Impact of water disinfection processes on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): Comparison of ozonation, chlorination, and combined treatment

Abstract

The effects of commonly used water disinfection techniques-namely chlorination, ozonation, and ozone-chlorine combination-on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) under various conditions were evaluated. Artificial raw water samples containing different concentrations of Benzo(a)pyrene, Benzo(b)fluoranthene, Benzo(k)fluoranthene, Benzo(g,h,i)perylene, and Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene were subjected to different disinfection processes, including 5-minute and 8-minute ozonation, 1 mg/L and 2 mg/L chlorination with varying doses and contact times, and ozone treatment followed by chlorination, resulting in a total of eight disinfection scenarios. High-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) was used to analyze PAH compounds. The results indicated that the degradation of PAHs depended on the disinfection technique, compound type, and concentration. Ozonation led to the complete degradation of all PAH compounds (99-100% removal), while chlorination exhibited the highest degradation rate (average of 78%) for Benzo(a)pyrene. However, Benzo(b)fluoranthene was not affected by chlorine. The other PAH compounds showed degradation rates ranging from 15.8% to 30.3% during 2 mg/L chlorination. Furthermore, the disinfection efficacy of the methods was assessed, and it was found that all tested treatments eliminated Escherichia coli.

Keywords

• water disinfection
• chlorine
• ozone
• polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
• Escherichia coli

Su dezenfeksiyon işlemlerinin polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbonlar (PAH’lar) Üzerindeki etkisi: Ozonlama, klorlama ve kombine uygulamalarin karşılaştırılması

Öz

Yaygın olarak kullanılan su dezenfeksiyon tekniklerinin-özellikle klorlama, ozonlama ve ozon-klor kombinasyonu-çeşitli koşullar altında polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbonlar (PAH’lar) üzerindeki etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Benzo(a)piren, Benzo(b)floranten, Benzo(k)floranten, Benzo(g,h,i)perilen ve Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)piren içeren farklı konsantrasyonlardaki yapay ham su örnekleri, 5 dakika ve 8 dakika ozonlama, 1 mg/L ve 2 mg/L klorlama (değişen dozlar ve temas süreleri ile) ve ozonlama sonrası klorlama gibi farklı dezenfeksiyon işlemlerine tabi tutulmuş ve toplam sekiz dezenfeksiyon senaryosu oluşturulmuştur. PAH bileşiklerinin analizi için yüksek performanslı sıvı kromatografisi-floresan dedeksiyonu (HPLC-FLD) kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlar, PAH’ların bozunmasının dezenfeksiyon tekniğine, bileşik türüne ve konsantrasyona bağlı olduğunu göstermiştir. Ozonlama, tüm PAH bileşiklerinin tamamen bozunmasına (99-100% giderim) yol açarken, klorlama Benzo(a)piren için en yüksek bozunma oranını (ortalama %78) göstermiştir. Bununla birlikte, Benzo(b)floranten klorlama işleminden etkilenmemiştir. Diğer PAH bileşikleri, 2 mg/L klorlama sırasında %15.8 ile %30.3 arasında değişen bozunma oranları sergilemiştir. Ayrıca, yöntemlerin dezenfeksiyon etkinliği değerlendirilmiş ve test edilen tüm işlemlerin Escherichia coli’yi tamamen ortadan kaldırdığı tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• su dezenfeksiyonu
• klor
• ozon
• polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbonlar (PAH’lar)
• Escherichia coli

Kaynakça

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