Kabul ve Kararlılık Terapisi Temelli Sınav Kaygısı Psikoeğitim Grubu: Lise Son Sınıf Öğrencileriyle Bir Vaka Çalışması
Yıl 2020,
, 180 - 200, 01.09.2020
Yasin Aydın
,
Gökçen Aydın
Öz
Bu araştırmanın amacı, Kabul ve Kararlılık Terapisi temelli psikoeğitim grubunun lise öğrencilerinin sınav kaygısı üzerine etkisini incelemektir. Grup sürecine, sınav kaygısı yüksek olan altı lise son sınıf öğrencisi katılmıştır ve katılımcıların tamamı kız öğrencidir. Katılımcıların belirlenmesinde çok aşamalı örneklem (multi-stage sampling) yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Psikoeğitim grubu, Kabul ve Kararlılık Terapisinin temel yapı taşı olan psikolojik esneklik/katılık kavramının altı temel sürecini içerecek şekilde tasarlanmış, her hafta 90 dk olmak üzere toplam altı hafta sürmüştür. Psikoeğitimin öncesinde ve sonrasında katılımcılarla yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Elde edilen verilere içerik analizi yapılmış ve KKT temelli psikoeğitim grubunda yer alan katılımcıların psikolojik katılık ve sınav kaygısına yaklaşımlarının değiştiği görülmüştür. Grup sürecinin sonucunda katılımcılar ayrıca, sınav kaygısı problemi tanımlarının ve sınav kaygısı düzeylerinin farklılaştığını ifade etmişlerdir. Bu sonuçlar bağlamında tartışma ve öneriler ortaya konmuştur.
Destekleyen Kurum
Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırmalar Projesi (BAP)
Kaynakça
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- Biglan, A., Hayes, S. C., & Pistorello, J. (2008). Acceptance and commitment: Implications for prevention science. Prevention Science, 9(3), 139-152. doi: 10.1007/s11121-008-0099-4
- Block, J. (2002). Acceptance or change of private experiences: A comparative analysis in college students with public speaking anxiety. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Albany, State University of New York. NY.
- Boone, M.S., & Manning, J. (2012). A pilot study of an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy group for anxiety and depression in a college counseling center. Manuscript in preparation.
- Bond, F. W., & Bunce, D. (2000). Mediators of change in emotion-focused and problem-focused worksite stress management interventions. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 156-163.
- Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., Baer, R. A., Carpenter, K. M., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H. K., ... & Zettle, R. D. (2011). Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–II: A revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behavior therapy, 42(4), 676-688.
- Boyacioglu, N., & Kucuk, L. (2011). Irrational beliefs and test anxiety in Turkish school adolescents. The Journal of School Nursing, 27(6), 447–54. doi:10.1177/1059840511417631
- Bozkurt, S., Ekitli, G. B., Thomas, C. L., & Cassady, J. C. (2017). Validation of the Turkish version of the Cognitive Test Anxiety Scale–Revised. SAGE Open, 7(1). doi: 2158244016669549
- Brooks, B. D., Alshafei, D., & Taylor, L. A. (2015). Development of the Test and Examination Anxiety Measure (TEAM). Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research, 20(1), 2–10. doi:10.24839/2164-8204.JN20.1.2
- Brown, L. A., Forman, E. M., Herbert, J. D., Hoffman, K. L., Yuen, E. K., & Goetter, E. M. (2011). A randomized controlled trial of acceptance-based behavior therapy and cognitive therapy for test anxiety: A pilot study. Behavior Modification, 35(1), 31–53. doi:10.1177/0145445510390930
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- Cassady, J. C. (2004). The influence of cognitive test anxiety across the learning–testing cycle. Learning and Instruction, 14 (6), 569–592. doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2004.09.002
- Cassady, J. C. (2010). Anxiety in schools: The causes, consequences and solutions foracademic anxieties. New York: Peter Lang.
- Cassady, J. C., & Finch, W. H. (2014). Confirming the factor structure of the Cognitive Test Anxiety Scale: Comparing the utility of three solutions. Educational Assessment, 19(3), 229-242.
- Covington, M. V. (1984). The self-worth theory of achievement motivation: Findings and implications. The Elementary School Journal, 85(1), 4–20. doi:10.1086/461388
- Creswell, J.W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: choosing among five approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks,CA: Sage.
- Creswell, J. W., Hanson, W. E., Clark Plano, V. L., & Morales, A. (2007). Qualitative research designs: Selection and implementation. The counseling psychologist, 35(2), 236-264.
- Cullen, C. (2008). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT): A third wave behaviour therapy. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36(6), 667-673. doi:10.1017/S1352465808004797
- Dodeen, H. (2009). Test-related characteristics of UAEU students: Test-anxiety, test-taking skills, guessing, attitudes towards tests, and cheating. Journal of Faculty of Education, 1(26), 31–66.
- Dusek, J. B. (1980). The development of test anxiety in children. In I. G. Sarason (Ed.), Test anxiety: Theory, research and applications. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Eifert, G. H., Forsyth, J. P., Arch, J., Espejo, E., Keller, M., & Langer, D. (2009). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for anxiety disorders: Three case studies exemplifying a unified treatment protocol. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 16(4), 368-385.
- Elliot., A. C., & Woodward, W. A. (2007). Statistical analysis quick reference guidebook: With SPSS examples. Sage Publications, CA.
- England, E. L., Herbert, J. D., Forman, E. M., Rabin, S. J., Juarascio, A., & Goldstein, S. P. (2012). Acceptance- based exposure therapy for public speaking anxiety. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 1, 66- 72. doi: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2012.07.001
- Eum, K., & Rice, K. G. (2011). Test anxiety, perfectionism, goal orientation, and academic performance. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 24(2), 167–178. doi:10.1080/10615806.2010.488723
- Forman, E. M., & Herbert, J. D. (2009). New directions in cognitive behavior therapy: Acceptance-based therapies. In W. T. O'Donohue & J. E. Fisher (Eds.), General principles and empirically supported techniques of cognitive behavior therapy (pp. 77-101). Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
- Ghomian, S., & Shairi, M, R. (2014). The effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for children with chronic pain on the quality of life on 7 to 12 year old children. International Journal of Pediatrics, 2(3.2), 47-55.
- Gibson, H. (2014). A conceptual view of test anxiety. Nursing Forum, 49(4), 267–277.
- Güler, D. (2012). Lise son sınıf öğrencilerinin akılcı olmayan inançları ve anne -babatutumları ile sınav kaygısı düzeyleri arasındaki iliẟkinin incelenmesi. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). Akdeniz University, Adana.
- Hancock, K, M., Swain, J, Hainsworth, C. J., Dixon, A, L., Koo, S., & Munro K. (2016). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy versus Cognitive Behavior Therapy for children with anxiety: Outcomes of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 47(2), 296-311. doi: 0.1080/15374416.2015.111082
- Harris, R. (2008). The Happiness trap: How to stop struggling and start living: A Guide to ACT. Boston, MA: Trumpeter.
- Hayes, S. C., Hayes, L. J., Reese, H. W., & Sarbin, T. R. (Eds.). (1993). Varieties of functionalcontextualism. Reno, NV: Context Press
- Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. New York: Guilford Press.
- Hayes, S. C., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Roche, B. (Eds.). (2001). Relational frame theory: A post-Skinnerian account of human language and cognition. Springer Science & Business Media.
- Hayes, S. C. (2004). Falsification and the protective belt surrounding entity postulating theories. Journal of Applied and Preventive Psychology, 11, 35–37.
- Hayes, S.C., Luoma, J. B., Bond, F, W., Masuda, A., & Lillis, J. (2004). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: Model, process and outcomes. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 44(1), 1-25. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006
- Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K., Wilson, K. G., Bissett, R. T., Pistorello, J., Toarmino, D., ... & Stewart, S. H. (2004). Measuring experiential avoidance: A preliminary test of a working model. The psychological record, 54(4), 553-578.
- Hayes, S. C., & Smith, S. (2005). Get out of your mind into your life. Oakland, CA: The New Harbinger.
- Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (2012). Acceptance and commitment therapy: the process and practice of mindful change. New York: Guilford Press.
- Hayes, S.C., Levin, M. E., Plumb-Vilardaga, J., Villatte, J. L., & Pistorello, J. (2013). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and contextual behavioral science: Examining the progress of a distinctive model of a behavioral and cognitive therapy. Behavior therapy. 44(2), 180-198. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2009.08.002.
- Hembree, R. (1988). Correlates, causes, effects, and treatment of test anxiety. Review of Educational Research, 58(1), 47–77. doi:10.3102/00346543058001047
- Herbert, J. D., Forman, E. M., Kaye, J. L., Gershkovich, M., Goetter, E., Yuen, E. K., … & Marando- Blanck, S. (2018). Randomized controlled trial of acceptance and commitment therapy versus traditional cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder: symptomatic and behavioral outcomes. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 9, 88-96. doi: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.07.008
- Juncos, D. G., Heinrichs, G. A., Towle, P., Duffy, K., Grand, S., … & Kalkus, E. (2017). Acceptance and commitment therapy fort he treatment of music performance anxiety: A pilot study with student vocalists. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 986. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00986.
- Kavakci, O., Semiz, M., Kartal, A., Dikici, A., & Kugu, N. (2014). Test anxiety prevalanceand related variables in the students who are going to take the university entrance examination. Düşünen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 27(4), 301–307. doi:10.5350/DAJPN2014270403
- Kavakcı, Ö., Güler, A. S., & Çetinkaya, S. (2011). Sınav kaygısı ve ilişkili psikiyatrik belirtiler (Test anxiety and related psychiatric symptoms). Klinik Psikiyatri, 14, 7–16.
- Kocovski, N. L., Fleming, J. A., Hawley, L. L., Huta, V., & Anthony, M. M. (2013). Mindfulness and acceptance- based group therapy versus traditional cognitive behavioral group therapy for social anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51, 889- 898. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2013.10.007
- Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: an introduction to its methodology (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- McCracken, L, M., Sato, A, & Taylor, G. J. (2013). A trial of a brief group- based form of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for chronic pain in general practice: Pilot outcome and process results. The Journal of Pain, 14(11), 1398-1406.
- McIlroy, D., & Bunting, B. (2002). Personality, behavior and academic achievement: Principles for educators to indicate and students to model. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 27(2), 26-337.
- Naveh-Benjamin, M., McKeachie, W. J., Lin, Y., & Holinger, D. P. (1981). Test anxiety: Deficits in information processing. Journal of Educational Psychology, 73(6), 816–824. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.73.6.816
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Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Based Psychoeducation Group for Test Anxiety: A Case Study of Senior High School Students
Yıl 2020,
, 180 - 200, 01.09.2020
Yasin Aydın
,
Gökçen Aydın
Öz
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) based psycho-educational group on test anxiety of high school students. The participants were six senior high school students with a high level of test anxiety and all of the participants were female. They were selected by a multi-stage sampling method. The psycho-educational group was designed to include six processes of psychological flexibility/inflexibility, which is the core concept of ACT; and it lasted six weeks by 90 minutes per week. Participants were interviewed before and after the psychoeducation group. The content analysis was applied and the findings of the ACT-based psychoeducation program revealed that participants’ test anxiety and psychological inflexibility level as well as how they handle the problem has changed as a result of this psycho-educational group process. The participants also stated that their definition of test anxiety problem has changed after the group process. Implications and suggestions for future research and practice were discussed.
Kaynakça
- Akinsola, E. F., & Nwajei, A. D. (2013). Test anxiety, depression and academic performance:Assessment and management using relaxation and cognitive restructuring techniques.Psychology, 4(6A1), 18–24. doi:10.4236/psych.2013.46A1003
- Biglan, A., Hayes, S. C., & Pistorello, J. (2008). Acceptance and commitment: Implications for prevention science. Prevention Science, 9(3), 139-152. doi: 10.1007/s11121-008-0099-4
- Block, J. (2002). Acceptance or change of private experiences: A comparative analysis in college students with public speaking anxiety. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Albany, State University of New York. NY.
- Boone, M.S., & Manning, J. (2012). A pilot study of an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy group for anxiety and depression in a college counseling center. Manuscript in preparation.
- Bond, F. W., & Bunce, D. (2000). Mediators of change in emotion-focused and problem-focused worksite stress management interventions. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 156-163.
- Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., Baer, R. A., Carpenter, K. M., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H. K., ... & Zettle, R. D. (2011). Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–II: A revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behavior therapy, 42(4), 676-688.
- Boyacioglu, N., & Kucuk, L. (2011). Irrational beliefs and test anxiety in Turkish school adolescents. The Journal of School Nursing, 27(6), 447–54. doi:10.1177/1059840511417631
- Bozkurt, S., Ekitli, G. B., Thomas, C. L., & Cassady, J. C. (2017). Validation of the Turkish version of the Cognitive Test Anxiety Scale–Revised. SAGE Open, 7(1). doi: 2158244016669549
- Brooks, B. D., Alshafei, D., & Taylor, L. A. (2015). Development of the Test and Examination Anxiety Measure (TEAM). Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research, 20(1), 2–10. doi:10.24839/2164-8204.JN20.1.2
- Brown, L. A., Forman, E. M., Herbert, J. D., Hoffman, K. L., Yuen, E. K., & Goetter, E. M. (2011). A randomized controlled trial of acceptance-based behavior therapy and cognitive therapy for test anxiety: A pilot study. Behavior Modification, 35(1), 31–53. doi:10.1177/0145445510390930
- Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1981). Attention and self-regulation. New York, NY:Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-5887-2
- Cassady, J. C., & Johnson, R. E. (2002). Cognitive test anxiety an academic performance. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 27(2), 270-295.
- Cassady, J. C. (2004). The influence of cognitive test anxiety across the learning–testing cycle. Learning and Instruction, 14 (6), 569–592. doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2004.09.002
- Cassady, J. C. (2010). Anxiety in schools: The causes, consequences and solutions foracademic anxieties. New York: Peter Lang.
- Cassady, J. C., & Finch, W. H. (2014). Confirming the factor structure of the Cognitive Test Anxiety Scale: Comparing the utility of three solutions. Educational Assessment, 19(3), 229-242.
- Covington, M. V. (1984). The self-worth theory of achievement motivation: Findings and implications. The Elementary School Journal, 85(1), 4–20. doi:10.1086/461388
- Creswell, J.W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: choosing among five approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks,CA: Sage.
- Creswell, J. W., Hanson, W. E., Clark Plano, V. L., & Morales, A. (2007). Qualitative research designs: Selection and implementation. The counseling psychologist, 35(2), 236-264.
- Cullen, C. (2008). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT): A third wave behaviour therapy. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36(6), 667-673. doi:10.1017/S1352465808004797
- Dodeen, H. (2009). Test-related characteristics of UAEU students: Test-anxiety, test-taking skills, guessing, attitudes towards tests, and cheating. Journal of Faculty of Education, 1(26), 31–66.
- Dusek, J. B. (1980). The development of test anxiety in children. In I. G. Sarason (Ed.), Test anxiety: Theory, research and applications. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Eifert, G. H., Forsyth, J. P., Arch, J., Espejo, E., Keller, M., & Langer, D. (2009). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for anxiety disorders: Three case studies exemplifying a unified treatment protocol. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 16(4), 368-385.
- Elliot., A. C., & Woodward, W. A. (2007). Statistical analysis quick reference guidebook: With SPSS examples. Sage Publications, CA.
- England, E. L., Herbert, J. D., Forman, E. M., Rabin, S. J., Juarascio, A., & Goldstein, S. P. (2012). Acceptance- based exposure therapy for public speaking anxiety. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 1, 66- 72. doi: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2012.07.001
- Eum, K., & Rice, K. G. (2011). Test anxiety, perfectionism, goal orientation, and academic performance. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 24(2), 167–178. doi:10.1080/10615806.2010.488723
- Forman, E. M., & Herbert, J. D. (2009). New directions in cognitive behavior therapy: Acceptance-based therapies. In W. T. O'Donohue & J. E. Fisher (Eds.), General principles and empirically supported techniques of cognitive behavior therapy (pp. 77-101). Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
- Ghomian, S., & Shairi, M, R. (2014). The effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for children with chronic pain on the quality of life on 7 to 12 year old children. International Journal of Pediatrics, 2(3.2), 47-55.
- Gibson, H. (2014). A conceptual view of test anxiety. Nursing Forum, 49(4), 267–277.
- Güler, D. (2012). Lise son sınıf öğrencilerinin akılcı olmayan inançları ve anne -babatutumları ile sınav kaygısı düzeyleri arasındaki iliẟkinin incelenmesi. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). Akdeniz University, Adana.
- Hancock, K, M., Swain, J, Hainsworth, C. J., Dixon, A, L., Koo, S., & Munro K. (2016). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy versus Cognitive Behavior Therapy for children with anxiety: Outcomes of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 47(2), 296-311. doi: 0.1080/15374416.2015.111082
- Harris, R. (2008). The Happiness trap: How to stop struggling and start living: A Guide to ACT. Boston, MA: Trumpeter.
- Hayes, S. C., Hayes, L. J., Reese, H. W., & Sarbin, T. R. (Eds.). (1993). Varieties of functionalcontextualism. Reno, NV: Context Press
- Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. New York: Guilford Press.
- Hayes, S. C., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Roche, B. (Eds.). (2001). Relational frame theory: A post-Skinnerian account of human language and cognition. Springer Science & Business Media.
- Hayes, S. C. (2004). Falsification and the protective belt surrounding entity postulating theories. Journal of Applied and Preventive Psychology, 11, 35–37.
- Hayes, S.C., Luoma, J. B., Bond, F, W., Masuda, A., & Lillis, J. (2004). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: Model, process and outcomes. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 44(1), 1-25. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006
- Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K., Wilson, K. G., Bissett, R. T., Pistorello, J., Toarmino, D., ... & Stewart, S. H. (2004). Measuring experiential avoidance: A preliminary test of a working model. The psychological record, 54(4), 553-578.
- Hayes, S. C., & Smith, S. (2005). Get out of your mind into your life. Oakland, CA: The New Harbinger.
- Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (2012). Acceptance and commitment therapy: the process and practice of mindful change. New York: Guilford Press.
- Hayes, S.C., Levin, M. E., Plumb-Vilardaga, J., Villatte, J. L., & Pistorello, J. (2013). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and contextual behavioral science: Examining the progress of a distinctive model of a behavioral and cognitive therapy. Behavior therapy. 44(2), 180-198. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2009.08.002.
- Hembree, R. (1988). Correlates, causes, effects, and treatment of test anxiety. Review of Educational Research, 58(1), 47–77. doi:10.3102/00346543058001047
- Herbert, J. D., Forman, E. M., Kaye, J. L., Gershkovich, M., Goetter, E., Yuen, E. K., … & Marando- Blanck, S. (2018). Randomized controlled trial of acceptance and commitment therapy versus traditional cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder: symptomatic and behavioral outcomes. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 9, 88-96. doi: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.07.008
- Juncos, D. G., Heinrichs, G. A., Towle, P., Duffy, K., Grand, S., … & Kalkus, E. (2017). Acceptance and commitment therapy fort he treatment of music performance anxiety: A pilot study with student vocalists. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 986. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00986.
- Kavakci, O., Semiz, M., Kartal, A., Dikici, A., & Kugu, N. (2014). Test anxiety prevalanceand related variables in the students who are going to take the university entrance examination. Düşünen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 27(4), 301–307. doi:10.5350/DAJPN2014270403
- Kavakcı, Ö., Güler, A. S., & Çetinkaya, S. (2011). Sınav kaygısı ve ilişkili psikiyatrik belirtiler (Test anxiety and related psychiatric symptoms). Klinik Psikiyatri, 14, 7–16.
- Kocovski, N. L., Fleming, J. A., Hawley, L. L., Huta, V., & Anthony, M. M. (2013). Mindfulness and acceptance- based group therapy versus traditional cognitive behavioral group therapy for social anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51, 889- 898. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2013.10.007
- Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: an introduction to its methodology (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- McCracken, L, M., Sato, A, & Taylor, G. J. (2013). A trial of a brief group- based form of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for chronic pain in general practice: Pilot outcome and process results. The Journal of Pain, 14(11), 1398-1406.
- McIlroy, D., & Bunting, B. (2002). Personality, behavior and academic achievement: Principles for educators to indicate and students to model. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 27(2), 26-337.
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