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Uluslararası Ekonomik İlişkilerin Türkiye’de Sabit Sermaye Oluşumu Üzerine Etkileri

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 56 - 68, 24.06.2024

Öz

Araştırmamızın amacı, Türkiye’de dış ekonomik ilişkilerin sabit sermaye oluşumu üzerine etkisini incelemektir. Bu amaçla, Dünya Bankasından elde edilen 1987-2022 dönemini kapsayan sabit sermaye oluşumu, ihracat, ithalat, dış dünyadan ülkeye ve ülkeden dış dünyaya yapılan doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar, dış borçlar, net yabancı varlıklar değişkenlerinin yıllık verileri kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizi için gecikmesi dağıtılmış otoregresif sınır testi (ARDL) yaklaşımı uygun görülmüştür. Uygulanan test değişkenler arasında uzun dönem ilişkisinin var olduğunu doğrulamıştır. Uzun dönem katsayılarına göre, bağımlı değişken üzerinde pozitif bir etkiye sahip olan ithalat, negatif bir etkiye sahip yurtdışına yapılan doğrudan yatırımlar dışında diğer değişkenlerin anlamlı bir etkisinin bulunmadığı belirlenmiştir. Kısa dönem katsayıları incelendiğinde, ithalat, doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar ve dış borçlar değişkenlerinin sabit sermaye oluşumu üzerinde anlamlı pozitif bir etkiye sahip olduğu görülmektedir. Ayrıca, ülkeden yurtdışına yapılan doğrudan yatırımların mevcut değerinin bağımlı değişken üzerine olumsuz bir etkisi olduğu, ancak gecikmeli değerinin olumlu bir etki gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Net yabancı varlıkların ise anlamlı bir etkisinin olmadığı gözlenmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Akel, V. ve Gazel, S. (2014). Döviz Kurları İle BIST Sanayi Endeksi Arasındaki Eşbütünleşme İlişkisi: Bir ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı, Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 44, 23-41.
  • Akpokodje, G. (2000). The Effect of Export earning Fluctuations on Capital Formation in Nigeria. Kenya: African Economic Research Consortium. https://aercafrica.org/old-website/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/rp103.pdf. (7.03.2024)
  • Ahmed, H., & Miller, S. M. (2000). Crowding-out and crowding-in effects of the components of government expenditure. Contemporary Economic Policy, 18(1), 124-133. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.2000.tb00011.x.
  • Amighini, A., McMillan, M., & Sanfilippo, M. (2017). FDI and capıtal formatıon ın developing economies: New evidence from industry-level data. (Working Paper No 23049). Natıonal Bureau Of Economıc Research (Nber). http://www.nber.org/papers/w23049 (14.02.2024)
  • Alexander, C. (2001). Market Models: A Guide to Financial Data Analysis. John Wiley & Sons Ltd
  • Carbonell, J. B. & Werner, R. A. (2018). Does Foreign Direct Investment Generate Economic Growth? A New Empirical Approach Applied to Spain, Economic Geography, 94(4), 425-456, doi: 10.1080/00130095.2017.1393312
  • Bhattacharya, R., & Clements, B. (2004). Calculating the benefits of debt relief. Finance & Development, 41(4), 48-50.
  • Carlson, K., & Spencer, R. W. (1975). Crowding out and its critics. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, 57, 2-17. Available at: https://doi.org/10.20955/r.57.2-17.nkq.
  • Casni, A. C., Badurina, A. A. & Sertic, M. B. (2014). Public debt and growth: evidence from Central, Eastern and Southeastern European countries. Proceedings of Rijeka Faculty of Economics, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Economics and Business, 32(1), 35-51.
  • Chowdhury, A. R. (2001). External debt and growth in developing countries: A sensitivity and causal analysis. (Discussion Paper No. 2001/95), World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER). https://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1490&context=econ_fac (7.03.2024)
  • Checherita, C. & Rother, P. (2012). The impact of high government debt on economic growth and its channels: An empirical investigation for the euro are. European Economic Review, 56(7), 1392-1405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2012.06.007. https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp1237.pdf. (3.03.2024)
  • Demirhan, H, (2020), dLagM: An R package for distributed lag models and ARDL bounds testing. PLoS ONE, 15(2): e0228812, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228812., https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=dLagM ,version (2021-08-02) -1.1.6.2,
  • Dickey, D. A. & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74, 427-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1979.10482531.
  • Dickey, D.A., Fuller, W.A. (1981). Likelihood Ratio Statistics For Autoregressive Time Series With A Unit Root. Econometrica, 49(4), 1057-107
  • Doğan, B. (2017). Ekonomik küreselleşme ve büyüme ilişkisi: Türkiye Örneği, Toda-Yomamata Nedensellik Analizi. Finans Politik ve Ekonomik Yorumlar, 54(628), 19-27. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/787826 adresinden alındı
  • Domar, E. D. (1946). Capital Expansion, Rate of Growth, and Employment. Econometrica.14(2): 137–147. DOİ:10.2307/1905364. JSTOR 190536
  • Edo, S. (2002). The External Debt Problem in Africa: A Comparative Study Of Nigeria And Morocco. African Development Review, 14(2), 221-236. doi:DOI: 10.1111/1467-8268.00052
  • Erdaş, M. L., Yağcılar, G. G. (2021). Finansal Gelişme, Tasarruf ve Küreselleşme İle Sermaye Oluşumu Arasındaki İlişkinin Saklı Eşbütünleşme ve Asimetrik Nedensellik Testleri İle Analiz Edilmesi: Türkiye Örneği. Verimlilik Dergisi, 3, 203-222
  • Feddersen, M., Nelve , H., & Botha , F. (2017). Exports, Capital Formationan Deconomic Growth in South Africa. African Review Of Economics and Finance, 9 (1), 213-244.
  • Harrod, R.F. (1963). Desirable International Movements of Capital in Relation to Growth of Borrowers and Lenders and Growth Of Markets. Harrod, R.,Hague, D. (Ed). In: International Trade Theory in a Developing World. International Economic Association Series (113–141) Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08458-6_5
  • Hjertholm, P. (1999). Analytical History of Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) Debt Sustainability Targets Review of The HIPC Initiative. World Bank. Oslo. http:// www.econ.ku.dk adresinden alındı
  • Hsu, W. C., Wang, C. & Clegg, J. (2015) The Effects of Outward Foreign Direct Investment on Fixed-Capital Formation at Home: The Roles of Host Location and Industry Characteristics, Global Economic Review, 44:3, 353-368, DOI: 10.1080/1226508X.2015.1077720
  • Göktaş, P., Pekmezci, A. ve Bozkurt, K. (2018). Ekonometrik Serilerde Uzun Dönem Eşbütünleşme ve Kısa Dönem Nedensellik, Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.
  • Güriş, S., Çağlayan, E., Güriş, B. (2020). R İle Temel Ekonometri, İstanbul, Der yayınları.
  • Gujarati, D.N. and Porter, D.C. (2009) Basic Econometrics. 5th Edition, McGraw Hill Inc., New York.
  • Özdemir, B., K. (2009) Bankıng Sector Stabılıty Durıng The Process Of Euro Adoptıon. Anadolu Unıversıty Journal Of Socıal Scıences, 9(1), 123–136 )
  • İnce, M. (2001). Devlet Borçları ve Türkiye. Ankara: Gazi Kitapevi.
  • Javed, Z., & Şahinoz, A. (2005). External Debt: Some Experience from Turkish Economy. Journal of Applied Sciences, 5(2), 363-367. doi: DOI: 10.3923/jas.2005.363.367
  • Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12 (2–3), 231-254, https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(88)90041-3.
  • Johansen, S. and Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Cointegration—With Applications to the Demand for Money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52, 169-210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1990.mp52002003.x.
  • Kazgan, G.(1985). Ekonomide Dışa Açık Büyüme. 1.Baskı, İstanbul: Altın Kitaplar
  • Kerekes, C., & Williamson, C. (2008). Unveiling de Soto’s Mistery: Property Rights, Capital Formation, and Development. Journal Institutional Economics, 4(3), 299-325. doi:10.1017/S1744137408001100
  • Kızılkaya, O., Sofuoğlu, E., Karaçor, Z. (2016). Türkiye’de Turizm Gelirleri-Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F, Yönetim ve Ekonomi dergisi, 23 (1), 203-215
  • Kocha, C. N. Iwedi, M., Sarakiri, J. (2021). The Dynamic Impact of Public External Debt on Capital Formation in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Pooled Mean Group Approach. Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, Economics and Finance, 3( 4), 144-157. DOI: 10.33094/26410265.2021.34.144.157
  • Krugman, P. (1988). Financing vs. forgiving a debt overhang. Journal of Development Economics, 29(3), 253-268. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(88)90044-2.
  • Mosley, P., Hudson , J., & HorelL , S. (1987). Aid, The Public Sectorand the Market in Less Developed Countries. The Economic Journal, 97(387), 616- 641. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2232927 adresinden alındı
  • Moudatsou, A. (2003). Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in the European Union. Journal of Economic Integration, Sejong University, 18(4), 689-707. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23000757
  • Myint, H. (1958). Theclassical Theory of İnternational Trade and The Under Developed Countries. Economic Journal, 68(270), 317-337. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2227598 Natsiopoulos, K., Tzeremes, N. (2021-01-10), ARDL packages for R (≥ 3.2.0). https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ARDL
  • Nkoro, E., Uko, A. K.(2016), Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) cointegration technique: application and interpretation. Journal of Statistical and Econometric Methods, 5(4), 2016, 63-91
  • Pathania, R. (2013). Linkages between Export, Importand Capital Formation in India. International Research Journal of Social Sciences, 2 (3), 16-19.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shın, Y., Smıthc R.J. (2001). Bounds testıng approaches to the analysıs of level relatıonshıps. Journal Of Applıed Econometrıcs, 6, 289-326.
  • Ramirez, M., & Kőműves, Z. (2014). Economic Infrastructure, Private Capital Formation, and FDI Inflows to Hungary: A Unit Root and Cointegration Analysis with Structural Breaks. Atlantic Economic Journal Atl Econ J, 42 (4), 367–382. doi:DOI 10.1007/s11293-01
  • Reinhart, C. M., Reinhart, V. R., & Rogoff, K. S. (2012). Public debt overhangs: Advanced-economy episodes since 1800. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26(3), 69-86. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.26.3.69.
  • Ribeiro, H. N. R., Vaicekauskas, T. Lakštutienė, A. (2012). The Effect Of Publıc Debt And Other Determınants On The Economıc Growth Of Selected European Countrıes. Economıcs And Management, 17 (3), 914-921, http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.em.17.3.2108
  • Ricardo., D. (2001). On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. Batoche Books Kitchener (1817)
  • Srinivasan, T. (2001). Trade, Development and Growth . New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Smith, A. (2018). Ahlaki Duygular Kuramı. (Çev. D. Kızılay). İstanbul: Pinhan Yayıncılık. (Orijinal yayın tarihi, 1759)
  • Smith, A. (2016). Milletlerin zenginliği. (Çev. H. Derin). İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. (Orijinal yayın tarihi, 1776)
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  • Yavuz , Ç. (2006). Türkiye’de Turizm gelirlerinin Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisinin Testi: Yapısal Kırılma ve Nedensellik Analiz. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 7 (2), 162-171. http://journal.dogus.edu.tr/index.php/duj/article/view/106

The Effects of International Economic Relations on the Fixed Capital Formation in Turkey Abstract

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 56 - 68, 24.06.2024

Öz

The aim of our research is to analyse the effect of foreign economic relations on fixed capital formation in Turkey. For this purpose, annual data on fixed capital formation, exports, imports, foreign direct investment (outflow and inflow), foreign debt, and net foreign assets variables obtained from the World Bank for the period 1987–2022 are used. Autoregressive Distributed Lag Bound Test (ARDL) approach was deemed appropriate for the analysis of the data. The applied test confirmed the existence of a long-run relationship between the variables. According to the long-run coefficients, except for imports, which have a positive effect on the dependent variable, and outflow of direct investments, which have a negative effect, other variables do not have a significant effect. When the short-run coefficients are analysed, it is seen that imports, foreign direct investments (inflow), and external debt variables have a significant positive effect on fixed capital formation. Moreover, it is determined that the current value of direct investments (outflow) has a negative effect on the dependent variable, but the lagged value has a positive effect. Net foreign assets, on the other hand, do not have a significant effect.

Kaynakça

  • Akel, V. ve Gazel, S. (2014). Döviz Kurları İle BIST Sanayi Endeksi Arasındaki Eşbütünleşme İlişkisi: Bir ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı, Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 44, 23-41.
  • Akpokodje, G. (2000). The Effect of Export earning Fluctuations on Capital Formation in Nigeria. Kenya: African Economic Research Consortium. https://aercafrica.org/old-website/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/rp103.pdf. (7.03.2024)
  • Ahmed, H., & Miller, S. M. (2000). Crowding-out and crowding-in effects of the components of government expenditure. Contemporary Economic Policy, 18(1), 124-133. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.2000.tb00011.x.
  • Amighini, A., McMillan, M., & Sanfilippo, M. (2017). FDI and capıtal formatıon ın developing economies: New evidence from industry-level data. (Working Paper No 23049). Natıonal Bureau Of Economıc Research (Nber). http://www.nber.org/papers/w23049 (14.02.2024)
  • Alexander, C. (2001). Market Models: A Guide to Financial Data Analysis. John Wiley & Sons Ltd
  • Carbonell, J. B. & Werner, R. A. (2018). Does Foreign Direct Investment Generate Economic Growth? A New Empirical Approach Applied to Spain, Economic Geography, 94(4), 425-456, doi: 10.1080/00130095.2017.1393312
  • Bhattacharya, R., & Clements, B. (2004). Calculating the benefits of debt relief. Finance & Development, 41(4), 48-50.
  • Carlson, K., & Spencer, R. W. (1975). Crowding out and its critics. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, 57, 2-17. Available at: https://doi.org/10.20955/r.57.2-17.nkq.
  • Casni, A. C., Badurina, A. A. & Sertic, M. B. (2014). Public debt and growth: evidence from Central, Eastern and Southeastern European countries. Proceedings of Rijeka Faculty of Economics, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Economics and Business, 32(1), 35-51.
  • Chowdhury, A. R. (2001). External debt and growth in developing countries: A sensitivity and causal analysis. (Discussion Paper No. 2001/95), World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER). https://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1490&context=econ_fac (7.03.2024)
  • Checherita, C. & Rother, P. (2012). The impact of high government debt on economic growth and its channels: An empirical investigation for the euro are. European Economic Review, 56(7), 1392-1405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2012.06.007. https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp1237.pdf. (3.03.2024)
  • Demirhan, H, (2020), dLagM: An R package for distributed lag models and ARDL bounds testing. PLoS ONE, 15(2): e0228812, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228812., https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=dLagM ,version (2021-08-02) -1.1.6.2,
  • Dickey, D. A. & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74, 427-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1979.10482531.
  • Dickey, D.A., Fuller, W.A. (1981). Likelihood Ratio Statistics For Autoregressive Time Series With A Unit Root. Econometrica, 49(4), 1057-107
  • Doğan, B. (2017). Ekonomik küreselleşme ve büyüme ilişkisi: Türkiye Örneği, Toda-Yomamata Nedensellik Analizi. Finans Politik ve Ekonomik Yorumlar, 54(628), 19-27. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/787826 adresinden alındı
  • Domar, E. D. (1946). Capital Expansion, Rate of Growth, and Employment. Econometrica.14(2): 137–147. DOİ:10.2307/1905364. JSTOR 190536
  • Edo, S. (2002). The External Debt Problem in Africa: A Comparative Study Of Nigeria And Morocco. African Development Review, 14(2), 221-236. doi:DOI: 10.1111/1467-8268.00052
  • Erdaş, M. L., Yağcılar, G. G. (2021). Finansal Gelişme, Tasarruf ve Küreselleşme İle Sermaye Oluşumu Arasındaki İlişkinin Saklı Eşbütünleşme ve Asimetrik Nedensellik Testleri İle Analiz Edilmesi: Türkiye Örneği. Verimlilik Dergisi, 3, 203-222
  • Feddersen, M., Nelve , H., & Botha , F. (2017). Exports, Capital Formationan Deconomic Growth in South Africa. African Review Of Economics and Finance, 9 (1), 213-244.
  • Harrod, R.F. (1963). Desirable International Movements of Capital in Relation to Growth of Borrowers and Lenders and Growth Of Markets. Harrod, R.,Hague, D. (Ed). In: International Trade Theory in a Developing World. International Economic Association Series (113–141) Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08458-6_5
  • Hjertholm, P. (1999). Analytical History of Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) Debt Sustainability Targets Review of The HIPC Initiative. World Bank. Oslo. http:// www.econ.ku.dk adresinden alındı
  • Hsu, W. C., Wang, C. & Clegg, J. (2015) The Effects of Outward Foreign Direct Investment on Fixed-Capital Formation at Home: The Roles of Host Location and Industry Characteristics, Global Economic Review, 44:3, 353-368, DOI: 10.1080/1226508X.2015.1077720
  • Göktaş, P., Pekmezci, A. ve Bozkurt, K. (2018). Ekonometrik Serilerde Uzun Dönem Eşbütünleşme ve Kısa Dönem Nedensellik, Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.
  • Güriş, S., Çağlayan, E., Güriş, B. (2020). R İle Temel Ekonometri, İstanbul, Der yayınları.
  • Gujarati, D.N. and Porter, D.C. (2009) Basic Econometrics. 5th Edition, McGraw Hill Inc., New York.
  • Özdemir, B., K. (2009) Bankıng Sector Stabılıty Durıng The Process Of Euro Adoptıon. Anadolu Unıversıty Journal Of Socıal Scıences, 9(1), 123–136 )
  • İnce, M. (2001). Devlet Borçları ve Türkiye. Ankara: Gazi Kitapevi.
  • Javed, Z., & Şahinoz, A. (2005). External Debt: Some Experience from Turkish Economy. Journal of Applied Sciences, 5(2), 363-367. doi: DOI: 10.3923/jas.2005.363.367
  • Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12 (2–3), 231-254, https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(88)90041-3.
  • Johansen, S. and Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Cointegration—With Applications to the Demand for Money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52, 169-210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1990.mp52002003.x.
  • Kazgan, G.(1985). Ekonomide Dışa Açık Büyüme. 1.Baskı, İstanbul: Altın Kitaplar
  • Kerekes, C., & Williamson, C. (2008). Unveiling de Soto’s Mistery: Property Rights, Capital Formation, and Development. Journal Institutional Economics, 4(3), 299-325. doi:10.1017/S1744137408001100
  • Kızılkaya, O., Sofuoğlu, E., Karaçor, Z. (2016). Türkiye’de Turizm Gelirleri-Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F, Yönetim ve Ekonomi dergisi, 23 (1), 203-215
  • Kocha, C. N. Iwedi, M., Sarakiri, J. (2021). The Dynamic Impact of Public External Debt on Capital Formation in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Pooled Mean Group Approach. Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, Economics and Finance, 3( 4), 144-157. DOI: 10.33094/26410265.2021.34.144.157
  • Krugman, P. (1988). Financing vs. forgiving a debt overhang. Journal of Development Economics, 29(3), 253-268. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(88)90044-2.
  • Mosley, P., Hudson , J., & HorelL , S. (1987). Aid, The Public Sectorand the Market in Less Developed Countries. The Economic Journal, 97(387), 616- 641. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2232927 adresinden alındı
  • Moudatsou, A. (2003). Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in the European Union. Journal of Economic Integration, Sejong University, 18(4), 689-707. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23000757
  • Myint, H. (1958). Theclassical Theory of İnternational Trade and The Under Developed Countries. Economic Journal, 68(270), 317-337. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2227598 Natsiopoulos, K., Tzeremes, N. (2021-01-10), ARDL packages for R (≥ 3.2.0). https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ARDL
  • Nkoro, E., Uko, A. K.(2016), Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) cointegration technique: application and interpretation. Journal of Statistical and Econometric Methods, 5(4), 2016, 63-91
  • Pathania, R. (2013). Linkages between Export, Importand Capital Formation in India. International Research Journal of Social Sciences, 2 (3), 16-19.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shın, Y., Smıthc R.J. (2001). Bounds testıng approaches to the analysıs of level relatıonshıps. Journal Of Applıed Econometrıcs, 6, 289-326.
  • Ramirez, M., & Kőműves, Z. (2014). Economic Infrastructure, Private Capital Formation, and FDI Inflows to Hungary: A Unit Root and Cointegration Analysis with Structural Breaks. Atlantic Economic Journal Atl Econ J, 42 (4), 367–382. doi:DOI 10.1007/s11293-01
  • Reinhart, C. M., Reinhart, V. R., & Rogoff, K. S. (2012). Public debt overhangs: Advanced-economy episodes since 1800. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26(3), 69-86. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.26.3.69.
  • Ribeiro, H. N. R., Vaicekauskas, T. Lakštutienė, A. (2012). The Effect Of Publıc Debt And Other Determınants On The Economıc Growth Of Selected European Countrıes. Economıcs And Management, 17 (3), 914-921, http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.em.17.3.2108
  • Ricardo., D. (2001). On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. Batoche Books Kitchener (1817)
  • Srinivasan, T. (2001). Trade, Development and Growth . New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Smith, A. (2018). Ahlaki Duygular Kuramı. (Çev. D. Kızılay). İstanbul: Pinhan Yayıncılık. (Orijinal yayın tarihi, 1759)
  • Smith, A. (2016). Milletlerin zenginliği. (Çev. H. Derin). İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. (Orijinal yayın tarihi, 1776)
  • Sugözü M. Yiyit., İ., & Yiyit, M. (2010). Borçlanmanın Enflasyona Etkisi Üzerine Teorik Yaklaşımların Temel Özellikleri. Maliye Dergisi, (158), 365-373. https://ms.hmb.gov.tr/uploads/2019/09/17.Ibrahim.Halil_.SUGOZU_Mehmet.YIYIT_.pdf
  • Ugwuegbe, S., Modebe, N., & Edith , O. (2014). The impact of foreign direct investment on capital formation in Nigeria: A co-integration approach. International Journal of Economics, Finance and Management Sciences, 2 (2), 188-196. doi:doi: 10.11648/j.ijefm.2014
  • Ulussever, T. (2010). The Relatıonshıp Between Foreıgn Dırect Investment and Capıtal Formatıon in Emergıng Economıes: The Case of The Turkısh Economy. The Journal of Knowledge Economy & Knowledge Management, 5 (1), 41-52. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/beyder/issue/3478/47319
  • Ünal, E. (2019). Bürokratik Etkinlik ve Dış Ticaret Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye Örneği, [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi], Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi
  • Vanlaer, W., Picarelli, M. & Marneffe, W. Debt and Private Investment: Does the EU Suffer from a Debt Overhang?.Open Econ Rev, 32, 789–820 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11079-021-09621-x
  • World Bank (2022), Open Data, https://data.worldbank.org/
  • Yavuz , Ç. (2006). Türkiye’de Turizm gelirlerinin Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisinin Testi: Yapısal Kırılma ve Nedensellik Analiz. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 7 (2), 162-171. http://journal.dogus.edu.tr/index.php/duj/article/view/106
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Büyüme, Kalkınma Ekonomisi - Makro
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Polad Aliyev 0000-0003-0998-7211

Melahat Batu Ağırkaya 0000-0002-8703-5622

Şenol Çelik 0000-0001-5894-8986

Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Haziran 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Aralık 2023
Kabul Tarihi 27 Mart 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Aliyev, P., Batu Ağırkaya, M., & Çelik, Ş. (2024). Uluslararası Ekonomik İlişkilerin Türkiye’de Sabit Sermaye Oluşumu Üzerine Etkileri. Paradigma: İktisadi Ve İdari Araştırmalar Dergisi, 13(1), 56-68.