Parental Phubbing and Empathy as the Predictors of Adolescent Phubber Behaviors

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 56, 401 - 425, 01.09.2022

Fuat Aydoğdu , Sümeyra Yaşar

https://doi.org/10.9779/pauefd.1042303

Cited By: 1

Öz

The aim of this research is to determine whether adolescent’s phubbing is predicted by parental phubbing and empathy variables, and to examine whether adolescent’s phubbing differs according to gender, class level, smartphone ownership status, online classes, and training, as well as daily smartphone usage time. For this purpose, the study group consists total of 1019 students, 734 girls and 285 boys, from 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 in the Kestel and Gürsu districts of Bursa in the 2020 – 2021 academic year, selected by the appropriate sampling method. The research data were obtained by Generic Scale of Phubbing (GPS), Generic Scale of Being Phubbed (GPS) and KA-SI Empathic Tendency Scale Adolescent Form. Within the scope of the research, Independent-Samples t Test and One-Way Variance Analysis (ANOVA) were used to determine the difference of adolescent phubbing between groups. Multiple Linear Regression Analysis was used to determine the level of adolescent phubbing predicted by parental phubbing and empathy variables. As a result of the research, female students compared to male students; students with smartphone had higher overall phubbing scores than students without smartphone. 5th grade students had lower average scores of being phubber than other grades. Participants with daily phone usage time of 1-2 hours had lower overall phubbing scores than with 3, 4 and 5 hours. According to the results of the regression analysis, parental phubbing and empathy variables were determined to be important precursors of adolescent phubbing and explained 13.5% of the change in adolescent phubbing. The findings provided important clues in planning and implementing psychological counseling and guidance services for middle and high school students.

Anahtar Kelimeler

phubbing, parentel phubbing, empathy

Ergen Sosyotelist Davranışlarının (Phubbing) Yordayıcıları Olarak Ebeveyn Sosyotelizmine Maruz Kalma ve Empati

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı ergen sosyotelist davranışının ebeveyn sosyotelizmine maruz kalma ve empati değişkenleri tarafından yordanıp yordanmadığını saptamak ve ergen sosyotelist davranışının cinsiyet, sınıf düzeyi, akıllı telefona sahip olma durumu, canlı dersler ve eğitimler haricinde günlük akıllı telefon kullanım süresine göre farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığını incelemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda araştırmanın çalışma grubunu 2020 – 2021 eğitim öğretim yılında Bursa’nın Kestel ve Gürsu ilçelerinde öğrenim gören 5, 6, 7, 8 ve 9. sınıf öğrencilerinden uygun örnekleme yöntemi ile seçilen 734’ü kız, 285’i erkek olmak üzere toplamda 1019 öğrenci oluşturmuştur. Araştırma verileri Genel Sosyotelist Olma Ölçeği (GSO), Genel Sosyotelizme Maruz Kalma Ölçeği (GSMK) ve KASİ Empatik Eğilim Ölçeği Ergen Formu ile elde edilmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında ergen sosyotelist davranışının gruplar arasındaki farkını tespit etmek için Bağımsız Örneklemler İçin t Testi ve Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi (ANOVA) kullanılmıştır. Ergen sosyotelist davranışının ebeveyn sosyotelizmine maruz kalma ve empati değişkenleri tarafından ne düzeyde yordandığını tespit etmek için Çoklu Doğrusal Regresyon Analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında yapılan fark istatistiklerine göre kız öğrencilerin erkek öğrencilere göre; akıllı telefona sahip olan öğrencilerin akıllı telefona sahip olmayan öğrencilere göre genel sosyotelist olma toplam puanları daha yüksek bulunmuştur. 5. sınıf öğrencilerin diğer sınıf düzeylerine göre genel sosyotelist olma ortalama puanları daha düşük bulunmuştur. Günlük telefon kullanma süresi 1 saat ve 2 saat olan katılımcıların günlük telefon kullanma süresi 3, 4 ve 5 saat olan katılımcılara göre genel sosyotelist olma toplam puanları daha düşük bulunmuştur. Yapılan regresyon analizi sonucuna göre ebeveyn sosyotelizmine maruz kalma ve empati değişkenleri ergenlerin sosyotelist davranışının önemli yordayıcıları olduğu belirlenmiş ve ergen sosyotelist davranışındaki değişimin %13.5’ini açıklamaktadır. Bulgular, ortaokul ve lise öğrencilerine yönelik psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik hizmetlerini planlama ve uygulama önemli ipuçları sağlamıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

sosyotelizm, ebeveyn sosyotelizmi, empati

Kaynakça

• Aagaard, J. (2019). Digital akrasia: a qualitative study of phubbing. AI & SOCIETY, 35, 237-244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-019-00876-0
• Al‐Saggaf, Y. ve O’Donnell, S. B. (2019). Phubbing: Perceptions, reasons behind, predictors, and impacts. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 1(2), 132–140. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.137
• Al-Saggaf, Y., MacCulloch, R. ve Wiener, K. (2018). Trait Boredom Is a Predictor of Phubbing Frequency. Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science, 4(3), 245–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41347-018-0080-4
• Arslan, K. A., Tunç, Z. ve Çolak, C. (2019). Veri dönüşümü için açık kaynak erişimli web tabanlı yazılım: veri dönüşüm yazılımı. F.Ü. Sağlık Bilimleri Tıp Dergisi, 33 (3), 175-181.
• Aydoğdu, F. ve Çevik, Ö. (2020). Okul psikolojik danışmanlarının sosyotelist davranışlarının, sosyotelizme maruz kalma ve yalnızlık düzeyleri üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi. Humanistic Perspective, 2 (3), 219-230. https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.810850
• Aykaç, S. ve Yıldırım, Ş. (2021). Gelişen Dünyada nomofobi ve sosyotelist olma- sosyotelizme maruz kalmanın etkileri. Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(1), 243-256. https://doi.org/10.17240/aibuefd.2021.21.60703-780598
• Bai, Q., Bai, S., Dan, Q., Lei, L., & Wang, P. (2020). Mother phubbing and adolescent academic burnout: The mediating role of mental health and the moderating role of agreeableness and neuroticism. Personality and Individual Differences, 155, 109622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109622
• Bai, Q., Lei, L., Hsueh, F. H., Yu, X., Hu, H., Wang, X., & Wang, P. (2020). Parent-adolescent congruence in phubbing and adolescents’ depressive symptoms: A moderated polynomial regression with response surface analyses. Journal of Affective Disorders, 275, 127–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.156
• Balta, S., Emirtekin, E., Kircaburun, K. ve Griffiths, M. D. (2018). Neuroticism, trait fear of missing out, and phubbing: The mediating role of state fear of missing out and problematic instagram use. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 18(3), 628–639. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-9959-8
• Barrios-Borjas, D. A., Bejar-Ramos, V. A. ve Cauchos-Mora, V. S. (2017). Uso excesivo de Smartphones/teléfonos celulares: Phubbing y Nomofobia. Revista Chilena de Neuro-Psiquiatría, 55(3), 205–206. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0717-92272017000300205
• Bayrakcı, M. (2007). Sosyal öğrenme kuramı ve eğitimde uygulanması. Sakarya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 14, 198-210.
• Benvenuti, M., Błachnio, A., Przepiorka, A. M., Daskalova, V. M. ve Mazzoni, E. (2020). Factors Related to Phone Snubbing Behavior in Emerging Adults. In Advances in Psychology, Mental Health, and Behavioral Studies (pp. 164–187). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9412-3.ch007
• Błachnio, A. ve Przepiorka, A. (2018). Be Aware! If you start using facebook problematically you will feel lonely: Phubbing, loneliness, self-esteem, and facebook ıntrusion. A Cross-Sectional Study. Social Science Computer Review, 37(2), 270–278. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439318754490
• Brown, K., Adger, W. N., Devine-Wright, P., Anderies, J. M., Barr, S., Bousquet, F., Butler, C., Evans, L., Marshall, N. ve Quinn, T. (2019). Empathy, place and identity interactions for sustainability. Global Environmental Change, 56, 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.03.003
• Cameron, A. F. ve Webster, J. (2011). Relational outcomes of multicommunicating: Integrating incivility and social exchange perspectives. Organization Science, 22(3), 754–771. Capilla-Garrido, E., Cubo-Delgado, S. ve Gutiérrez-Esteban, P. (2020). Design and validation of an instrument to evaluate phubbing behaviors. RELIEVE, 26(2), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.7203/relieve.26.2.16955
• Chatterjee, S. (2020). Antecedents of phubbing: from technological and psychological perspectives. Journal of Systems and Information Technology, 22 (2), 161-178. https://doi.org/10.1108/jsit-05-2019-0089
• Chi, L. C., Tang, T. C. ve Tang, E. (2022). The phubbing phenomenon: a cross-sectional study on the relationships among social media addiction, fear of missing out, personality traits, and phubbing behavior. Current Psychology, 41(2), 1112–1123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02468-y
• Chotpitayasunondh, V. ve Douglas, K. M. (2016). How “phubbing” becomes the norm: The antecedents and consequences of snubbing via smartphone. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 9-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.018
• Chotpitayasunondh, V. ve Douglas, K. M. (2018). Measuring phone snubbing behavior: Development and validation of the Generic Scale of Phubbing (GSP) and the Generic Scale of Being Phubbed (GSBP). Computers in Human Behavior, 88, 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.06.020
• Chu, X., Ji, S., Wang, X., Yu, J., Chen, Y. ve Lei, L. (2021). Peer Phubbing and Social Networking Site Addiction: The Mediating Role of Social Anxiety and the Moderating Role of Family Financial Difficulty. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. 670065. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.670065
• Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research . Boston, MA: Pearson.
• Escalera-Chávez, M. E., García-Santillán, A. ve Molchanova, V. (2020). Phubbing Behavior: Is There a Gender Difference in College Students? European Journal of Contemporary Education, 9(3), 546-551. https://doi.org/10.13187/ejced.2020.3.546
• Franchina, V., Vanden Abeele, M., van Rooij, A., Lo Coco, G. ve De Marez, L. (2018). Fear of missing out as a predictor of problematic social media use and phubbing behavior among flemish adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(10), 2319. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102319
• Geng, J., Lei, L., Ouyang, M., Nie, J. ve Wang, P. (2021). The influence of perceived parental phubbing on adolescents’ problematic smartphone use: A two-wave multiple mediation model. Addictive Behaviors, 121, 106995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106995
• George, D. ve Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference, 17.0 update (10a ed.) Pearson
• González-Rivera, J., Segura-Abreu, L. ve Urbistondo-Rodríguez, V. (2018). Phubbing en las Relaciones Románticas: Uso del Celular, Satisfacción en la Pareja, Bienestar Psicológico y Salud Mental. Interacciones: Revista de Avances En Psicología, 4(2), 143–151. https://doi.org/10.24016/2018.v4n2.117
• Grusec, J. E. (2011). Socialization Processes in the Family: Social and Emotional Development. Annual Review of Psychology, 62(1), 243–269. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131650
• İliç, U. ve Tanyeri, T. (2020). Is phubbing a matter for educators: A case for pre-service and in-service teachers. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Technology, 9(1), 70–79. https://doi.org/10.17220/mojet.2021.9.1.246
• Karadağ, E., Tosuntaş¸, S¸. B., Erzen, E., Duru, P., Bostan, N., Şahin, B. M., ... Babadağ, B. (2015). Determinants of phubbing, which is the sum of many virtual addictions: A structural equation model. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4, 60–74.
• Karadağ, E., Tosuntaş¸, S¸. B., Erzen, E., Duru, P., Bostan, N., Şahin, B. M. ve Babadağ, B. (2016). The virtual world’s current addiction: Phubbing. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 3, 250–269.
• Karagöz, Y. (2010). Nonparametrik testlerin güç ve etkinlikleri. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9 (33), 18-40.
• Kaya, A. ve Siyez, D. (2010). KA-Sİ Çocuk ve Ergenler İçin Empatik Eğilim Ölçeği: Geliştirilmesi geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Eğitim ve Bilim, 35(156), 110-125.
• Kneidinger-Müller, B. (2017). Mobile communication as invader in face-to-face interactions: An analysis of predictors for parallel communication habits. Computers in Human Behavior, 73, 328–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.055
• Koç, M. (2004). Gelişim psikolojisi açısından ergenlik dönemi ve genel özellikleri. Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1 (17), 231-238.
• Latifa, R., Mumtaz, E. F. ve Subchi, I. (2019). Psychological Explanation of Phubbing Behavior: Smartphone Addiction, Emphaty and Self Control. 2019 7th International Conference on Cyber and IT Service Management (CITSM). https://doi.org/10.1109/citsm47753.2019.8965376
• Liu, K., Chen, W., Wang, H., Geng, J. ve Lei, L. (2020). Parental phubbing linking to adolescent life satisfaction: The mediating role of relationship satisfaction and the moderating role of attachment styles. Child: Care, Health and Development, 47(2), 281–289. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12839
• Liu, K., Chen, W., Wang, H., Geng, J., & Lei, L. (2020). Parental phubbing linking to adolescent life satisfaction: The mediating role of relationship satisfaction and the moderating role of attachment styles. Child: Care, Health and Development, 47(2), 281–289. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12839
• Liu, R.-D., Wang, J., Gu, D., Ding, Y., Oei, T. P., Hong, W., Zhen, R. ve Li, Y.-M. (2019). The Effect of Parental Phubbing on Teenager’s Mobile Phone Dependency Behaviors: The Mediation Role of Subjective Norm and Dependency Intention. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 12, 1059–1069. https://doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s224133
• McCann Paris. (2014, June 26). Macquarie “Phubbing: A Word Is Born” // McCann Melbourne [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hLNhKUniaEw
• Moreno, M. A., Jelenchick, L. A. ve Breland, D. J. (2015). Exploring depression and problematic internet use among college females: A multisite study. Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 601–607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.033
• Nakamura, T. (2015). The action of looking at a mobile phone display as nonverbal behavior/communication: A theoretical perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 43, 68–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.10.042
• Nazik, F. Güneş, G. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinde problemli internet kullanımı ve sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışları. Cukurova Medical Journal, 44, 41–48. https://doi.org/10.17826/cumj.533376
• Niu, G., Yao, L., Wu, L., Tian, Y., Xu, L. ve Sun, X. (2020). Parental phubbing and adolescent problematic mobile phone use: The role of parent-child relationship and self-control. Children and Youth Services Review, 116, 105247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105247
• Orhan Göksün, D. (2019). Sosyotelist Olma ve Sosyotelizme Maruz Kalma Ölçekleri’nin Türkçeye Uyarlanması. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(3), 657–671. https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.505642
• Özgüngör, S. ve Acun Kapıkıran, N. (2011). Erikson’un psikososyal gelişim dönemleri ölçeklerinin Türk kültürüne uygunluğunun karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmesi: ön bulgular. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4 (36), 114-126.
• Pancani, L., Gerosa, T., Gui, M. ve Riva, P. (2020). “Mom, dad, look at me”: The development of the Parental Phubbing Scale. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 026540752096486. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407520964866
• Przybylski, A. K. ve Weinstein, N. (2012). Can you connect with me now? How the presence of mobile communication technology influences face-to-face conversation quality. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30(3), 237–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407512453827
• Qu, J., Lei, L., Wang, X., Xie, X. ve Wang, P. (2020). Mother Phubbing and Adolescent Cyberbullying: The Mediating Role of Perceived Mother Acceptance and the Moderating Role of Emotional Stability. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 088626052098390. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520983905
• Riess, H. (2017). The Science of Empathy. Journal of Patient Experience, 4(2), 74–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/2374373517699267
• Roberts, J. A. ve David, M. E. (2017). Put down your phone and listen to me: How boss phubbing undermines the psychological conditions necessary for employee engagement. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 206–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.05.021
• Şahin, Ş. ve Çövener Özçelik, Ç. (2016). Ergenlik Dönemi ve Sosyalleşme. Cumhuriyet Hemşirelik Dergisi, 5(1), 42-49.
• Shekhawat, K., Talapady, V., Dinatius, P., Thasneem, C., Ali, S., Prasanna, S. ve Salim, A. (2019). Smartphone usage among female students of a private dental institution in North Kerala: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Dental Research and Review, 6(4), 83. https://doi.org/10.4103/jdrr.jdrr_35_19
• Shellenbarger, S. (2013). Just look at me in the eye already – The workforce perils of staring at our phones and elsewhere: The ideal gaze lasts lasts 7 to 10 seconds. The Wall Street Journal 28.05.13.
• Tekkam S. D., Bala S. ve Pandve H. (2020). Consequence of phubbing on psychological distress among the youth of Hyderabad. Medical Journal of Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth,13(6), 643-647. https://doi.org/10.4103/mjdrdypu.mjdrdypu_315_19
• Toker, B. ve Tuncay, N . (2020). Statistical analysis of Turkish speaking students’ phubbing behaviors. Journal of Computer and Education Research, 8 (16), 526-544. https://doi.org/10.18009/jcer.739492
• Vanden Abeele, M. M. P., Antheunis, M. L. ve Schouten, A. P. (2016). The effect of mobile messaging during a conversation on impression formation and interaction quality. Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 562–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.04.005
• Wang, X., Gao, L., Yang, J., Zhao, F. ve Wang, P. (2019). Parental phubbing and adolescents’ depressive symptoms: self-esteem and perceived social support as moderators. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49(2), 427–437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01185-x
• Wang, X., Qiao, Y., Li, W., & Lei, L. (2021). Parental Phubbing and Children’s Social Withdrawal and Aggression: A Moderated Mediation Model of Parenting Behaviors and Parents’ Gender. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 088626052110428. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211042807
• Wei, H., Ding, H., Huang, F. ve Zhu, L. (2021). Parents’ Phubbing and Cyberbullying Perpetration Among Adolescents: the Mediation of Anxiety and the Moderation of Zhong-Yong Thinking. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00535-w
• Xiao, X., & Zheng, X. (2022). The Effect of Parental Phubbing on Depression in Chinese Junior High School Students: The Mediating Roles of Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction and Self-Esteem. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.868354
• Xie, X. ve Xie, J. (2019). Parental phubbing accelerates depression in late childhood and adolescence:A two-path model. Journal of Adolescence, 78, 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.12.004
• Xie, X., Chen, W., Zhu, X. ve He, D. (2019). Parents’ phubbing increases Adolescents’ Mobile phone addiction: Roles of parent-child attachment, deviant peers, and gender. Children and Youth Services Review, 105, 104426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104426
• Yam, F. C. ve İlhan, T. (2020). Modern çağın bütünsel teknolojik bağımlılığı: phubbing ve dinamikleri. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 12(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.551299