Investigation of the fracture properties of asphalt mixtures with different notch depths at intermediate temperatures: Finite element approach

Abstract

Recently, researchers have focused on investigating various properties of asphalt mixtures using finite element method. Thanks to this method, it is possible to simulate performance tests in the laboratory and get very similar results. In this study, semi-circular asphalt mixture samples were obtained in the laboratory, and then subjected to the SemiCircular Bending (SCB) test to determine the fracture parameters. With the help of the finite element software, 2D asphalt mixture samples were created with five different notch depths of 1 cm, 1.5 cm, 2 cm, 2.5 cm, and 3 cm. The effect of notch depth on the fracture properties of asphalt mixtures was evaluated by simulating the SCB test at five different displacement rates 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 mm/min. The results showed that the maximum load and fracture energy values decreased as the notch depth increased. Furthermore, the cracking strength of asphalt mixtures was calculated by using the elastic-plastic fracture mechanics approach (J-integral). Finally, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) analysis was performed to determine the degree of impact of the different variables on the results. Consequently, the notch depth was more significant than the displacement rate.

Keywords

• Asphalt mixture
• Fracture mechanics
• Finite element
• Semi-Circular bending
• Response surface methodology

Farklı çentik derinliklerine sahip asfalt karışımlarının orta sıcaklıklarda kırılma özelliklerinin incelenmesi: Sonlu elemanlar yaklaşımı

Öz

Son zamanlarda araştırmacılar, sonlu elemanlar yöntemini kullanarak asfalt karışımlarının çeşitli özelliklerini araştırmaya odaklanmışlardır. Bu yöntem sayesinde laboratuvarda performans testlerini simüle etmek ve çok benzer sonuçlar elde etmek mümkündür. Bu çalışmada, laboratuvarda yarı dairesel asfalt karışım numuneleri alınmış ve daha sonra kırılma parametrelerinin belirlenmesi için Yarım Daire Eğilme (SCB) testine tabi tutulmuştur. Sonlu elemanlar yazılımı yardımıyla 1 cm, 1.5 cm, 2 cm, 2.5 cm ve 3 cm olmak üzere beş farklı çentik derinliğinde 2 boyutlu asfalt karışım numuneleri oluşturulmuştur. Çentik derinliğinin asfalt karışımlarının kırılma özellikleri üzerindeki etkisi, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5 ve 10 mm/dk.'lık beş farklı yer değiştirme hızında SCB testi simüle edilerek değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlar, çentik derinliği arttıkça maksimum yük ve kırılma enerjisi değerlerinin azaldığını göstermiştir. Ayrıca, elastik-plastik kırılma mekaniği yaklaşımı (J-integral) kullanılarak asfalt karışımlarının çatlak mukavemeti hesaplanmıştır. Son olarak, farklı değişkenlerin sonuçlar üzerindeki etki derecesini belirlemek için Tepki Yüzey Metodolojisi (RSM) analizi yapılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, çentik derinliğinin, yer değiştirme oranından daha önemli olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Asfalt karışım
• Kırılma mekaniği
• Sonlu elemanlar
• Yarım daire eğilme
• Tepki yüzey metodu

Kaynakça

1. [1] Shafabakhsh G, Sadeghnejad M, Ebrahimnia R. "Fracture resistance of asphalt mixtures under mixed-mode I/II loading at low-temperature: Without and with nano SiO2". Construction and Building Materials, 266, 1-12, 2021.
2. [2] Arslan D, Gürü M, Çubuk MK. "Improvement of Bitumen and Bituminious Mixtures Performance Properties with Organic Based Zincphosphate Compound". Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 27(2), 459-466, 2012.
3. [3] Arslan D, Gürü M, Çubuk MK, Çubuk M, Farshbafian FK. "Investigation of rheological and mechanical properties of kaolin-clay modified bitumen". Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 35(3), 1409-1419, 2020.
4. [4] Hunter R, Self A, Read J. The Shell Bitumen Handbook. 6th Ed. London, United Kingdom, ICE Publishing, 2015.
5. [5] Yalçın E. "Investigation of physical, chemical and rheological properties of bituminous binders modified with different rejuvenators". Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 37(1), 497-510, 2021.
6. [6] Motevalizadeh SM, Rooholamini H. "Cohesive zone modeling of EAF slag-included asphalt mixtures in fracture modes I and II". Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, 112, 1-14, 2021.
7. [7] Aliha MRM, Jafari Haghighat Pour P. "Fracture resistance study for hot mix asphalt mixture under out of plane sliding mode". Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 238, 1-17, 2020.
8. [8] Öcal A, Gürü M, Karacasu M. "Improvement of bitumen performance properties with nano magnesium spinel and colemanite". Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 33(3), 939-951, 2018.

9. [9] Wei H, Li J, Wang F, Zheng J, Tao Y, Zhang Y. "Numerical investigation on fracture evolution of asphalt mixture compared with acoustic emission". International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 23(10), 1-11, 2021.
10. [10] Mota R V., Kuchiishi AK, Takahashi MM, de Souza G, Camargo FF, Bessa IS, et al. "Effect of Binder Rheology and Aggregate Gradation on the Permanent Deformation of Asphalt Mixtures". International Journal of Civil Engineering, 19(7), 777-787, 2021.
11. [11] Rahbar-Rastegar R, Zhang R, Sias JE, Dave E V. "Evaluation of laboratory ageing procedures on cracking performance of asphalt mixtures". Road Materials and Pavement Design, 20, 647-662, 2019.
12. [12] Pirmohammad S, Abdi M, Ayatollahi MR. "Effect of support type on the fracture toughness and energy of asphalt concrete at different temperature conditions". Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 254, 1-13, 2021.
13. [13] Pirmohammad S, Majd Shokorlou Y, Amani B. "Fracture Resistance of HMA Mixtures Modified with Nanoclay and Nano-Al2O3". Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 47(5), 3289-3308, 2019.
14. [14] Fakhri M, Ghanizadeh AR, Omrani H. "Comparison of fatigue resistance of HMA and WMA mixtures modified by SBS". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 104, 168-177, 2013.
15. [15] Song W, Xu Z, Xu F, Wu H, Yin J. "Fracture investigation of asphalt mixtures containing reclaimed asphalt pavement using an equivalent energy approach". Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 253, 1-10, 2021.
16. [16] Elseifi MA, Mohammad LN, Ying H, Cooper S. "Modeling and evaluation of the cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures using the semi-circular bending test at intermediate temperatures". Road Materials and Pavement Design, 13, 124-139, 2012.
17. [17] Cannone Falchetto A, Moon KH, Lee CB, Wistuba MP. "Correlation of low temperature fracture and strength properties between SCB and IDT tests using a simple 2D FEM approach". Road Materials and Pavement Design, 18, 329-338, 2017.
18. [18] Wang H, Zhang C, Yang L, You Z. "Study on the rubbermodified asphalt mixtures’ cracking propagation using the extended finite element method". Construction and Building Materials, 47, 223-230, 2013.
19. [19] Najjar S, Mohammadzadeh Moghaddam A, Sahaf A, Rasaei Yazdani M, Delarami A. "Evaluation of the mixed mode (I/II) fracture toughness of cement emulsified asphalt mortar (CRTS-II) using mixture design of experiments". Construction and Building Materials, 225, 812-828, 2019.
20. [20] Serin S, Emiroğlu M, Gönül VE. "Investigation of the fracture energy of hot mixtures asphalt incorporating metallic wastes via semi-circular bending test". Construction and Building Materials, 300, 1-10, 2021.
21. [21] Chong KP, Kuruppu MD. "New specimen for fracture toughness determination for rock and other materials". International Journal of Fracture, 26(2), 59-62, 1984.
22. [22] Biligiri KP, Said S, Hakim H. "Asphalt mixtures’ crack propagation assessment using semi-circular bending tests". International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 5(4), 209-217, 2012.
23. [23] Saha G, Biligiri KP. "Fracture properties of asphalt mixtures using semi-circular bending test: A state-of-theart review and future research". Construction and Building Materials, 105, 103-112, 2016.
24. [24] Yang S, Jiang J, Leng Z, Ni F. "Feasibility and performance of the Semi-circular Bending test in evaluating the lowtemperature performance of asphalt mortar". Construction and Building Materials, 269, 1-9, 2021.
25. [25] Saha G, Biligiri KP. "Fracture damage evaluation of asphalt mixtures using Semi-Circular Bending test based on fracture energy approach". Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 142, 154-169, 2015.
26. [26] Li X-J, Marasteanu MO. "Using Semi Circular Bending Test to Evaluate Low Temperature Fracture Resistance for Asphalt Concrete". Experimental Mechanics, 50(7), 867-876, 2010.
27. [27] Imaninasab R, Bakhshi B, Shirini B. "Rutting performance of rubberized porous asphalt using Finite Element Method (FEM)". Construction and Building Materials, 106, 382-391, 2016.
28. [28] Al-Qudsi A, Cannone Falchetto A, Wang D, Büchler S, Kim YS, Wistuba MP. "Finite element cohesive fracture modeling of asphalt mixture based on the semi-circular bending (SCB) test and self-affine fractal cracks at low temperatures". Cold Regions Science and Technology, 169, 1-7, 2020.
29. [29] Zhang X, Liu J. "Viscoelastic creep properties and mesostructure modeling of basalt fiber-reinforced asphalt concrete". Construction and Building Materials, 259, 1-13, 2020.
30. [30] Lancaster IM, Khalid HA, Kougioumtzoglou IA. "Extended FEM modelling of crack propagation using the semicircular bending test". Construction and Building Materials, 48, 270-277, 2013.
31. [31] Safazadeh F, Romero P, Mohammad Asib AS, VanFrank K. "Methods to evaluate intermediate temperature properties of asphalt mixtures by the semi-circular bending (SCB) test". Road Materials and Pavement Design, 23(7), 1694-1706, 2021.
32. [32] Hofman R. "Semi-circular bending test to assess the resistance against crack growth". In Sixth International RILEM Symposium on Performance Testing and Evaluation of Bituminous Materials. RILEM Publications SARL, Zurich, Switzerland, 257-263, 14-16 April 2003.
33. [33] Wang J, Qin Y, Xu J, Zeng W, Zhang Y, Wang W, et al. "Crack resistance investigation of mixtures with reclaimed SBS modified asphalt pavement using the SCB and DSCT tests". Construction and Building Materials, 265, 1-8, 2020.
34. [34] Jiang J, Ni F, Wu F, Sadek H, Lv Q. "Evaluation of the healing potential of asphalt mixtures based on a modified semicircular bending test". Construction and Building Materials, 196, 284-294, 2019.
35. [35] Molenaar JMM. "Performance related characterisation of the mechanical behaviour of asphalt mixtures". TU Delft University, Delft, Holland, 2003.
36. [36] Mohammad LN, Kim M, Elseifi M. "Characterization of Asphalt Mixture’s Fracture Resistance Using the SemiCircular Bending (SCB) Test". 7th RILEM International Conference on Cracking in Pavements, Delft, Holland, 20-22 June 2012.
37. [37] Shu X, Huang B, Vukosavljevic D. "Evaluation of Cracking Resistance of Recycled Asphalt Mixture Using SemiCircular Bending Test". In Paving Materials and Pavement Analysis. American Society of Civil Engineers, Shanghai, China, 58-65, 3-5 June 2012.
38. [38] Mohammad L, Saadeh S, Cooper S. "Evaluation of Asphalt Mixtures Containing Sasobit Warm Mix Additive". In GeoCongress 2008. American Society of Civil Engineers, 1016-1023, New Orleans, Louisana, 9-12 March 2008.
39. [39] Kabir MS. Effect of Hydrated Lime on the Laboratory Performance of Superpave Mixtures. Lousiana State University, Louisana, USA, 2008.
40. [40] ABAQUS. “Abaqus 6.14 Theory Guide.” Dassault Systèmes Simulia Corp., Rhode Island, USA 2014.
41. [41] ABAQUS. “Abaqus 6.14 User’s Guide.” Dassault Systèmes Simulia Corp., Rhode Island, USA, 2014.
42. [42] Li G, Li C. "Linking bilinear traction law parameters to cohesive zone length for laminated composites and bonded joints". Advances in Aircraft and Spacecraft Science, 1(2), 177-196, 2014.
43. [43] Pirmohammad S, Khoramishad H, Ayatollahi MR. "Effects of asphalt concrete characteristics on cohesive zone model parameters of hot mix asphalt mixtures". Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 43(3), 226-232, 2016.
44. [44] Aragão FTS, Kim Y-R, Lee J, Allen DH. "Micromechanical Model for Heterogeneous Asphalt Concrete Mixtures Subjected to Fracture Failure". Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 23(1), 30-38, 2011.
45. [45] Ozer H, Al-Qadi IL, Lambros J, El-Khatib A, Singhvi P, Doll B. "Development of the fracture-based flexibility index for asphalt concrete cracking potential using modified semicircle bending test parameters". Construction and Building Materials, 115, 390-401, 2016.
46. [46] Lu DX, Saleh M, Nguyen NHT. "Effect of rejuvenator and mixing methods on behaviour of warm mix asphalt containing high RAP content". Construction and Building Materials, 197, 792-802, 2019.
47. [47] Al-Qadi IL, Ozer H, Lambros J, Khatib A El, Singhvi P, Khan T, Rivera-Perez J, Doll B. "Testing Protocols to Ensure Performance of High Asphalt Binder Replacement Mixes Using RAP and RAS". Illinois Center for Transportation Series, Illionis, USA, Technical Report, 15-017, 2015.
48. [48] Kaseer F, Yin F, Arámbula-Mercado E, Epps Martin A, Daniel JS, Salari S. "Development of an index to evaluate the cracking potential of asphalt mixtures using the semicircular bending test". Construction and Building Materials, 167, 286-298, 2018.
49. [49] Nsengiyumva G;, Kim Y-R, You T. "Development of a Semicircular Bend (SCB) Test Method for Performance Testing of Nebraska Asphalt Mixtures". Nebraska Department of Roads Research Report, Nebraska, USA, Technical Report, 15, 2015.
50. [50] Rivera-Perez J, Ozer H, Al-Qadi IL. "Impact of specimen configuration and characteristics on ıllinois flexibility ındex". Transportation Research Record, Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2672(28), 383-393, 2018.
51. [51] Lu DX, Saleh M, Nguyen NHT. "Evaluation of fracture and fatigue cracking characterization ability of nonstandardized semicircular-bending test for asphalt concrete". Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 32(8), 1-11, 2020.
52. [52] Wang X, Fan T. "Optimization in Process Parameters of Calcium Sulfate Whisker Modified Asphalt Using Response Surface Methodology". Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering, 45(4), 2841-2851, 2021.
53. [53] Khodaii A, Mousavi ES, Khedmati M, Iranitalab A. "Identification of dominant parameters for stripping potential in warm mix asphalt using response surface methodology". Materials and Structures, 49(6), 2425-2437, 2016.