Traffic aware 1 Hz energy modeling and regenerative braking analysis of e-bus operations using real-world data
Öz
Context—Improving energy efficiency in electric public transportation systems is critical for reducing operational costs, ensuring service reliability, and extending vehicle driving range under real-world traffic conditions. However, much of the existing literature relies on route-averaged energy indicators, which fail to capture the highly dynamic and nonlinear interactions among traffic congestion, vehicle longitudinal dynamics, regenerative braking behavior, and driver control strategies. This gap limits the understanding of how traffic-induced variability and operational behavior jointly shape energy consumption in electric bus (E-Bus) systems.
Objective—The primary objective of this study is to develop and demonstrate a high-resolution, traffic-aware energy modeling framework capable of revealing the fine-scale mechanisms governing energy consumption in E-Bus operation. Specifically, the study aims to quantify the impacts of traffic congestion, driving behavior, and control strategies—both human-driven and autonomous—on energy use and regenerative braking performance.
Method—The proposed framework is built upon second-by-second (1 Hz) real-world operational data collected along an urban transit route. It integrates traffic congestion indicators with longitudinal vehicle dynamics, regenerative braking processes, and machine-learning-based classification of driving behavior. This multi-layered modeling approach enables a detailed temporal analysis of energy flows, acceleration variability, braking frequency, and energy recovery under varying traffic and control conditions.
Results—The analysis shows that the commonly reported route-level average energy consumption of 3.3 kWh/km conceals substantial temporal variability driven primarily by congestion-induced stop-and-go operation. Traffic congestion increases total energy consumption by up to 22%, not merely due to lower cruising speeds, but through elevated acceleration variability and braking frequency. To maintain optimal driving range, approximately 78.32% of total braking energy must be recovered via regenerative braking, a requirement found to be highly sensitive to traffic conditions and driving strategy. While inter-driver differences in total energy consumption remain moderate (6–9%), pronounced disparities are observed in acceleration smoothness and braking intensity, which accumulate to meaningful fleet-level energy impacts. Under comparable traffic conditions, autonomous driving operation achieves an 11–14% reduction in total energy consumption and a 9–12% increase in regenerative braking utilization compared to human-driven operation.
Conclusion—The findings demonstrate that energy efficiency in E-Bus systems is jointly governed by traffic dynamics and control behavior, rather than by average operating conditions alone. Behavior-aware driving strategies and autonomous control technologies emerge as key enablers for improving energy efficiency and energy recovery in next-generation electric public transport systems. Future research should further explore adaptive control and traffic-responsive energy management strategies at the fleet and network levels.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
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Ayrıntılar
Birincil Dil
İngilizce
Konular
Elektrik Mühendisliği (Diğer)
Bölüm
Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar
Erken Görünüm Tarihi
13 Nisan 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi
-
Gönderilme Tarihi
16 Ocak 2026
Kabul Tarihi
2 Mart 2026
Yayımlandığı Sayı
Yıl 2026 Sayı: Advanced Online Publication