https://doi.org/10.3109/13668250.2016.1236367
  • McRitchie, R., McKenzie, K., Quayle, E., Harlin, M., & Neumann, K. (2014). How adults with an intellectual disability experience bereavement and grief: A qualitative exploration. Death Studies, 38(3), 179-185. https://doi.org/10.3109/13668250.2016.1236367
  • Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis. Sage Publication.
  • Read, S. (1998). Breaking bad news to people with a learning disability. British Journal of Nursing, 7(2), 86-91. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.1998.7.2.86
  • Read, S., & Elliott, D. (2007). Exploring a continuum of support for bereaved people with intellectual disabilities: A strategic approach. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 11(2), 167-181. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744629507076930
  • Rodríguez-Herrero, P., Izuzquiza-Gasset, D., & Herrán-Gascón, A. D. L. (2015). Concept of death in young people with intellectual disability: A contribution to the pedagogy on death. Siglo Cero, 46(1), 67-80. 10.14201/scero20154616780
  • Slaughter, V. (2005). Young children's understanding of death. Australian Psychologist, 40(3), 179-186. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050060500243426
  • Slaughter, V., & Griffiths, M. (2007). Death understanding and fear of death in young children. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 12(4), 525-535. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104507080980
  • Tanhan, F., & Arı-İnci, F. (2009). Ölüm eğitimi. Pegem Akademi.
  • Wadsworth, J. S., & Harper, D. C. (1991). Grief and bereavement in mental retardation: A need for a new understanding. Death Studies, 15(3), 281-292. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481189108252431
  • Wertz, F. J. (2005). Phenomenological research methods for counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(2), 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.2.167
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayıncılık

Yakınları Ölen Yetişkin Zihin Engelli Bireylerin Ölüm Kavramı Gelişimi ve Yas Süreci

Yıl 2025, Erken Görünüm, 1 - 16
https://doi.org/10.21565/ozelegitimdergisi.1503010

Öz

Giriş: Bu araştırmanın amacı yetişkinlik döneminde olan zihin engelli bireylerin birinci derecede bir yakınını kaybettiğinde ölüm kavramını algılama biçimleri, yas süreci deneyimleri ve yaşanan kayıptan sonra hayatı nasıl anlamlandırdığına dair görüşlerini incelemektir.
Yöntem: Bu araştırma nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden fenomonolojik desenle yapılmış, veriler yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler kullanılarak toplanmış ve betimsel analiz kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Katılımcılar ölçüt örneklem ve kartopu örneklem stratejisiyle belirlenmiştir. Araştırmaya katılan bireyler 21-65 yaş aralığında olan 10 yetişkin zihin engelli bireylerden oluşmaktadır.
Bulgular: Elde edilen sonuçlar 5 temada toplanmıştır. Bu temalar ölüm kavramı, ölüm haberi, ölüm kelimesinin hissettirdiği duygular, cenaze töreni ve mezar ziyareti, yas süreci ve yaşananlardır. Bulgulara bakıldığında bir katılımcı ölümün beş bileşeninin tümünü doğru anladığını gösteren ifadeler kullanmıştır bununla birlikte diğer katılımcıların büyük çoğunluğu ölümün bazı alt bileşenlerini anlıyor gibi görünmektedir. Katılımcıların hepsi cenazeye katılmış ve yas sürecinde yoğun olarak üzüntü yaşadıklarını ifade etmişlerdir. Yas sürecinde büyük çoğunluğu taşındığını, psikolojik yardım aldığını ve yalnız kaldığını düşündüklerini bildirmişlerdir.
Tartışma: Elde edilen sonuçlara bakıldığında yetişkin zihin engelli bireylerin ölümü tüm boyutlarıyla olmasa da bazı boyutlarıyla anladığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Yaşanılan kültürün ve dini inanışların etkisiyle kurulan teselli cümlelerinin onların ölüm anlayışlarını şekillendirdiği görülmektedir. Bu durum göz önüne alındığında doğru bir ölüm anlayışı için zihin engelli bireylere ölüm eğitiminin uygulanması gerekmektedir.

Etik Beyan

‒ Sunduğum bilgileri, dokümanları ve verileri akademik ve etik kurallar çerçevesinde elde ettiğimi, ‒ Çalışmamda yararlandığım eserlerin tamamına atıfta bulunarak kaynak gösterdiğimi, ‒ Elde ettiğim verilerde ve sonuçlarda herhangi bir değişiklik yapmadığımı bildirir, aksi bir durumda aleyhimde doğabilecek tüm hak kayıplarını kabullendiğimi beyan ederim.

Destekleyen Kurum

Marmara Üniversitesi

Kaynakça

  • Alcedo-Rodríguez, M. Á., Cristóbal-Fernández, L., Gómez-Sánchez, L. E., & Arias-González, V. B. (2018). Evaluating the characteristics of the grieving process in people with intellectual disability. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 31(6), 999-1007 https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12454
  • Bihm, E. M., & Elliott, L.S. (1982). Conceptions of death in mentally retarded persons.The Journal of Psychology, 111(2), 205-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1982.9915359
  • Blackman, N. (2008). The development of an assessment tool for the bereavement needs of people with learning disabilities. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 36(3), 165-170 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468 3156.2008.00514.x
  • Blackman, N. (2013). The use of psychotherapy in supporting people with intellectual disabilities who have experienced bereavement (Publication No. 22999801) [Doctoral dissertation, Universty of Heartfordshire] University of Hertfordshire Research Archive.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2013). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Pegem Akademi.
  • Canayaz, M. (2022). Sosyal medyada ölüme yüklenen anlam ve tutumlar: Bir ölüm sosyolojisi çalışması (Tez Numarası: 722342) [Yüksek lisans tezi, Karabük Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  • Cathcart, F. (1995). Death and people with learning disabilities: Interventions to support clients and carers. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 34(2), 165-175 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1995.tb01452.x
  • Chow, A. Y. M., McEvoy, J., Chan, I. K. N., Borschel, M., Yuen, J. H. L., & Lo, J. Y. M. (2017). Do men and women with intellectual disabilities understand death?. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 61(12), 1130-1139. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12431
  • Christensen, L. B., Johnson, R. B., & Turner, L. A. (2015). Araştırma yöntemleri desen ve analiz [Research methods design and analysis] (A. Aypay, Çev., 3. Baskı). Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Coppus, A. M. (2013). People with intellectual disability: what do we know about adulthood and life expectancy?. Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 18(1), 6-16. https://doi.org/10.1002/ddrr.1123
  • Dodd, P., Dowling, S., & Hollins, S. (2005). A review of the emotional, psychiatric and behavioural responses to bereavement in people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49(7), 537-543. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00702.x
  • Dodd, P., Guerin, S., McEvoy, J., Buckley, S., Tyrrell, J., & Hillery, J. (2008). A study of complicated grief symptoms in people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 52(5), 415- 425. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2008.01043.x
  • Dunning, S. (2006). As a young child’s parent dies: Conceptualizing and constructing preventive interventions. Clinical Social Work Journal, 34(4), 499 514.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-006-0045-5
  • Dusart, A. (2008). Perceptions of death among adults with intellectual disability and awareness of their own mortality. International Journal on Disability and Human Development, 7(4), 433-440. https://doi.org/10.1515/IJDHD.2008.7.4.433
  • Edmonds, W., & Kennedy, T. (2017). An applied guide to research designs. Sage Publications, https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071802779
  • Fındıklı, S., & Saygın, E. P., Nitel araştırmalarda araştırmacının rolü ve araştırmacı günlükleri, Tujom (2023) 8 (2):64-74.https://doi.org/10.30685/tujom.v8i2.184
  • Greasley, K., Ashworth, P. (2007). The phenomenology of “approach to studying”: The university student’s studies within the Lifework. British Educational Research Journal, 32, 819-843. https://doi.org/10.1080/01411920701656977
  • Harper, D. C., & Wadsworth, J. S. (1993). Grief in adults with mental retardation: Preliminary findings. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 14(4), 313-330. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-4222(93)90025-F
  • Johnson, A. P. (2005). A short guide to action research. Pearson Education
  • Kessel, S., & Merrick, J. (2001). The benefits of jewish mourning rituals for the grieving individual with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Religion, Disability & Health, 5(2-3), 147-156. https://doi.org/10.1300/J095v05n02_12
  • Kitching, N. (1987). Helping people with mental handicaps cope with bereavement: A case study with discussion. Journal of the British Institute of Mental Handicap, 15(2), 60-63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.1987.tb00395.x
  • Kloeppel, D. A., & Holllns, S. (1989). Double handicap: Mental retardation and death in the family. Death Studies, 13(1), 31-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481188908252277
  • Kümbetoğlu, B. (2015). Sosyolojide ve antropolojide niteliksel yöntem ve araştırma [Qualitative method and research in sociology and anthropology]. Bağlam Yayıncılık
  • Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Sage Publications.
  • Lunsky, Y. (2004). Suicidality in a clinical and community sample of adults with mental retardation. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 25(3), 231-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2003.06.004
  • MacHale, R., & Carey, S. (2002). An investigation of the effects of bereavement on mental health and challenging behaviour in adults with learning disability. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 30(3), 113-117. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-3156.2002.00166.x
  • McEvoy, J., MacHale, R., & Tierney, E. (2012). Concept of death and perceptions of bereavement in adults with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 56(2), 191-203. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01456.x
  • McMaugh, P. J., Wiese, M. Y., & Stancliffe, R. J. (2017). The experiences of parents in supporting their son or daughter with intellectual disability to learn about dying and death. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 42(3), 285-294. https://doi.org/10.3109/13668250.2016.1236367
  • McRitchie, R., McKenzie, K., Quayle, E., Harlin, M., & Neumann, K. (2014). How adults with an intellectual disability experience bereavement and grief: A qualitative exploration. Death Studies, 38(3), 179-185. https://doi.org/10.3109/13668250.2016.1236367
  • Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis. Sage Publication.
  • Read, S. (1998). Breaking bad news to people with a learning disability. British Journal of Nursing, 7(2), 86-91. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.1998.7.2.86
  • Read, S., & Elliott, D. (2007). Exploring a continuum of support for bereaved people with intellectual disabilities: A strategic approach. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 11(2), 167-181. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744629507076930
  • Rodríguez-Herrero, P., Izuzquiza-Gasset, D., & Herrán-Gascón, A. D. L. (2015). Concept of death in young people with intellectual disability: A contribution to the pedagogy on death. Siglo Cero, 46(1), 67-80. 10.14201/scero20154616780
  • Slaughter, V. (2005). Young children's understanding of death. Australian Psychologist, 40(3), 179-186. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050060500243426
  • Slaughter, V., & Griffiths, M. (2007). Death understanding and fear of death in young children. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 12(4), 525-535. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104507080980
  • Tanhan, F., & Arı-İnci, F. (2009). Ölüm eğitimi. Pegem Akademi.
  • Wadsworth, J. S., & Harper, D. C. (1991). Grief and bereavement in mental retardation: A need for a new understanding. Death Studies, 15(3), 281-292. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481189108252431
  • Wertz, F. J. (2005). Phenomenological research methods for counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(2), 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.2.167
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayıncılık
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Zihinsel Engelli Eğitimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ayşenur Candeğer 0009-0000-1646-4270

Oktay Taymaz Sarı 0000-0002-7350-0909

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 16 Ocak 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Haziran 2024
Kabul Tarihi 9 Ocak 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Erken Görünüm

Kaynak Göster

APA Candeğer, A., & Taymaz Sarı, O. (2025). Development of the Concept of Death and Grief Process in Adults with Intellectual Disabilities Who Have Lost Relatives. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi1-16. https://doi.org/10.21565/ozelegitimdergisi.1503010




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