PROTOCOLS FOR RESTARTING TOURISM IN COVID-19 CONDITIONS AND DEVELOPING PANDEMIC IMMUNITY

Öz

The purpose of the study is to provide a better understanding of the protocols for restarting tourism considered as an international prior action plan, and to present an academic output supporting the development of pandemic immunity. In this direction, the global guidelines of United Nations World Tourism Organization dated 28 May 2020 and new-normal protocols of World Travel and Tourism Council dated 29 May 2020 were translated into Turkish and subjected to content analysis. The entire analysis process, from coding to Sankey diagram creation, conducted via ATLAS.ti – v.22.1.4.0, a computer-aided qualitative data analysis software. Among the results; the role in restarting tourism and the aspects of developing pandemic immunity of implementing hygiene-oriented innovative practices even if they will require changes in the organizational chart, prioritizing coordination, communication and cooperation not only in the steps taken by the government and businesses but also by the other interested parties, making the dynamism within the internal processes brought about by the turbulent conditions efficient and standardized via the adoption of protocols establishing a specific business manner and procedure are stand out.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• COVID-19 (novel coronavirus)
• pandemic
• crisis management
• normalization
• tourism

COVID-19 KOŞULLARINDA TURİZMİ YENİDEN BAŞLATMA PROTOKOLLERİ VE PANDEMİ BAĞIŞIKLIĞININ GELİŞTİRİLMESİ

Öz

Çalışmanın amacı; uluslararası nitelikteki turizmi yeniden başlatma protokollerinin detaylı bir şekilde incelenerek somutlaştırılmasıdır. Böylece benzer krizlerin şok etkisini kısaltan, eyleme geçme sürecini daha etkili ve hızlı kılan bir pandemi bağışıklığının geliştirilmesine katkı sağlanması hedeflenmektedir. Bu doğrultuda, Türkçeye çevrilmiş olan Birleşmiş Milletler Dünya Turizm Örgütü’nün 28 Mayıs 2020 tarihli küresel yönergesi ile Dünya Seyahat ve Turizm Konseyi’nin 29 Mayıs 2020 tarihli yeni-normal protokolleri içerik analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Kodlama işleminden Sankey diyagramı oluşturmaya kadar tüm analiz süreci, bilgisayar destekli bir nitel veri analiz yazılımı olan ATLAS.ti – v.22.1.4.0 vasıtasıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuçlar arasından; örgüt şemasında değişimleri gerektirecek olsa dahi hijyen odaklı inovatif uygulamaların hayata geçirilmesinin, yalnızca hükümetin ve işletmelerin değil; diğer ilgili tarafların atacağı adımlarda da koordinasyonun, iletişimin ve iş birliğinin öncelikli olarak değerlendirilmesinin, çalkantılı koşulların işletme içi süreçlerde meydana getirdiği olumsuzlukların protokollerin benimsenmesi aracılığıyla standardize edilmesinin ve verimli kılınmasının, turizmin yeniden başlatılmasındaki rolü ve pandemi bağışıklığını geliştirici yönleri ön plana çıkmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• COVID-19 (yeni koronavirüs)
• pandemi
• kriz yönetimi
• normalleşme
• turizm

Kaynakça

1. Angmo, S. (2021). “Catastrophic Pandemics: Disruption in Tourism Mobility”, Virus Outbreaks and Tourism Mobility (Tourism Security-Safety and Post Conflict Destinations), (Ed: S. K. Kulshreshtha) (pp.15-30), Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80071-334-520211002
2. ATLAS.ti. (2022a). Visualizing the code-document table: Sankey diagram. (26.06.2022). https://doc.atlasti.com/ManualWin.v9/CodeDocumentTable/ CodeDocumentTableVisualization.html
3. ATLAS.ti. (2022b). Code co-occurrence coefficient. (26.06.2022). https://doc.atlasti.com/ManualWin.v9/CodeCooccurrence/CodeCoOccurrenceTableCcoefficient.html#:~:text=The%20c%2Dcoefficient%20indicates%20the,codes%20do%20not%20co%2Doccur
4. Babu, G. C., & Kumar, S. (2020). “A Study on Consumer Behavior Pattern Shift in the Period of Corona (COVID-19) Pandemic”, Aut Aut Research Journal, 11/7, 523-532.
5. Bakar, N. A., & Rosbi, S. (2020). “Effect of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) to Tourism Industry”, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 7/4, 189-193. 10.22161/ijaers.74.23
6. Baldwin, R., & Weder di Mauro, B. (2020). “Introduction”, Economics in the Time of COVID-19, (Ed: R. Baldwin and B. Weder di Mauro) (pp. 1-30), Centre for Economic Policy Research/CEPR Press, London.
7. Baloch, Q. B., Maher, S., Shah, S. N., Sheeraz, M., Iqbal, N., & Raza, H. (2022). “Revitalization of Tourism and Hospitality Sector: Preempting Pandemics through Lessons Learned”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21392-7
8. Carroll, J. (2022). “Normal No More: The Future of Tourism Planning Post-Pandemic”, Pandemics, Disasters, Sustainability, Tourism, (Ed: I. Bethell-Bennett, S. A. Rolle, J. Minnis and F. Okumus) (pp. 211-219), Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80382-105-420221014

9. CDC. (2022). Water, sanitation, & environmentally relevant hygiene (WASH): Hygiene. (26.06.2022). https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/hygiene /index.html
10. Erdoğan, Ç., ve Yamaç Erdoğan, Z. (2020). “Turizmin COVID-19 Direnci: Bakanlık Perspektifinden Turizmde Normalleşme Faaliyetleri - I. Çeyrek”, Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4/4, 3358-3377. 10.26677/TR1010.2020.567
11. Farzanegan, M. R., Gholipour, H. F., Feizi, M., Nunkoo, R., & Andargoli, A. E. (2020). “International Tourism and Outbreak of Coronavirus (COVID-19): A Cross-Country Analysis”, Journal of Travel Research [Letters to the Editor], 60/3, 687-692. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287520931593
12. Froyd, J. N. (2020). Cross-Border travel will never be the same. Tourism Review News: Respected Voice of Tourism. (20.04.2020). https://www.tourism-review.com/cross-border-travel-will-be-changed-much-news11492,
13. Gavinolla, M. R., Livina, A., Swain, S. K., & Bukovska, G. (2021). “Five Decades of Research on Disease Outbreaks, Pandemics and Tourism: A Bibliometric Analysis”, Kulshreshtha, S. K. (Ed.) Virus Outbreaks and Tourism Mobility (Tourism Security-Safety and Post Conflict Destinations), Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 43-57. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80071-334-520211005
14. Ghosh, S. (2022). “Modelling Inbound International Tourism Demand in Australia: Lessons from the Pandemics”, International Journal of Tourism Research, 24/1, 71-81. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2483
15. Goodell, J. W. (2020). “COVID-19 and Finance: Agendas for Future Research”, Finance Research Letters, 101512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2020.101512
16. Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C. M. (2020). “Pandemics, Tourism and Global Change: A Rapid Assessment of COVID-19”, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29/1, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708
17. Hadi, A. G., Kadhom, M., Hairunisa, N., Yousif, E., & Mohammed, S. A. (2020). “A Review on COVID-19: Origin, Spread, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention”, Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry, 10/6, 7234-7242. https://doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC106.72347242
18. Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. (2017). Besin güvenliği ve hijyen. (26.06.2022). https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/tr/beslenme/besin-guvenligi-ve-hijyen.html
19. Haupt, T. (2020). Travel recovery will come – get ready now!. Tourism Review News: Respected Voice of Tourism. (20.04.2020). https://www.tourism-review.com/companies-getting-ready-for-the-travel-recovery-news11497
20. Hills, A. (2020). Tragic year for Italian tourism – losses expected at eur 120 billion. Tourism Review News: Respected Voice of Tourism. (13.04.2020). https://www.tourism-review.com/italian-tourism-counting-the-losses-news11481
21. Hobbs, J. E. (2020). “Food Supply Chains during the COVID-19 Pandemic”, Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue Canadienne D’agroeconomie, 68/2 (special issue article), 171-176. https://doi.org/10.1111/cjag.12237
22. Hu, F., Teichert, T., Deng, S., Liu, Y., & Zhou, G. (2021). “Dealing with Pandemics: An Investigation of the Effects of COVID-19 on Customers’ Evaluations of Hospitality Services”, Tourism Management, 85 (104320). 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104320
23. Hu, H., Yang, Y., & Zhang, J. (2021). “Avoiding Panic during Pandemics: COVID-19 and Tourism-Related Businesses”, Tourism Management, 86 (104316). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104316
24. Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X., Cheng, Z., Yu, T., Xia, J., Wei, Y., Wu, W., Xie, X., Yin, W., Li, H., Liu, M., Xiao, Y., Gaı, H., Guo, L., Xie, J., Wang, G., Jiang, R., Gao, Z., Jin, Q., Wang, J., & Cao, B. (2020). “Clinical Features of Patients Infected with 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China”, The Lancet, 395, 497-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
25. Hussain, A., Fusté-Forné, F., & Simmons, D. (2021). “Fear of Pandemics or Fear of Tourism: The Challenges for Human Mobility”, Tourism and Hospitality Management, 27/1, 223-228. https://doi.org/10.20867/thm.27.1.3
26. Kahn, K. B. (2018). “Understanding Innovation”, Business Horizons, 61, 453-460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2018.01.011
27. Karabulut, G., Bilgin M. H., Demir, E. & Doker, A. C. (2020). “How Pandemics Affect Tourism: International Evidence”, Annals of Tourism Research, 84 (102991). 1-5. 10.1016/j.annals.2020.102991
28. Kim, S. S., Chun, H., & Lee, H. (2005). The effects of SARS on the Korean hotel industry and measures to overcome the crisis: A case study of six Korean five-star hotels. Asia Pasific Journal of Tourism Research, 10(4), 369-377. 10.1080/10941660500363694
29. Kraemer, M. U., Yang, C. H., Gutierrez, B., Wu, C. H., Klein, B., Pigott, D. M., Open COVID-19 Data Working Group, Plessis, d. L., Faria, N. R., Li, R., Hanage, W. P., Brownstein, J. S., Layan, M., Vespignani, A., Tian, H., Dye, C., Pybus, O. G., & Scarpino S. V. (2020). “The Effect of Human Mobility and Control Measures on the COVID-19 Epidemic in China”, Science, 368 (6490), 493-497. 10.1126/science.abb4218
30. Maphanga, P. M., & Henama, U. S. (2019). The tourism impact of Ebola in Africa: Lessons on crisis management. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 8(3), 1-3.
31. McKibbin, W. J., & Fernando, R. (2020). “The Global Macroeconomic Impacts of COVID-19: Seven Scenarios”, CAMA Working Paper No. 19/2020, available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3547729 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3547729
32. Niewiadomski, P. (2020). “COVID-19: From Temporary De-Globalisation to a Re-Discovery of Tourism?”, Tourism Geographies, 22/3, 651-656. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1757749
33. Novelli, M., Burgess, L. G., Jones, A., & Ritchie, B. W. (2018). ‘No Ebola…still doomed’ – The Ebola-induced tourism crisis. Annals of Tourism Research, 70, 76-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.03.006
34. Patel, P. K., Sharma, J., Kharoliwal, S., & Khemariya, P. (2020). “The Effects of Nobel Corona Virus (COVID-19) in the Tourism Industry in India”, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 9/5, 780-788.
35. Paulus, T. (2018). “Atlas.ti”, The SAGE Encyclopedia of Educational Research, Measurement, and Evaluation (Ed: B. Frey) (pp. 130-132), SAGE Publications. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781506326139.n57
36. Pforr, C., & Hosie, P. J. (2008). Crisis management in tourism. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 23(4), 249-264. 10.1300/J073v23n02_19
37. Pimentel, D., Cooperstein, S., Randell, H., Filiberto, D., Sorrentino, S., Kaye, B., Nicklin, C., Yagi, J., Brian, J., O'Hern, J., Habas, A., & Weinstein, C. (2007). “Ecology of Increasing Diseases: Population Growth and Environmental Degradation”, Human Ecology: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 35/6, 653–668. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-007-9128-3
38. Richter, L. K. (2003). International tourism and its global public health consequences. Journal of Travel Research, 41(4), 339-436. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287503041004002
39. Rokou, T. (2020). Tips to help hotel operations survive and prepare for recovery. Travel Daily News. (10.04.2020). https://www.traveldailynews.com/post/tips-to-help-hotel-operations-survive-and-prepare-for-recovery
40. T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı. (2020a). Turizm istatistikleri – turizm gelirleri ve giderleri: Yabancı ziyaretçi ve yurt dışında ikamet eden vatandaş ziyaretçilerden elde edilen turizm geliri, gideri ve ortalama harcamanın yıllara göre dağılımı. Yatırım ve İşletmeler Genel Müdürlüğü. (07.05.2020). https://yigm.ktb.gov.tr/TR-9851/turizm-istatistikleri.html
41. T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı. (2020b). Turistik tesislerde setifikasyon sistemi. Basın ve Halkla İlişkiler Müşavirliği. (18.04.2020). https://basin.ktb.gov.tr/TR-261238/turistik-tesislere-sertifikasyon-sistemi.html
42. T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı. (2020c, Nisan 4). Bakanımız Mehmet Nuri Ersoy TRT Haber canlı yayında gündeme ilişkin açıklamalarda bulundu [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BknzzpXmujs
43. T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı. (2020d, Nisan 7). Bakanımız Mehmet Nuri Ersoy BloombergHT canlı yayınında video konferans ile gündemi değerlendirdi [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8agGYt-C_Q4
44. T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı. (2020e, Nisan 18). Bakanımız Mehmet Nuri Ersoy NTV canlı yayınında gündemi değerlendirdi [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_xxFL3S0Hhg
45. T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı. (2020f). Türkiye’nin güvenli tatil hizmeti dünyaya tanıtılacak. Basın ve Halkla İlişkiler Müşavirliği (17.06.2020). https://basin.ktb.gov.tr/TR-267373/turkiyenin-guvenli-tatil-hizmeti-dunyaya-tanitilacak.html
46. T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı. (2020g). 2020 yılı Nisan ayı sınır giriş-çıkış istatistikleri. Yatırım ve İşletmeler Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara: Araştırma ve Değerlendirme Daire Başkanlığı.
47. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2020). T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı COVID-19 bilgilendirme sayfası. (15.08.2020). https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/
48. TCMB. (2020). Elektronik veri dağılım sistemi/EVDS: Finansal kesin dışındaki firmaların döviz varlık ve yükümlülükleri (milyon ABD doları). (02.09.2020). https://evds2.tcmb.gov.tr/index. php?/evds/serieMarket/collapse_12/5931/DataGroup/turkish/bie_fdvy/
49. TDK. (2022). Güncel Türkçe Sözlük “çalışan”. (16.04.2022). https://sozluk.gov.tr/
50. Turizm Günlüğü. (2020a). Avrupa Birliği: Bu yaz turizm sezonumuz olacak. Turizm Günlüğü: Turizm ve Seyahat Gazetesi, 14 Mayıs 2020, https://www.turizmgunlugu.com/2020/05/14/avrupa-birligi-bu-yaz-turizm-sezonumuz-olacak/, E.T.: 14.05.2020.
51. Turizm Günlüğü. (2020b). Yunanistan turizm koridoru için harekete geçti. Turizm Günlüğü: Turizm ve Seyahat Gazetesi. (14.05.2020). https://www.turizmgunlugu.com/2020/05/14/yunanistan-turizm-koridoru-icin-harekete-gecti/
52. TÜRSAB. (2020). Turizmin ekonomideki yeri: İthalat/ihracat içindeki payı 1969-2019. (03.05.2020). https://www.tursab.org.tr/istatistikler/turizmin-ekonomideki-yeri
53. UNCTAD. (2021). 2021 handbook of statistics (04.07.2022). https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/tdstat46_en.pdf
54. UNDP. (2020). Human mobility, shared opportunities: A review of the 2009 human development report and the way ahead. https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/publications/UNDP-IOM-Human-Mobility-Shared-Opportunities.pdf
55. UNWHO. (2020a). Rolling updates on coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Updated 7 May 2020. (09.05.2020). https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen
56. UNWHO. (2020b). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: Updated 29 April 2020. (07.05.2020). https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public
57. UNWTO. (2020a). COVID-19 response: 96% of global destinations impose travel restrictions UNWTO reports. News Release, Madrid: 15 April 2020.
58. UNWTO. (2020b). 100% of global destinations now have COVID-19 travel restrictions UNWTO reports. News Release, Madrid: 28 April 2020.
59. UNWTO. (2020c). UNWTO: International tourism arrivals could fall by 20-30% in 2020. News Release, Madrid: 27 March 2020.
60. UNWTO. (2020d). International tourist numbers could fall 60-80% in 2020 UNWTO reports. News Release, Madrid: 07 May 2020.
61. UNWTO. (2020e). World tourism barometer. Volume: 18, Issue: 2, May 2020.
62. UNWTO. (2020f). Impact assessment of the COVID-19 outbreak on international tourism. Updated 05 March 2020.
63. UNWTO. (2020g). Restrictions on tourism travel starting to ease but caution remains, UNWTO reports. News Release, Madrid: 31 May 2020.
64. UNWTO. (2020h). New data shows impact of COVID-19 on tourism as UNWTO calls for responsible restart of the sector. News Release, Madrid: 22 June 2020.
65. UNWTO. (2021). International tourism highlights: 2020 edition. https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284422456.
66. Uzuner, G., & Ghosh, S. (2021). “Do Pandemics Have an Asymmetric Effect on Tourism in Italy?”, Quality & Quantity, 55, 1561-1579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-020-01074-7
67. Wang, W., Tang, J., & Wei, F. (2020). “Updated Understanding of the Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, China”, Journal of Medical Virology, 92, 441-447. 10.1002/jmv.25689
68. WTTC. (2020a). WTTC now estimates over 100 million jobs losses in the travel & tourism sector and alerts G20 countries to the scale of the crisis. News Article, 24 April 2020.
69. WTTC. (2020b). Economic impact 2020: Top 20 economies – largest contribution of travel & tourism GDP. March 2020.
70. WTTC. (2020c). Coronavirus puts up to 50 million travel and tourism jobs at risk says WTTC. Press Releases, London: 13 March 2020.
71. WTTC. (2020d). WTTC vision & recommendations for travel & tourism recovery post COVID-19. (30.04.2020). https://wttc.org/en-us/COVID-19/Recovery-Post-COVID-19
72. WTTC. (2020e). WTTC gives global destinations stamp of approval for safety protocols. Press Releases, London: 8 June 2020.
73. Wu, Y-C., Chen, C-S., & Chan, Y-J. (2020). “The Outbreak of COVID-19: An Overview”, The Chinese Medical Association, 83, 217-220. 10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000270
74. Wut, T. M., Xu, J. (B.), & Wong, S. (2021). Crisis management research (1985-2020) in the hospitality and tourism insdustry: A review and research agenda. Tourism Management, 85, 104307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104307
75. Yang, Y., Zhang, H., & Chen, X. (2020). “Coronavirus Pandemic and Tourism: Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Modelling of Infectious Disease Outbreak”, Annals of Tourism Researh, 83 (102913), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102913
76. Yeh, S. S. (2021). “Tourism Recovery Strategy Against COVID-19 Pandemic”, Tourism Recreation Research, 46/2, 188-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 02508281.2020.1805933