FORMATION OF THE INTELLIGENCE BUREAU OF JAPANESE GENERAL STAFF

Öz

The purpose of this article is to reveal how the Japanese General Staff established the "Bureau of Intelligence Gathering" from Meiji Era to the First World War and how its bureaucratic reforms had been implemented. Furthermore, the intelligence network established by the Japanese General Staff will be examined. In chapter I., the structure of intelligence bureau which existed before the establishment of the Japanese General Staff (Sanbōhonbu), under the Ministry of Army (Heibushō) will be examined. Also, the capacity and the function of the intelligence bureau will be introduced. In chapter II., establishment of the Japanese General Staff, remodeled with Prussian style will be examined. By exploring the regulation changes of the intelligence gathering system, it will be revealed that how the Japanese General Staff expanded its intelligence network. Finally, in chapter III., the systemic reforms of the intelligence network created by military attachés and observers in Europe and America will be revealed chronologically. Furthermore, the intelligence targets and their purposes modified according to the conjuncture of the period will be examined.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Japanese Army General Staff
• military intelligence
• reforms.

JAPONYA GENELKURMAY BAŞKANLIĞI İSTİHBARAT BÜROSUNUN OLUŞUMU

Öz

Bu makalenin amacı, Japonya Kara Kuvvetlerinin ayrıcalıklı başkomutanlığı olan Japonya Genelkurmay Başkanlığı’nın altında kurulan istihbarat toplama bürosunun, Meiji döneminden I. Dünya Savaşına kadar nasıl değişime uğradığını ve bu büronun ne şekilde bürokratik bir yapılanma geliştirdiğini ortaya koymaktır. Bunun yanı sıra, Japonya Genelkurmay Başkanlığının yabancı ülkelerde kurduğu istihbarat ağı incelenecektir. I. Bölümde, Japonya Genelkurmay Başkanlığı kurulmadan önceki dönemde Ordu Bakanlığı altında var olan istihbarat birimi incelenecektir. Ayrıca, bu istihbarat biriminin istihbarat kapasitesi, görev ve işlevleri hususunda yapılan yönetmelik değişiklikleriyle ortaya konulacaktır. II. bölümde, Prusya modeline göre yapılandırılan Japonya Genelkurmay Başkanlığı’nın kurulma süreci ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelenecektir. Japonya Genelkurmay Başkanlığı, yaptığı yönetmelik değişiklikleriyle istihbarat toplama sistemini nasıl değiştirdiği, istihbarat ağının hangi nedenlerle genişlediği açığa çıkarılacaktır. Son olarak III. Bölümde, gerçekleştirilen yapısal reformlarla askeri ataşe ve gözlemcilerin Avrupa ve Amerika’da oluşturduğu istihbarat ağı kronolojik olarak ortaya çıkarılacaktır. Öte yandan, Japonya Genelkurmay Başkanlığı’nın istihbarat hedef ve amaçları, bunların dönemin konjonktürüne göre nasıl değiştiği irdelenecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Japonya Genelkurmay Başkanlığı
• askeri istihbarat
• ıslahat

Kaynakça

1. İKİNCİL KAYNAKLAR 1. T.N. Dupuy, “A Genius for War: The German Army and General Staff 1807-1945”, Prentice Hall, 1977.
2. 2.Heffernan Michael, “Geography, Cartography and Military Intelligence: The Royal Geographical Society and the First World War”, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, Vol. 21, No . 3(1996)
3. 3. Cristopher Andrew “Secret Service: the making of the British Intelligence Community” William Heinemann, 1985.
4. 4. Satō Morio, “Jōhōsensō to Sanbōhonbu – Nichiro Sensō to Shingai Kakumei”, Fuyōshobō, 2011.
5. 5. Hirose Yoshihiro, “Sanbōhonbu Rekishi Sōan”, I. Cilt, Yumani Shobō, 2001.
6. 6. Uno Shunichi, “Katsura Tarō Jiden”, Heibonsha, 1993.
7. 7. Tokutomi Sōhō, “Rikugun Taishō Kawakami Sōroku”, Ōzorasha, 1988.
8. 8. Hirose Yoshihiro, “Sanbōhonbu Rekishi Sōan”, III. Cilt, Yumani Shobō, 2001.

9. 9. Tachikawa Kyōichi, “Wagakoku no Senzen no Chūzaibukan Seido”, Bōeikenkyūjo Kiyō, Cilt 17, Sayı 1, 2014.
10. 10. Nakao Yūji, “Teikokukokubōhōshin Kokubō ni Yō Suru Heiryoku Oyobi Teikokugun Yōhei Kōryō Sakutei Tenmatsu ”, 3. Cilt, Senshi Kenkyū Nenpō, Bōei Kenkyūjo, 2000.
11. BİRİNCİL KAYNAKLAR 1. JACAR（Japan Center for Asian Historical Records）Ref.15120000400, (Dai 10 gazōme kara)、Sanbōhonbu Rekishi Sōan (1-3) Meiji 4-13 1/13 (Miyazaki Shiryō) (National Institute for Defense Studies)
12. 2. Naikaku Kanpōkyoku, “Hōrei Zensho Meiji 6 Nen” , İnsatsukyoku, 1912.
13. 3. JACAR（Japan Center for Asian Historical Records）Ref.C09060001400（Dai 10 gazōme kara）、Meiji 4 nen yo 6 nen ni itaru Kisoku Jōrei (National Institute for Defense Studies)
14. 4. JACAR（Japan Center for Asian Historical Records）Ref.C09060301500（Dai 8 gazōme kara）、Meiji 7 nen Kisoku Jōrei (National Institute for Defense Studies)
15. 5. JACAR（Japan Center for Asian Historical Records）Ref. A03023144500,（Dai 1 gazōme）、Kōbun Betsuroku. Rikugunshōshūkienkanbassui. Meiji kannen-Meiji 8nen. Dai 8 kan. Meiji 5 nen-Meiji 8 nen betsu 00188100 (Shozōkan: National Archives of Japan)
16. 6. JACAR（Japan Center for Asian Historical Records）Ref.C09060301500（Dai 4 gazōme）、Meiji 7 nen Kisoku Jōrei (National Institute for Defense Studies)
17. 7. JACAR（Japan Center for Asian Historical Records）Ref.A15111026400（Dai 2 gazōme）、Kōbun Ruijū.Dai9 hen. Meiji 18 nen. Dai 6 kan. Heisei. Heiseisō. Rikukaigun kansei. Chōga oyobi heiei. Heiki bahitsu oyobi kansen. Chōheirui 00231100 (Shōzōkan: National Archives of Japan)
18. 8. JACAR（Japan Center for Asian Historical Records）Ref.A15111150000（Dai 2 gazōme）、Kōbun Ruijū.Dai 10 hen. Meiji 19 nen. Dai 14 kan. Heisei 3 Rikugunkansei 3 (Shōzōkan: National Archives of Japan)
19. 9. JACAR（Japan Center for Asian Historical Records）Ref.C15120032900（Dai 2 gazōme）、Sanbōhonbu Rekishi Sōan (12-14) Meiji 22-24 8/29 (Miyazaki Shiryō) (National Institute for Defense Studies)
20. 10. JACAR（Japan Center for Asian Historical Records）Ref.A15111718700（Dai 2 gazōme kara）、Kōbun Ruijū.Dai 13 hen. Meiji 22 nen. Dai 10 kan. Heisei. Heiseisō. Rikukaigun Kansei (Shōzōkan: National Archives of Japan)
21. 11. JACAR（Japan Center for Asian Historical Records）Ref.A15112593200（Dai 2 gazōme kara）、Kōbun Ruijū.Dai 17 hen. Meiji 26 nen. Dai 9 kan. Kanshoku 3. Kansei 3 (Rikugunshō 2) rui 00639100 (Shōzōkan: National Archives of Japan)
22. 12. JACAR（Japan Center for Asian Historical Records）Ref. A15113076000（Dai 2 gazōme kara）、Kōbun Ruijū.Dai 20 hen. Meiji 29 nen. Dai 8 kan. Kanshoku 4. Kansei 4 (Nōshōmushō- Shūgiinjimukyoku) rui 00752100 (Shōzōkan: National Archives of Japan)
23. 13. Naikaku Kanpōkyoku, “Shokuinroku” , İnsatsukyoku, 1912.
24. 14. JACAR（Japan Center for Asian Historical Records）Ref.B15100711200（Dai 3 gazōme）、Sanbōhonbushokisokukankeizassan (6-1-1-7) ( Diplomatic Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan)
25. 15. JACAR（Japan Center for Asian Historical Records）Ref.C15120040200（Dai 2 gazōme）、Sanbōhonbu Rekishi Sōan (22-24) Meiji 32-34 12/29 (Miyazaki Shiryō) (National Institute for Defense Studies)
26. 16. JACAR（Japan Center for Asian Historical Records）Ref.C03022938300（Dai 6 gazōme kara） Mitsudainikki Meiji 41 nen 11 gatsu-12 gatsu (National Institute for Defense Studies)
27. 17. JACAR（Japan Center for Asian Historical Records）Ref.C15120039500（Dai 17 gazōme kara） Sanbōhonbu Rekishi Sōan (20-21) Meiji 30-31 11/29 (Miyazaki Shiryō) (National Institute for Defense Studies)
28. 18. JACAR（Japan Center for Asian Historical Records）Ref.C15120042800（Dai 18 gazōme kara）、Sanbōhonbu Rekishi Sōan Meiji 35 13/29 (Miyazaki Shiryō) (National Institute for Defense Studies)
29. 19. JACAR（Japan Center for Asian Historical Records）Ref.C15120045400（Dai 21 gazōme kara）、Sanbōhonbu Rekishi Sōan Meiji 35 13/29 (Miyazaki Shiryō) (National Institute for Defense Studies)
30. 20. JACAR（Japan Center for Asian Historical Records）Ref.C15120045500（Dai 23 gazōme kara）、Sanbōhonbu Rekishi Sōan Meiji 35 13/29 (Miyazaki Shiryō) (National Institute for Defense Studies)
31. 21. JACAR（Japan Center for Asian Historical Records）Ref.C15120045900（Dai 31 gazōme）、Sanbōhonbu Rekishi Sōan Meiji 36. 1. 4-36. 11. 5 14/29 (Miyazaki Shiryō) (National Institute for Defense Studies)
32. 22. JACAR（Japan Center for Asian Historical Records）Ref.C03022351400（Dai 16 gazōme）、Mitsudainikki 4 satsu no uchi 2 Taishō 3 nen (National Institute for Defense Studies)
33. 23. JACAR（Japan Center for Asian Historical Records）Ref.C09060001400（Dai 2 gazōme）、Meiji 4 yo 6 nen ni itaru Kisoku Jōrei (National Institute for Defense Studies)
34. 24. JACAR（Japan Center for Asian Historical Records）Ref. A03023127600（Dai 1 gazōme）、Kōbun Betsuroku. Rikugunshōshūkienkanbassui. Meiji Kannen-Meiji 8 nen.Dai 5 kan. Meiji 4 nen- Meiji 8 nen 1 betsu 00185100(Shōzōkan: National Archives of Japan)