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Adaptation of Objectified Body Consciousness Scale for Youth to Turkish and to Investigate the Mediator Role of Self Objectification In the Relationship Between Social Media Usage and Desire to be Liked

Yıl 2020, , 23 - 49, 01.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.9779/pauefd.544809

Öz



Self-objectification refers to the process of self-imposing internalized cultural standards regarding a person’s worth comes from his/her physical attractiveness and beauty. In today's popular culture, a growing number of adolescents have problems such as objectification and related problems such as depression and anxiety disorders. This study has two components. The first part of the study aims to adapt the Objectified Body Consciousness-Youth scale developed by Lindberg, Hyde, and McKinley (2006) to Turkish for preadolescent youth. The second part of this study aims to test the assumption that the use of social media full of objectification cues will be related to self-objectification, and self-objectification, in turn, will be related to the desire to be liked further since self-objectification requires the approval of others to feel confident. The sample of the study consists of 718 secondary school students in total. The participators of the first part of the study, which is the adaptation phase, were 551 middle school students. The second part was conducted with 164 middle school students. The analyses of the data support the 3-factor structure explaining 59% of the total variance, which was similar to the original scale structure. The internal consistency coefficients of the scale for body surveillance, control belief, and body shame subscales were .82, .72 and .81, respectively. Its’ relationships with Rosenberg Self-Esteem and Social Appearance Anxiety Scale are meaningful and in the expected direction. Finally, the analysis run in the second part of the study confirmed the mediator role of body surveillance and body shame subscales of self-objectification in the relationship of social media usage frequency and desire to be liked.




Kaynakça

  • Akdağ, M. N., (2011), Türk Dergi Reklamlarındaki Kadın Rol Modeli Ve Kadın İmgesinin Amerikan Dergi Reklamları İle Karşılaştırılmalı Olarak İncelenmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul: Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Asch, S. E. (1956). Studies of independence and conformity: I. A minority of one against a unanimous majority. Psychological monographs: General and applied, 70(9), 1-70.
  • Barker, V. (2012). A Generational Comparison of Social Networking Site Use: The Influence of Age and Social Identity. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 74(2), 163–187. https://doi.org/10.2190/AG.74.2.d
  • Bernard, P., Legrand, S., & Klein, O. (2018). From bodies to blame: Exposure to sexually objectifying media increases tolerance toward sexual harassment. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 7(2), 99-112.http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000114
  • Breines, J. & Crocker, J. & Garcia, J. (2008). Self-objectification and well-being in women's daily lives. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 583-98. 10.1177/0146167207313727.
  • Calogero, R. M. (2012). Objectification theory, self-objectification, and body image. In T. F. Cash (Ed.), Encyclopedia of body image and human appearance (Vol. 2, pp. 574-580). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Calogero, R. (2013). Objects don’t object: evidence that self-objectification disrupts women's social activism. Psychological Science, 24, 10.1177/0956797612452574.
  • Calogero, R. & Pina, A., Park, L. & Rahemtulla, Z. (2010). Objectification theory predicts college women’s attitudes toward cosmetic surgery. Sex Roles, 63, 32-41. 10.1007/s11199-010-9759-5.
  • Canpolat B. I, Orsel S, Akdemir A, Ozbay M. H. (2005). The relationship between dieting and body image, body ideal, self-perception, and body mass index in Turkish adolescents. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 37(2):150-5.
  • Cohen, R., Newton-John, T., & Slater, A. (2017). The relationship between Facebook and Instagram appearance-focused activities and body image concerns in young women. Body Image, 23, 183-187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.10.002
  • Chou, C.-P., & Bentler, P. M. (1995). Estimation and tests in structural equation modeling. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 37–55). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Costanzo, P. R. (1970). Conformity development as a function of self-blame. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 14, 366- 374. doi:10.1037/h0028983
  • Crow, L. D., & Crow., A. V. (1956). Adolescent Development and Adjustment. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.
  • Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adolesanlarda Benlik Saygısı, Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Davis, K. (2013. Young people’s digital lives: The impact of interpersonal relationships and digital media use on adolescents’ sense of identity. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, (6), 2281-2293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.05.022
  • Doğan, T. (2010). Sosyal görünüş kaygısı ölçeği’nin (sgkö) türkçe uyarlaması: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 39, 151-159.
  • Donner, A. & Eliasziw, M. (1987). Sample size requirements for reliability studies. Statistics in Medicine, 6, 441–448.
  • Demir, R, N.K. ( 2006). The reflection of cultural changes to male and female role-models at advertisements. Fırat University Journal of Social Science, 16(1), 285-304.
  • Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and Society. W W Norton & Co.
  • Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117-140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872675400700202
  • Fitzsimmons-Craft, E. E., & Bardone-Cone, A. M. (2012). Examining prospective mediation models of body surveillance, trait anxiety, and body dissatisfaction in African American and Caucasian college women. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 67(3-4), 187-200.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-012-0151-5
  • Fredrickson, B. L. & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification theory: Towards women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173-206. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x
  • Gapinski, K. D., Brownell, K. D., & LaFrance, M. (2003). Body objectification and "fat talk": Effects on emotion, motivation, and cognitive performance. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 48(9-10), 377-388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1023516209973
  • Harrison, K., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2003). Women’s sports media, self-objectification, and mental health in black and white adolescent females. Journal of Communication, 53, 216–232.
  • Hart, T. A., Flora, D. B., Palyo, S. A., Fresco, D. M., Holle, C., & Heimberg, R. C. (2008). Development and Examination of the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale. Assessment, 15, 48-59.
  • Harter, S. (1990). Identity and self development. In S. Feldman and G. Elliott (Eds.), At The Threshold: The Developing Adolescent (pp. 352-387). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Hirschman, C., Impett, E. A., & Schooler, D. (2006). What late-adolescent girls can teach us about objectification and sexuality. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 3 (4), 8-20.
  • Holland, G., & Tiggemann, M. (2016). A systematic review of the impact of the use of social networking sites on body image and disordered eating outcomes. Body Image, 17, 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.02.008
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: guidelines for determining model fit. The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6, 53-60.
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  • Impett, E. A., Henson, J. M., Breines, J. G., Schooler, D., & Tolman, D. L. (2011). Embodiment feels better: girls’ body objectification and well-being across adolescence. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35(1), 46–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684310391641
  • Insko, C. A., Drenan, S., Solomon, M. R., Smith, R., & Wade, T. J. (1983). Conformity as a function of the consistency of positive self-evaluation with being liked and being right. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19(4), 341–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(83)90027-6
  • Jaffe, M. L. (1998). Adolescence . New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 0-471-57190-3.
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Nesneleştirilmiş Beden Bilinci Ölçeği-Genç Formunun Türkçeye Uyarlanarak Kendini Nesneleştirmenin Sosyal Medya Kullanımı ve Beğenilme Arzusu Arasındaki İlişkide Aracı Rolünün İncelenmesi

Yıl 2020, , 23 - 49, 01.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.9779/pauefd.544809

Öz

Kendini
nesneleştirme, bireyin değerinin fiziksel çekicilik ve güzelliğe bağlı olduğuna
ilişkin kültürde yer alan ipuçlarının birey tarafından içselleştirilerek bu
standartları kendi kendine dayatma sürecini ifade eder. Günümüzün popüler
kültüründe gittikçe artan sayıda ergende kendini nesneleştirme ve bunun sonucu
gelişen depresyon ve kaygı bozuklukları gibi sorunlar görülmektedir. Bu çalışma
iki alt bölümden oluşmaktadır. Çalışmanın ilk bölümünün amacı erken ergenlerde
kendini nesneleştirme düzeyini ölçmeye yönelik olarak Lindberg, Hyde ve
McKinley (2006) tarafından geliştirilen nesneleştirilmiş beden bilinci
ölçeği-genç formunun Türkçe uyarlamasını yapmaktır. Bu çalışmanın ikinci bölümü
kişileri kendini nesneleştirmeye yönelten sosyal ipuçlarının çokça var olduğu
sosyal medyayı yüksek düzeyde kullanmanın, beğenilme arzusundaki artışla ilişkili
olacağı ve bu ilişkide kendini nesneleştirmenin aracı rolü olduğu varsayımını
test etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklemini ölçek geliştirme çalışma
kapsamında 551, sosyal medya ve beğenilme arzusu ile ilişkilerini test etmek
amacıyla 164 olmak üzere, toplamda 715 ortaokul öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Ölçeğin
uyarlama çalışmaları kapsamında gerçekleştirilen veri analizleri orijinal ölçek
yapısına uygun olarak toplam varyansın %59’unu açıklayan 3 faktörlü yapıyı
destekler niteliktedir. Ölçeğin beden izleme, kontrol inancı ve beden utancı
alt ölçeklerine ait iç tutarlılık katsayıları sırasıyla .82, .72 ve .81’dir. Ölçeğin
ölçüt geçerliliği kapsamında Rosenberg Benlik Saygısı ve Görünüm Kaygısı Ölçeği
ile ilişkileri beklendik yönde ve anlamlıdır. Araştırmanın ikinci amacına yönelik
regresyon analiz sonuçları, kendini nesneleştirmenin beden izleme ve beden
utancı alt boyutlarının sosyal medya ile beğenilme arzusu arasındaki ilişkide
aracı rolünü destekler niteliktedir.

Kaynakça

  • Akdağ, M. N., (2011), Türk Dergi Reklamlarındaki Kadın Rol Modeli Ve Kadın İmgesinin Amerikan Dergi Reklamları İle Karşılaştırılmalı Olarak İncelenmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul: Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Asch, S. E. (1956). Studies of independence and conformity: I. A minority of one against a unanimous majority. Psychological monographs: General and applied, 70(9), 1-70.
  • Barker, V. (2012). A Generational Comparison of Social Networking Site Use: The Influence of Age and Social Identity. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 74(2), 163–187. https://doi.org/10.2190/AG.74.2.d
  • Bernard, P., Legrand, S., & Klein, O. (2018). From bodies to blame: Exposure to sexually objectifying media increases tolerance toward sexual harassment. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 7(2), 99-112.http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000114
  • Breines, J. & Crocker, J. & Garcia, J. (2008). Self-objectification and well-being in women's daily lives. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 583-98. 10.1177/0146167207313727.
  • Calogero, R. M. (2012). Objectification theory, self-objectification, and body image. In T. F. Cash (Ed.), Encyclopedia of body image and human appearance (Vol. 2, pp. 574-580). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Calogero, R. (2013). Objects don’t object: evidence that self-objectification disrupts women's social activism. Psychological Science, 24, 10.1177/0956797612452574.
  • Calogero, R. & Pina, A., Park, L. & Rahemtulla, Z. (2010). Objectification theory predicts college women’s attitudes toward cosmetic surgery. Sex Roles, 63, 32-41. 10.1007/s11199-010-9759-5.
  • Canpolat B. I, Orsel S, Akdemir A, Ozbay M. H. (2005). The relationship between dieting and body image, body ideal, self-perception, and body mass index in Turkish adolescents. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 37(2):150-5.
  • Cohen, R., Newton-John, T., & Slater, A. (2017). The relationship between Facebook and Instagram appearance-focused activities and body image concerns in young women. Body Image, 23, 183-187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.10.002
  • Chou, C.-P., & Bentler, P. M. (1995). Estimation and tests in structural equation modeling. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 37–55). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Costanzo, P. R. (1970). Conformity development as a function of self-blame. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 14, 366- 374. doi:10.1037/h0028983
  • Crow, L. D., & Crow., A. V. (1956). Adolescent Development and Adjustment. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.
  • Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adolesanlarda Benlik Saygısı, Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Davis, K. (2013. Young people’s digital lives: The impact of interpersonal relationships and digital media use on adolescents’ sense of identity. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, (6), 2281-2293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.05.022
  • Doğan, T. (2010). Sosyal görünüş kaygısı ölçeği’nin (sgkö) türkçe uyarlaması: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 39, 151-159.
  • Donner, A. & Eliasziw, M. (1987). Sample size requirements for reliability studies. Statistics in Medicine, 6, 441–448.
  • Demir, R, N.K. ( 2006). The reflection of cultural changes to male and female role-models at advertisements. Fırat University Journal of Social Science, 16(1), 285-304.
  • Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and Society. W W Norton & Co.
  • Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117-140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872675400700202
  • Fitzsimmons-Craft, E. E., & Bardone-Cone, A. M. (2012). Examining prospective mediation models of body surveillance, trait anxiety, and body dissatisfaction in African American and Caucasian college women. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 67(3-4), 187-200.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-012-0151-5
  • Fredrickson, B. L. & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification theory: Towards women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173-206. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x
  • Gapinski, K. D., Brownell, K. D., & LaFrance, M. (2003). Body objectification and "fat talk": Effects on emotion, motivation, and cognitive performance. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 48(9-10), 377-388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1023516209973
  • Harrison, K., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2003). Women’s sports media, self-objectification, and mental health in black and white adolescent females. Journal of Communication, 53, 216–232.
  • Hart, T. A., Flora, D. B., Palyo, S. A., Fresco, D. M., Holle, C., & Heimberg, R. C. (2008). Development and Examination of the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale. Assessment, 15, 48-59.
  • Harter, S. (1990). Identity and self development. In S. Feldman and G. Elliott (Eds.), At The Threshold: The Developing Adolescent (pp. 352-387). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Hirschman, C., Impett, E. A., & Schooler, D. (2006). What late-adolescent girls can teach us about objectification and sexuality. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 3 (4), 8-20.
  • Holland, G., & Tiggemann, M. (2016). A systematic review of the impact of the use of social networking sites on body image and disordered eating outcomes. Body Image, 17, 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.02.008
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: guidelines for determining model fit. The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6, 53-60.
  • Hu, L. & Bentler, P. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
  • Impett, E. A., Henson, J. M., Breines, J. G., Schooler, D., & Tolman, D. L. (2011). Embodiment feels better: girls’ body objectification and well-being across adolescence. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35(1), 46–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684310391641
  • Insko, C. A., Drenan, S., Solomon, M. R., Smith, R., & Wade, T. J. (1983). Conformity as a function of the consistency of positive self-evaluation with being liked and being right. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19(4), 341–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(83)90027-6
  • Jaffe, M. L. (1998). Adolescence . New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 0-471-57190-3.
  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2001). Lisrel 8: User’s reference guide. Chicago: Scientific Software International.
  • Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39. 31–36
  • Kapidzic, S., 2011. The influence of personality and internalization of media ideals on Facebook image selection. Indiana University Bloomington. Unpublished Master’s thesis.
  • Karagöz, Y. (2016). SPSS ve AMOS 23 uygulamalı istatistiksel analizler. Ankara: Nobel Yayın.
  • Kaşıkara, G., & Doğan, U. (2017). Beğenilme arzusu: ölçek geliştirme, güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(2), 51-60.
  • Kellough, R. D., & Kellough, N. G. (2008). Teaching Young Adolescents: Methods And Resources For Middle Grades Teaching (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
  • Kline, P. (2000). Handbook of psychological testing. London: Routledge, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315812274.
  • Lindberg, S. M., Hyde, J. S., & McKinley, N. M. (2006). A measure of objectified body consciousness for preadolescent and adolescent youth. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30(1), 65–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2006.00263.x
  • Manago, A. M., Graham, M. B., Greenfield, P. M., & Salimkhan, G. (2008). Self-presentation and gender on MySpace. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29, 446–458. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2008.07.001.
  • McKinley, N. M., & Hyde, J. S. (1996). The objectified body consciousness scale: Development and validation. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20, 181–215.
  • Mercurio, A. E., & Landry, L. J. (2008). Self-objectification and well-being: The impact of self-objectification on women's overall sense of self-worth and life satisfaction. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 58(7-8), 458-466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9357-3
  • Mehdizadeh, S.. (2010). Self-Presentation 2.0: Narcissism and self-esteem on facebook. Cyberpsychology, Behavior And Social Networking. 13. 357-64. 10.1089/cyber.2009.0257.
  • Meier, E.P. and Gray, J. (2014) Facebook photo activity associated with body image disturbance in adolescent girls. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17, 199-206. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2013.0305
  • Moradi, B., & Yu-Ping, H. (2008). Objectification theory and psychology of women: a decade of advances and future directions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32 (4), 377-398. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00452.x
  • Moreno, M. A., Parks, M. R., Zimmerman, F. J., Brito, T. E., and Christakis, D. A. (2009). Display of health risk behaviors on MySpace by adolescents: prevalence and associations. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 163, 27-34. Moya-Garófano, A., Megías, J., Rodríguez-Bailón, R., Moya, M. (2017). Spanish version of the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (OBCS): results from two samples of female university students / Revista de Psicología Social, 32, 1-33. 10.1080/02134748.2017.1292700.
  • Muehlenkamp & Saris-Bağlama (2002); Muehlenkamp, J. J. and Saris–Baglama, R. N. (2002), Self–objectification and its psychological outcomes for college women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26, 371-379. doi:10.1111/1471-6402.t01-1-00076
  • Noll, S. M. & Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). A mediational model linking selfobjectification, body shame, and disordered eating. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 22, 623-636. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1998.tb00181.x
  • Peat, C. M., Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2011).Self-objectification disordered eating and depression a test of meditational pathways. Psychology Of Women Quarterly, 35, 441-450.
  • Perloff, R.M. (2014). Social Media Effects on Young Women’s Body Image Concerns: Theoretical Perspectives and an Agenda for Research. Sex Roles, 71, 363-377.
  • Quinn, D. M., Kallen, R. W., Twenge, J. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2006). The disruptive effect of self-objectification on performance. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30(1), 59-64.http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2006.00262.x
  • Robinson, N. S. (1995). Evaluating the nature of perceived support and its relation to perceived self-worth in adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence , 5 (2), 253-280.
  • Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Scales, P. C. (2010). Characteristics of young adolescents. In This we believe: Keys to educating young adolescents (pp. 63-62). Westerville, OH: National Middle School Association.
  • Schaefer, L. & Thompson, J. (2018). Self-objectification and disordered eating: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 51, 10.1002/eat.22854.
  • Sherman, L. E., Payton, A. A., Hernandez, L. M., Greenfield, P. M., & Dapretto, M. (2016). The power of the Like in adolescence: Effects of peer influence on neural and behavioral responses to social media. Psychological Science, 27(7), 1027–1035. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797616645673
  • Steinberg, L.A. (2008). Social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking. Developmental Review, 28, 78- 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2007.08.002
  • Steinberg, L. (2014). Age of opportunity. Lessons from the new science of adolescence. Mariner Books, Boston, Newyork.
  • Strelan, P., & Hargreaves, D. (2005). Women who objectify other women: The vicious circle of objectification? Sex Roles, 52, 707–712. doi: 10.1007/s11199-005-3737-3.
  • Sveningsson Elm, M., 2007. Doing and undoing gender in a Swedish Internet community. In: Sveningsson Elm, M., Sundén, J. (Eds.), Cyberfeminism in Northern lights. Gender and digital media in a Nordic context. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-18434 (accessed 19.1.14).
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Needham, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Tiggemann, M., & Slater, A. (2014). NetTweens: The Internet and Body Image Concerns in Preteenage Girls. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 34(5), 606–620. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431613501083
  • Tolman, D. L., Impett, E. A., Tracy, A. J., & Michael, A. (2006). Looking good, sounding good: Femininity ideology and adolescent girls' mental health. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30(1), 85-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2006.00265.x
  • Twenge, J. M., Martin, G. N., & Campbell, W. K. (2018). Decreases in psychological well-being among American adolescents after 2012 and links to screen time during the rise of smartphone technology. Emotion, 18(6), 765-780.
  • Yağmurcu, Y. ve Tosun, L. P. (2018). Nesneleştirilmiş Beden Bilinci Ölçeği’nin Türkçeye uyarlanması ve psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi (NPD), 6(13), 225-255. DOI: 10.7816/nesne-06-13-01
  • Verduyn, P., Lee, D. S., Park, J., Shablack, H., Orvell, A., Bayer, J., . . . Kross, E. (2015). Passive Facebook usage undermines affective well-being: Experimental and longitudinal evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(2), 480-488.
Toplam 68 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Sevgi Ozgungor 0000-0003-4807-1572

Ahu Arıcıoğlu Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-1068-1175

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Eylül 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Mart 2019
Kabul Tarihi 18 Ocak 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020

Kaynak Göster

APA Ozgungor, S., & Arıcıoğlu, A. (2020). Nesneleştirilmiş Beden Bilinci Ölçeği-Genç Formunun Türkçeye Uyarlanarak Kendini Nesneleştirmenin Sosyal Medya Kullanımı ve Beğenilme Arzusu Arasındaki İlişkide Aracı Rolünün İncelenmesi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi(50), 23-49. https://doi.org/10.9779/pauefd.544809