Araştırma Makalesi

Traffic aware 1 Hz energy modeling and regenerative braking analysis of e-bus operations using real-world data

Sayı: Advanced Online Publication Erken Görünüm Tarihi: 13 Nisan 2026
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Traffic aware 1 Hz energy modeling and regenerative braking analysis of e-bus operations using real-world data

Öz

ContextImproving energy efficiency in electric public transportation systems is critical for reducing operational costs, ensuring service reliability, and extending vehicle driving range under real-world traffic conditions. However, much of the existing literature relies on route-averaged energy indicators, which fail to capture the highly dynamic and nonlinear interactions among traffic congestion, vehicle longitudinal dynamics, regenerative braking behavior, and driver control strategies. This gap limits the understanding of how traffic-induced variability and operational behavior jointly shape energy consumption in electric bus (E-Bus) systems.

ObjectiveThe primary objective of this study is to develop and demonstrate a high-resolution, traffic-aware energy modeling framework capable of revealing the fine-scale mechanisms governing energy consumption in E-Bus operation. Specifically, the study aims to quantify the impacts of traffic congestion, driving behavior, and control strategies—both human-driven and autonomous—on energy use and regenerative braking performance.

MethodThe proposed framework is built upon second-by-second (1 Hz) real-world operational data collected along an urban transit route. It integrates traffic congestion indicators with longitudinal vehicle dynamics, regenerative braking processes, and machine-learning-based classification of driving behavior. This multi-layered modeling approach enables a detailed temporal analysis of energy flows, acceleration variability, braking frequency, and energy recovery under varying traffic and control conditions.

ResultsThe analysis shows that the commonly reported route-level average energy consumption of 3.3 kWh/km conceals substantial temporal variability driven primarily by congestion-induced stop-and-go operation. Traffic congestion increases total energy consumption by up to 22%, not merely due to lower cruising speeds, but through elevated acceleration variability and braking frequency. To maintain optimal driving range, approximately 78.32% of total braking energy must be recovered via regenerative braking, a requirement found to be highly sensitive to traffic conditions and driving strategy. While inter-driver differences in total energy consumption remain moderate (6–9%), pronounced disparities are observed in acceleration smoothness and braking intensity, which accumulate to meaningful fleet-level energy impacts. Under comparable traffic conditions, autonomous driving operation achieves an 11–14% reduction in total energy consumption and a 9–12% increase in regenerative braking utilization compared to human-driven operation.

ConclusionThe findings demonstrate that energy efficiency in E-Bus systems is jointly governed by traffic dynamics and control behavior, rather than by average operating conditions alone. Behavior-aware driving strategies and autonomous control technologies emerge as key enablers for improving energy efficiency and energy recovery in next-generation electric public transport systems. Future research should further explore adaptive control and traffic-responsive energy management strategies at the fleet and network levels.

 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

  1. Z. Zhang, B. Ye, S. Wang, Y. Ma, “Analysis and estimation of energy consumption of electric buses using real-world data”, Transportation Research Part D-Transport and Environment, 126, 104017, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2023.104017.
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Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Elektrik Mühendisliği (Diğer)

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Erken Görünüm Tarihi

13 Nisan 2026

Yayımlanma Tarihi

-

Gönderilme Tarihi

16 Ocak 2026

Kabul Tarihi

2 Mart 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Sayı: Advanced Online Publication

Kaynak Göster

APA
Ekici, Y. E. (2026). Traffic aware 1 Hz energy modeling and regenerative braking analysis of e-bus operations using real-world data. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, Advanced Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.65206/pajes.1865497
AMA
1.Ekici YE. Traffic aware 1 Hz energy modeling and regenerative braking analysis of e-bus operations using real-world data. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026;(Advanced Online Publication). doi:10.65206/pajes.1865497
Chicago
Ekici, Yunus Emre. 2026. “Traffic aware 1 Hz energy modeling and regenerative braking analysis of e-bus operations using real-world data”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, sy Advanced Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.65206/pajes.1865497.
EndNote
Ekici YE (01 Nisan 2026) Traffic aware 1 Hz energy modeling and regenerative braking analysis of e-bus operations using real-world data. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi Advanced Online Publication
IEEE
[1]Y. E. Ekici, “Traffic aware 1 Hz energy modeling and regenerative braking analysis of e-bus operations using real-world data”, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, sy Advanced Online Publication, Nis. 2026, doi: 10.65206/pajes.1865497.
ISNAD
Ekici, Yunus Emre. “Traffic aware 1 Hz energy modeling and regenerative braking analysis of e-bus operations using real-world data”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. Advanced Online Publication (01 Nisan 2026). https://doi.org/10.65206/pajes.1865497.
JAMA
1.Ekici YE. Traffic aware 1 Hz energy modeling and regenerative braking analysis of e-bus operations using real-world data. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026. doi:10.65206/pajes.1865497.
MLA
Ekici, Yunus Emre. “Traffic aware 1 Hz energy modeling and regenerative braking analysis of e-bus operations using real-world data”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, sy Advanced Online Publication, Nisan 2026, doi:10.65206/pajes.1865497.
Vancouver
1.Yunus Emre Ekici. Traffic aware 1 Hz energy modeling and regenerative braking analysis of e-bus operations using real-world data. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 01 Nisan 2026;(Advanced Online Publication). doi:10.65206/pajes.1865497