Araştırma Makalesi

Comparative optimization of traditional and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods for phenolic compounds from Sorbus domestica leaves: antioxidant and antidiabetic properties

Sayı: Advanced Online Publication Erken Görünüm Tarihi: 13 Nisan 2026
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Comparative optimization of traditional and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods for phenolic compounds from Sorbus domestica leaves: antioxidant and antidiabetic properties

Abstract

Context— Phenolic compounds from plant sources are widely recognized for their antioxidant and antidiabetic properties and are increasingly investigated for functional food and nutraceutical applications due to their potential role in the prevention of oxidative stress–related metabolic disorders. In recent years, increasing attention has been directed toward plant leaves as alternative and sustainable sources of bioactive compounds. Leaves of Sorbus domestica L. (service tree) represent an underutilized plant material with considerable potential bioactive value; however, information on efficient extraction strategies and functional characterization of their phenolic compounds remains limited. In particular, comparative evaluations focusing on both extraction efficiency and biological activity are still insufficient. Therefore, systematic comparisons of traditional extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods are required to better understand their effectiveness in recovering phenolic compounds from S. domestica leaves. Objective— The aim of this study was to compare traditional extraction (TDE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) methods for the extraction of phenolic compounds from S. domestica leaves. For each method, extraction conditions were optimized, and the resulting extracts were evaluated in terms of phenolic content (TPC and TFL), antioxidant activity, and antidiabetic potential. Method— S. domestica L. leaves were used as the plant material in this study. Phenolic compounds were extracted using traditional extraction and UAE methods, with extraction temperature, ethanol concentration, and extraction time selected as independent variables. An experimental design approach was employed to optimize the extraction conditions for both techniques. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFL) were quantified using spectrophotometric methods. Antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated using ABTS, FRAP, and DPPH assays, which are commonly applied to assess different antioxidant mechanisms. In addition, the antidiabetic potential of the extracts was assessed through α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition tests. Results— The optimal conditions for TDE were 49.63% ethanol, 70.0 ⁰C, and 66.32 min, whereas UAE achieved optimal performance at 53.43% ethanol, 69.04 ⁰C, and 85.38 min. Under optimized conditions, UAE produced 94.38 mg GAE g-1 TPC and 89.13 mg QE g-1 TFL, whereas TDE yielded 73.21 mg GAE g-1 and 68.77 mg QE g-1, respectively. This corresponds to approximately 29% higher TPC and 30% higher TFL in UAE compared to TDE, clearly demonstrating the superior extraction efficiency of the ultrasonic method. Antioxidant activities were also enhanced under UAE conditions. For example, UAE improved α-amylase inhibition by approximately 33% (IC50 reduced from 50.29 to 33.86 mg mL-1) and α-glucosidase inhibition by approximately 12% compared to TDE, indicating stronger enzyme inhibitory potential. The lower IC50 values observed under UAE conditions suggest improved biological functionality of the extracted phenolics, which is particularly relevant for modulating postprandial hyperglycemia. Conclusion— S. domestica leaves are a rich source of phenolic compounds with considerable antioxidant and antidiabetic potential. The quantitative improvements achieved by UAE indicate that extraction strategy significantly influences both yield and bioactivity. These findings highlight the potential application of UAE-derived S. domestica leaf extracts as functional ingredients in nutraceutical formulations, functional beverages, and glucose-regulating food systems.

Keywords

Destekleyen Kurum

Bu çalışma Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi tarafından sağlanan fon (BAP 2022/87) ile desteklenmiştir.

Proje Numarası

This study was supported by the fund from Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University (BAP 2022/87).

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma için etik kurul onayı gerekmemektedir.

Kaynakça

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Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Gıda Mühendisliği

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Erken Görünüm Tarihi

13 Nisan 2026

Yayımlanma Tarihi

-

Gönderilme Tarihi

7 Ocak 2026

Kabul Tarihi

7 Mart 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Sayı: Advanced Online Publication

Kaynak Göster

APA
Esin, E. (2026). Comparative optimization of traditional and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods for phenolic compounds from Sorbus domestica leaves: antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, Advanced Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.65206/pajes.1858561
AMA
1.Esin E. Comparative optimization of traditional and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods for phenolic compounds from Sorbus domestica leaves: antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026;(Advanced Online Publication). doi:10.65206/pajes.1858561
Chicago
Esin, Esra. 2026. “Comparative optimization of traditional and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods for phenolic compounds from Sorbus domestica leaves: antioxidant and antidiabetic properties”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, sy Advanced Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.65206/pajes.1858561.
EndNote
Esin E (01 Nisan 2026) Comparative optimization of traditional and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods for phenolic compounds from Sorbus domestica leaves: antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi Advanced Online Publication
IEEE
[1]E. Esin, “Comparative optimization of traditional and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods for phenolic compounds from Sorbus domestica leaves: antioxidant and antidiabetic properties”, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, sy Advanced Online Publication, Nis. 2026, doi: 10.65206/pajes.1858561.
ISNAD
Esin, Esra. “Comparative optimization of traditional and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods for phenolic compounds from Sorbus domestica leaves: antioxidant and antidiabetic properties”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. Advanced Online Publication (01 Nisan 2026). https://doi.org/10.65206/pajes.1858561.
JAMA
1.Esin E. Comparative optimization of traditional and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods for phenolic compounds from Sorbus domestica leaves: antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026. doi:10.65206/pajes.1858561.
MLA
Esin, Esra. “Comparative optimization of traditional and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods for phenolic compounds from Sorbus domestica leaves: antioxidant and antidiabetic properties”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, sy Advanced Online Publication, Nisan 2026, doi:10.65206/pajes.1858561.
Vancouver
1.Esra Esin. Comparative optimization of traditional and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods for phenolic compounds from Sorbus domestica leaves: antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 01 Nisan 2026;(Advanced Online Publication). doi:10.65206/pajes.1858561