THE EFFECT OF DARK TRIAD PERSONALITY TRAITS ON SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR

Öz

In order to achieve sustainable development, it is essential that consumers exhibit environmentally and socially responsible consumption behavior. At this point, it is crucial to determine the factors that encourage or discourage sustainable consumption behavior among consumers. In this sense, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of dark triad personality traits on sustainable consumption behavior. The dark triad was examined in three aspects namely narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy; while sustainable consumption behavior was conceptualized as environmental awareness, savings, unnecessary consumption, and reusability. Data were collected from 307 consumers by online survey method. The dimensions of Machiavellianism and psychopathy were rated as a single personality trait as a result of the confirmatory factor analysis. In addition, factor analysis eliminated the reusability dimension of sustainable consumption behavior from the study. Based on the analyses conducted using the structural equation model, it was revealed that while narcissism did not have a significant effect on environmental awareness, savings, and unnecessary consumption; Machiavellianism-psychopathy dimension had a significant and negative effect on environmental awareness, saving, and unnecessary consumption. This study will contribute to the literature in terms of focusing on the dark aspects of personality in explaining sustainable consumption behavior.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Narcissism
• Machiavellianism
• Psychopathy
• Dark triad
• Sustainable consumption

KARANLIK ÜÇLÜ KİŞİLİK ÖZELLİKLERİNİN SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR TÜKETİM DAVRANIŞINA ETKİSİ

Öz

Sürdürülebilir kalkınmanın sağlanmasında tüketicilerin topluma ve çevreye karşı duyarlı bir tüketim davranışı sergilemeleri oldukça önemlidir. Bu noktada, tüketicileri sürdürülebilir tüketime yönlendiren ya da sürdürülebilir tüketimi baskılayan faktörlerin tespit edilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu kapsamda bu araştırmada, karanlık üçlü kişilik özelliklerinin sürdürülebilir tüketim davranışına etkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Karanlık üçlü; narsisizm, makyavelizm ve psikopati olarak üç boyutta incelenmektedir. Sürdürülebilir tüketim davranışı; çevreye duyarlılık, tasarruf, ihtiyaç dışı tüketim ve yeniden kullanılabilirlik olarak dört boyut kapsamında ele alınmaktadır. Araştırmanın verisi 307 tüketiciden çevrimiçi anket tekniğiyle toplanmıştır. Gerçekleştirilen doğrulayıcı faktör analizi neticesinde, makyavelizm ve psikopati boyutları birleştirilerek tek bir kişilik özelliği olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, sürdürülebilir tüketim davranışının yeniden kullanılabilirlik boyutu faktör analizi neticesinde analiz dışı bırakılmıştır. Yapısal eşitlik modeli kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen analizler sonucunda narsisizmin çevreye duyarlılık, tasarruf ve ihtiyaç dışı tüketim üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisinin olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Makyavelizm-psikopati özelliği çevreye duyarlılık, tasarruf ve ihtiyaç dışı tüketim boyutlarını olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Araştırmanın sürdürülebilir tüketim davranışını açıklamada kişiliğin karanlık yönlerine odaklanması yönüyle literatüre katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Narsisizm
• Makyevelizm
• Psikopati
• Karanlık üçlü
• Sürdürülebilir tüketim

Kaynakça

1. Akbar, K., Jin, Y., Mahsud, M., Akbar, M., Waheed, A., ve Amin, R. (2020). “Role of Big Five Personality Traits in Sustainable Consumption Behavior”. In Proceedings of the 2020 3rd International Conference on Big Data Technologies, 222-226.
2. Akdoğan, L., ve Durmaz, Y. (2021). “Kişilik Özelliklerinin Bilinçli Tüketim Davranışı Üzerine Etkisinin İncelenmesine Yönelik Bir Çalışma”. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(2), 782-814.
3. Awais, M., Samin, T., Gulzar, M. A., Hwang, J., ve Zubair, M. (2020). “Unfolding The Association Between the Big Five, Frugality, E-Mavenism, And Sustainable Consumption Behavior”. Sustainability, 12(2), 490.
4. Aytaç, M. B. (2022). “Karanlık Dörtlü (The Short Dark Tetrad-Sd4) Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlanması ve Karanlık Dörtlünün Pazarlama Araştırmalarındaki Yerinin Tartışılması”. İşletme Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 129-149.
5. Aytaç, M. B., ve Akın, E. (2021). “Hatzfeld Syndrome: Narcissistic Postpurchase State of Mind”. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration, 38 (4), 369-381.
6. Bagozzi, R. P., ve Yi, Y. (1988). “On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models”. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74–94.
7. Balderjahn, I., Buerke, A., Kirchgeorg, M., Peyer, M., Seegebarth, B., ve Wiedmann, K. P. (2013). “Consciousness for sustainable consumption: scale development and new insights in the economic dimension of consumers’ sustainability”. AMS review, 3, 181-192.
8. Blair, J. R., Gala, P., ve Lunde, M. (2022). “Dark Triad-Consumer Behavior Relationship: The Mediating Role Of Consumer Self-Confidence And Aggressive İnterpersonal Orientation”. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 39 (2), 145-165.

9. Bowen, K. T., Musarra, G., ve Ou, Y. C. (2022). “How And When Narcissism and Faith in Humanity Drive Sustainable Consumption”. Psychology & Marketing, 39(9), 1706-1724.
10. Cai, H., Shi, Y., Fang, X., ve Luo, Y. L. (2015). “Narcissism predicts impulsive buying: phenotypic and genetic evidence”. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 881.
11. Chan, R. Y. (2001). “Determinants of Chinese consumers' Green Purchase Behavior”. Psychology & marketing, 18(4), 389-413.
12. Doğan, O., Bulut, Z. A., ve Çımrın, F. K. (2015). “Bireylerin Sürdürülebilir Tüketim Davranışlarının Ölçülmesine Yönelik Bir Ölçek Geliştirme Çalışması”. Ataturk University Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences, 29(4).
13. Duong, C. D. (2021). “Big Five Personality Traits and Green Consumption: Bridging the Attitude-Intention-Behavior Gap”. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics. 34(6), 1123-1144.
14. Egan, V., Hughes, N., ve Palmer, E. J. (2015). “Moral Disengagement, The Dark Triad, And Unethical Consumer Attitudes”. Personality and Individual Differences, 76, 123-128.
15. Elhoushy, S., ve Lanzini, P. (2021). “Factors Affecting Sustainable Consumer Behavior in The MENA Region: A Systematic Review”. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 33(3), 256-279.
16. Eroğlu, F., ve Köse, E. B. (2021). “Sürdürülebilir Tüketim Ekseninde Tüketicinin Korunması, Eğitimi ve Bilinçlendirilmesi İçin Bir Öneri Olarak Tüketici Geliştirme Merkezi (Tügemer)”. Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 16(2), 31-47.
17. Fatoki, O. (2020). “Personalıty Traits and Green Purchasing Behavıour of Young Consumers”. Journal of Management Information & Decision Sciences, 23(S1), 254-261.
18. Fien, J., Neil, C., ve Bentley, M. (2008). “Youth can lead the way to sustainable consumption”. Journal of Education for Sustainable Development, 2(1), 51-60.
19. Figueroa-García, E. C., García-Machado, J. J., ve Perez-Bustamante Yabar, D. C. (2018). “Modeling The Social Factors That Determine Sustainable Consumption Behavior in The Community of Madrid”. Sustainability, 10(8), 2811.
20. Fornell, C., ve Larcker, D. F. (1981). “Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error”. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50.
21. Fox, J., ve Rooney, M. C. (2015). “The Dark Triad and Trait Self-Objectification as Predictors of Men’s Use and Self-Presentation Behaviors on Social Networking Sites”. Personality and Individual Differences, 76, 161-165.
22. Fraj, E., ve Martinez, E. (2006). “Influence of personality on ecological consumer behaviour”. Journal of Consumer Behaviour: An International Research Review, 5(3), 167-181.
23. Fuchs, D. A., ve Lorek, S. (2005). “Sustainable Consumption Governance: A History of Promises and Failures”. Journal of Consumer Policy, 28(3), 261-288.
24. Furnham, A., Richards, S. C., ve Paulhus, D. L. (2013). “The Dark Triad of Personality: A 10 Year Review”. Social And Personality Psychology Compass, 7(3), 199-216.
25. Haider, M., Shannon, R., Moschis, G.P. (2022). “Sustainable Consumption Research and the Role of Marketing: A Review of the Literature (1976–2021)”. Sustainability, 14, 3999.
26. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., ve Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate Data Analysis. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.
27. Harnish, R. J., ve Bridges, K. R. (2015). “Compulsive Buying: The Role Of İrrational Beliefs, Materialism, And Narcissism”. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 33(1), 1-16.
28. Harrison, A., Summers, J., ve Mennecke, B. (2018). “The effects of the dark triad on unethical Behavior”. Journal of Business Ethics, 153(1), 53-77.
29. Hayta, A. (2009). “Sürdürülebilir Tüketim Davranışının Kazanılmasında Tüketici Eğitiminin Rolü”. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(3), 143-151.
30. Hirsh, J. B. (2010). “Personality and environmental concern”. Journal of environmental psychology, 30(2), 245-248.
31. Hooper, D., Coughlan, J. ve Mullen, M. R. (2008). “Model Fit”. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods. 6(1), 53-60.
32. Huang, N., Zuo, S., Wang, F., Cai, P. ve Wang, F. (2019). “Environmental Attitudes in China: The Roles of The Dark Triad, Future Orientation and Place Attachment”. International Journal of Psychology. 54(5), 563-572.
33. IPCC (2022). Hükümetler Arası İklim Değişikliği Paneli Raporu. (05.01.2023). https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/press/IPCC_AR6_WGII_PressConferenceSlides_small.pdf
34. Jakobwitz, S., ve Egan, V. (2006). “The Dark Triad and Normal Personality Traits”. Personality And Individual Differences, 40(2), 331-339.
35. Jonason, P. K., ve Krause, L. (2013). “The Emotional Deficits Associated with The Dark Triad Traits: Cognitive Empathy, Affective Empathy, And Alexithymia”. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(5), 532-537.
36. Jones, D. N., ve Paulhus, D. L. (2011). “The role of impulsivity in the Dark Triad of personality”. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(5), 679-682.
37. Kang, Y. J., ve Park, S. Y. (2016). “The Perfection Of The Narcissistic Self: A Qualitative Study On Luxury Consumption And Customer Equity”. Journal of Business Research, 69(9), 3813-3819.
38. Karabıyık, H. Ç., ve Algöz, S. B. (2020). “A Psycho-Marketing Study: Using the Dark Triad Personality Test to Profile the Consumers and Predict the Consumer Behavior”. Pazarlama İçgörüsü Üzerine Çalışmalar, 4(2), 66-73.
39. Karalar, R., ve Kiracı, H. (2011). “Çevresel Sorunlara Karşı Bir Çözüm Önerisi Olarak Sürdürülebilir Tüketim Düşüncesi”. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (30), 63-76.
40. Karbalaei, S., Abdollahi, A. ve Abdullah, S. (2015). “Machiavellianism And Spiritual Intelligence as Predictors of Waste-Prevention Behaviors Among Malaysian University Students”. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities. 23(3), 623-38.
41. Kaufman, S. B., Yaden, D. B., Hyde, E., ve Tsukayama, E. (2019). “The Light vs. Dark Triad of Personality: Contrasting Two Very Different Profiles Of Human Natüre”. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1–26.
42. Kazancı-Sunaoğlu, Ş. (2022). Yeşil Tüketim. Tüketici Davranışlarında Makro Trendler (Ed. Fatih Şahin ve Reyhan Bahar). Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, Ankara.
43. Kesenheimer, J. S., ve Greitemeyer, T. (2021). “Greenwash yourself: The relationship between communal and agentic narcissism and pro-environmental behavior”. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 75, 101621.
44. Kilian, S., ve Mann, A. (2020). “When The Damage Is Done: Effects of Moral Disengagement on Sustainable Consumption”. Journal of Organizational Psychology, 20(1), 120-132.
45. Kline, R. (2011). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. New York: Guilford Press.
46. Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles And Practice Of Structural Equation Modeling. Guilford publications.
47. Kumar, S., ve Yadav, R. (2021). “The Impact of Shopping Motivation on Sustainable Consumption: A Study in The Context of Green Apparel”. Journal of Cleaner Production, 295, 126239.
48. Kvasova, O. (2015). The Big Five personality traits as antecedents of eco-friendly tourist behavior. Personality and individual differences, 83, 111-116.
49. Lu, L. C., Chang, H. H. ve Chang, A. (2013). “Consumer personality and green buying intention: The mediate role of consumer ethical beliefs”. Journal of Business Ethics, 127(1), 205219.
50. Luchs, M. G., ve Mooradian, T. A. (2012). “Sex, Personality, And Sustainable Consumer Behaviour: Elucidating the Gender Effect”. Journal of Consumer Policy, 35(1), 127-144.
51. Markowitz, E. M., Goldberg, L. R., Ashton, M. C., ve Lee, K. (2012). “Profiling the “pro‐environmental individual”: A personality perspective.” Journal of personality, 80(1), 81-111.
52. Mathieu, C., Hare, R. D., Jones, D. N., Babiak, P., ve Neumann, C. S. (2013). “Factor Structure of the B-Scan 360: A Measure of Corporate Psychopathy”. Psychological Assessment, 25(1), 288.
53. Mertens, A., von Krause, M., Denk, A., ve Heitz, T. (2021). “Gender Differences in Eating Behavior and Environmental Attitudes–The Mediating Role of The Dark Triad”. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 110359.
54. Miller, J. D., Hyatt, C. S., Maples‐Keller, J. L., Carter, N. T., ve Lynam, D. R. (2017). “Psychopathy and Machiavellianism: A distinction without a difference?”. Journal Of Personality, 85(4), 439-453.
55. Moisander, J. (2007). “Motivational Complexity of Green Consumerism”. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 31(4), 404-409.
56. Mont, O., ve Plepys, A. (2008). “Sustainable Consumption Progress: Should We Be Proud or Alarmed?”. Journal of Cleaner Production, 16(4), 531-537.
57. Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Otgaar, H., ve Meijer, E. (2017). “The Malevolent Side of Human Nature: A Meta-Analysis and Critical Review of The Literature on The Dark Triad (Narcissism, Machiavellianism, And Psychopathy)”. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(2), 183-204.
58. Naderi, I., ve Strutton, D. (2015). “I Support Sustainability but Only When Doing So Reflects Fabulously on Me: Can Green Narcissists Be Cultivated?”. Journal of Macromarketing, 35(1), 70-83.
59. Nga, J. K. H., ve Shamuganathan, G. (2010). “The influence of personality traits and demographic factors on social entrepreneurship start up intentions”. Journal of business ethics, 95, 259-282.
60. Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory (2nd Ed.). New York, NY: Mcgraw-Hill.
61. O’Boyle, E. H. (2012). “A Meta-Analysis of The Dark Triad and Work Behavior: A Social Exchange Perspective”. J. Appl. Psychol. 97, 557–579.
62. Onel, N., ve Mukherjee, A. (2017). “Why do consumers recycle? A holistic perspective encompassing moral considerations, affective responses, and self‐interest motives”. Psychology & Marketing, 34(10), 956-971.
63. Özdemir, N. (2021). “Dindarlık ve Sürdürülebilir Tüketim Davranışı: Gönüllü Sadeliğin Aracı Rolü”. Turkish Journal of Marketing, 6(1), 70-89.
64. Özsoy, E., Rauthmann, J.F., Jonason, P.K., ve Ardıç, K. (2017). “Reliability and validity of the Turkish versions of Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (DTDD-T), Short Dark Triad (SD3-T), and Single Item Narcissism Scale (SINS-T)”. Personality and Individual Differences, 117, 11-14.
65. Paavola, J. (2011). Climate change: the ultimate tragedy of the commons. Property in land and other resources, 417-434.
66. Paulhus, D. L., ve Williams, K. M. (2002). “The Dark Triad of Personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, And Psychopathy”. Journal Of Research in Personality, 36(6), 556-563.
67. Peattie, K. (2010). “Green Consumption: Behaviour and Norms”. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 35, 195-228.
68. Persson, B. N., Kajonius, P. J., ve Garcia, D. (2019). “Revisiting the structure of the Short Dark Triad”. Assessment, 26(1), 3-16.
69. Pilch, I., ve Górnik-Durose, M. E. (2016). “Do We Need “Dark” Traits to Explain Materialism? The Incremental Validity of The Dark Triad Over the HEXACO Domains in Predicting Materialistic Orientation”. Personality and Individual Differences, 102, 102-106.
70. Polatcı, S., ve Yeloğlu, H. O. (2021). “Karanlık ve aydınlık kişilik özelliklerinin girişimcilik niyeti üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi”. Journal of Organizational Behavior Review, 3(1), 73-87.
71. Pristl, A. C., Kilian, S., ve Mann, A. (2021). “When Does a Social Norm Catch the Worm? Disentangling Social Normative Influences on Sustainable Consumption Behaviour”. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 20(3), 635-654.
72. Quoquab, F. ve Mohammed, J. (2020). “A Review of Sustainable Consumption (2000 to 2020): What We Know and What We Need to Know”. Jounral of global Marketing, 33, 305-334.
73. Ribeiro, J., Veiga, R., ve Higuchi, A. (2016). “Personality Traits and Sustainable Consumption”. Revista Brasileira De Marketing, 15(3),297-313.
74. Saltoǧlu, S., ve Irak, D. U. (2020). “Kişiliğin Karanlık Üçlüsü: Narsisizm, Makyavelizm ve Psikopati”. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 23(45), 42-62.
75. Satıcı, S. A., Kayiş, A. R., Yılmaz, M. F., ve Eraslan-Çapan, B. (2019). “Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Karanlık Üçlü Kişilik Özellikleri ile Dürtüsellik ve Heyecan Arama Davranışları Arasındaki İlişkilerin İncelenmesi”. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 9(54), 857-881.
76. Schaefer, A., ve Crane, A. (2005). “Addressing sustainability and consumption”. Journal of Macromarketing, 25(1), 76-92.
77. Set, Z. (2020). “Sosyal Kötücül Kişilikler: Karanlık Üçlü”. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 12(3), 318-329.
78. Sherry, S.B., Hewıtt, P.L, Besser, A., Flett, G.L, ve Kleın, C. (2006). “Machiavellianism, Trait Perfectionism and Perfectionistic Self-presentation”. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(4), 829-839
79. Sheth, J. N., Sethia, N. K., ve Srinivas, S. (2011). “Mindful consumption: A customer-centric approach to sustainability”. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 39, 21-39.
80. Shivani, S., ve Godwin, B. J. (2018). “Mapping of Online Shopping behaviour: A Dark Triad Approach”. Indian Journal of Commerce and Management Studies, 9(2), 78-84.
81. Sijtsema, J. J., Garofalo, C., Jansen, K., ve Klimstra, T. A. (2019). “Disengaging from evil: Longitudinal associations between the dark triad, moral disengagement, and antisocial behavior in adolescence”. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47(8), 1351-1365.
82. Simmons, R. S., ve Snell, R. S. (2018). “Machiavellianism, Support For CESR, And Attitudes Towards Environmental Responsibility Amongst Undergraduate Students”. International Journal of Ethics Education, 3(1), 47-66.
83. Simon, D., Kriston, L., Loh, A., Spies, C., Scheibler, F., Wills, C., ve Härter, M. (2010). “Confirmatory factor analysis and recommendations for improvement of the Autonomy‐Preference‐Index (API)”. Health expectations, 13(3), 234-243.
84. Smith, M. B., Hill, A. D., Wallace, J. C., Recendes, T. ve Judge, T. A. (2018). “Upsides To Dark and Downsides to Bright Personality: A Multidomain Review and Future Research Agenda”. Journal of Management, 44(1): 191-217.
85. Song, S. Y., ve Kim, Y. K. (2018). “Theory Of Virtue Ethics: Do Consumers’ Good Traits Predict Their Socially Responsible Consumption?”. Journal of Business Ethics, 152(4): 1159-1175.
86. Suárez, E., Hernández, B., Gil-Giménez, D., ve Corral-Verdugo, V. (2020). “Determinants of frugal behavior: the influences of consciousness for sustainable consumption, materialism, and the consideration of future consequences”. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 567752.
87. Sun, Y., Wang, S., Gao, L., ve Li, J. (2018). “Unearthing The Effects of Personality Traits on Consumer’s Attitude and Intention to Buy Green Products”. Natural Hazards, 93(1), 299-314.
88. Swami, V., Chamorro-Premuzic, T., Snelgar, R., ve Furnham, A. (2011). “Personality, İndividual Differences, And Demographic Antecedents Of Self-Reported Household Waste Management Behaviours”. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31(1), 21-26.
89. Swami, V., Chamorro‐Premuzic, T., Snelgar, R., ve Furnham, A. (2010). “Egoistic, Altruistic, And Biospheric Environmental Concerns: A Path Analytic İnvestigation Of Their Determinants”. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51(2), 139-145.
90. UNDP (2022). Sustainable Development Goals, Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production. (06.06.2022) https://www1.undp.org/content/singapore-global-centre/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html.
91. Verma, V. K., Kumar, S., ve Chandra, B. (2017). “Big Five Personality Traits and Tourist’s Intention to Visit Green Hotels”. Indian Journal of Scientific Research, 15(2), 79-87.
92. Vize, C. E., Lynam, D. R., Collison, K. L., ve Miller, J. D. (2018). “Differences Among Dark Triad Components: A Meta-Analytic Investigation”. Personality disorders: Theory, research, and treatment, 9(2), 101.
93. Wales, W. J., Patel, P. C., ve Lumpkin, G. T. (2013). “In Pursuit of Greatness: CEO Narcissism, Entrepreneurial Orientation, And Firm Performance Variance”. Journal of Management Studies, 50(6), 1041-1069.
94. Wang, P., Liu, Q., ve Qi, Y. (2014). “Factors Influencing Sustainable Consumption Behaviors: A Survey of The Rural Residents in China”. Journal of Cleaner Production, 63, 152-165.
95. Wu, W., Wang, H., Zheng, C., ve Wu, Y. J. (2019). “Effect Of Narcissism, Psychopathy, And Machiavellianism on Entrepreneurial Intention—The Mediating of Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy”. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 360.
96. Yang, X., ve Zhang, L. (2021). “Understanding Residents’ Green Purchasing Behavior from A Perspective of The Ecological Personality Traits: The Moderating Role of Gender”. The Social Science Journal, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/03623319.2020.1850121.
97. Yaşlıoğlu, D. T., ve Atılgan, Ö. (2018). “Karanlık Üçlü Ölçeği: Türkçe’ye Uyarlama, Güvenilirlik ve Geçerlilik Çalışması”. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(3), 725-739.
98. Yousaf, S., Tauni, M. Z., ve Khan, B. (2022). “Dark triad traits and panic buying”. Personality and Individual Differences, 197, 111771.
99. Zhang, M., Li, L., Ye, Y., Yu, S., ve Zhong, J. (2021). “The Effects of Feelings of Awe on The Relationship Between Consumers’ Narcissism and Impulsive Consumption Behaviors: A Mediated Moderation Model”. Current Psychology, 1-18.