NEDEN GİTMEK İSTiYORLAR? Z KUŞAĞI KADINLARIN GÖÇ ETME İSTEKLERİ HAKKINDA BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Öz

Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de yaşayan ‘Z Kuşağı’ genç kadınların yurt dışına göç istekleri ve göç etmek isteme sebepleri araştırılmıştır. 18-26 yaşları arasında 561 kadının katıldığı çalışmada yaşam memnuniyet düzeyi ve kişilik özelliği değişkenlerinin göç etme isteği üzerindeki etkileri de incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonunda katılımcıların büyük bölümünün yurt dışında gelirlerini artırmak veya eğitim almak amaçlarıyla, geçici süreli yaşamak istedikleri belirlenmiştir. Yurt dışında bir ülkeye kalıcı olarak yerleşmek isteyen kadınların ise düşük yaşam memnuniyetine sahip oldukları ve kalıcı olarak göç etme isteklerinin kaynağının ‘kimlik ayrımcılığına uğramamak’ ve ‘daha özgür şekilde yaşamak’ olduğu görülmüştür. Genç kadınların yaşam memnuniyetleri düştükçe yurt dışında yaşama istekleri artmaktadır. Kişilik özellikleri itibariyle deneyime açıklık, göç isteğini artırmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Z kuşağı
• genç kadın
• göç isteği
• kişilik özellikleri
• yaşam memnuniyeti.
• Generation Z
• young woman
• willingness to migrate
• personality traits
• life satisfaction.

WHY DO THEY WANT TO GO? A STUDY ON THE IMMIGRATION WILLINGNESS OF GENERATION Z WOMEN

Öz

The willingness of young women of 'Generation Z' living in Turkey on moving abroad are examined in this study. In the study which was carried out with the participation of 561 women between the ages of 18-26, the life satisfaction and personality traits were examined in terms of their effects on willingness to migrate. As a result of the research it was determined that most of the participants wanted to live abroad for a temporary period in order to increase income or to have education. When the situation of women who want to settle permanently abroad is examined it is seen that they have the low life satisfaction in their lives in Turkey and they want to migrate permanently in order to "not face identity discrimination" and "to live freely". As the life satisfaction of young women decreases, their desire to live abroad increases. Evaluating in terms of personality traits high openness increases the willingness to migrate.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Generation Z
• young woman
• willingness to migrate
• personality traits
• life satisfaction.

Kaynakça

1. Altuntaş, M. (2019). Türkiye’de genç işsizliği: Bir alan araştırması (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). İnönü Üniversitesi.
2. Apaydın, F. (2018). Türkiye’de işsizliğinin karakteristiklerinin incelenmesi. Süleyman Demirel Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 1(30),159-200.
3. Arslan, C. et al (2014) A New Profile of Migrants in the Aftermath of the Recent Economic Crisis, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Paper, No. 160
4. Atak, H. (2013). The Turkish Adaptation of the Ten-Item Personality Inventory. Archives of Neropsychiatry, 50: 312-319.
5. Bayrak, Y. (2020). Türkiye'de genç işsizliği ve yükseköğretim öğrencileri arasında işsizlik kaygısı: Bir alan araştırması örneği. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
6. Bayram, N., Aydemir, M. (2017). Decision-Making Styles and Personality Traits. International Journal of Recent Advances in Organizational Behaviour and Decision Sciences, 3(1), 905-915.
7. Birchall, J. (2016) Gender, Age and Migration: An extended briefing, BRIDGE, UK: Institute of Development Studies.
8. Cairns, D., Smyth, J. (2011). I wouldn’t mind moving actually: Exploring student mobility in Northern Ireland. International Migration, 49(2), 135-161.

9. Cairns, D., Growiec, K., Smyth, G. (2012). Spatial reflexivity and undergraduate transitions in the Republic of Ireland after the Celtic Tiger, Journal of Youth Studies, 15(7), 841-857.
10. Cairns, D. (2014), “’I wouldn’t stay here’: economic crisis and youth mobility in Ireland”, International Migration, 52 (3), pp. 236-249.
11. Campbell, P. (2019). Dispositional traits and internal migration: Personality as a predictor of migration in Australia, Journal of Research in Personality, 78, 262-267.
12. Dağlı, A., Baysal, N. (2016). Yaşam doyumu ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(59).
13. Dekker, R., Engbersen, G.B.M. (2014). How social media transform migrant networks and facilitate migration. Global Networks (Oxford): A Journal of Transnational Affairs, 14(4), 401–418. DeNeve, K.M., Cooper, H. (1998). The happy personality: a meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being. Psychol Bull, 124(2),197-229.
14. Dibeh, G., & Fakih, A., Marrouch, W. (2017). Decision to Emigrate Amongst the Youth in Lebanon. IZA Discussion Papers 10493, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
15. Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1),71-75.
16. Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., Oishi, S. (2005). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and life satisfaction. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of Positive Psychology (pp. 63–73). New York, NY: Oxford.
17. El Othman, R., Hallit, R. et al. (2020). Personality traits, emotional intelligence and decision-making styles in Lebanese universities medical students. BMC Psychology, 8, 46.
18. Elveren, A., Toksöz, G. (2018). Türkiye'de Beyin Göçü Yazını ve Bir Alan Araştırması. Gürhan Fişek’in İzinde Ortak Emek Ortak Eylem içinde. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
19. Fleury, A. (2016). Understanding Women and Migration: A Literature Review. Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development. KNOMAD Working Paper, 8.
20. Fouarge, D., Özer, M. N., & Seegers, P. (2019). Personality traits, migration intentions, and cultural distance. Papers in Regional Science, 98(6), 2425–2454.
21. Geisen, T. (2010). New Perspectives on Youth and Migration Belonging, Cultural Repositioning and Social Mobility. In: Cairns, D. (eds) Youth on the Move. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
22. Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., Swann, W. B., Jr. (2003). A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains. Journal of Research in Personality, 37(6), 504–528.
23. Hadler, M. (2006). Intentions to migrate within the European Union: A challenge for simple economic macro-level explanations. European Societies, 8(1): 111–140.
24. Hall, S. (2021). Youth, Migration and Development: A New Lens for Critical Times. KNOMAD Paper No 41, World Bank, Washington, DC.
25. Headey, B. (2014). Bottom-Up Versus Top-Down Theories of Life Satisfaction. In: Michalos, A.C. (eds) Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, Springer, Dordrecht.
26. Jokela, M. (2008). Personality predicts migration within and between U.S. states. Journal of Re- search in Personality, 43(1),79–83.
27. Jolly S., Reeves H., Piper N. (2005). Gender and Migration Overview Report. Institute of. Development Studies.
28. Kadioglu A. (1994). Migration experiences of Turkish women: notes from a researcher's diary. International Migration, 35(4), 537-57.
29. Krannich, S., Hunger, U. (2022). Should they stay or should they go? A case study on international students in Germany. Comparative Migration Studies, 10(1):39.
30. Kosack, G. (1976). Migrant women: the move to Western Europe — a step towards emancipation? Race & Class, 17(4), 369–380.
31. Koşar-Akçapar, Ş. (2007). Batı Avrupa’da yaşayan Türk ‘ithal gelinler’ ve entegrasyon sorunları: Belçika örneği. Kökler ve Yollar Türkiye’de Göç Süreçleri. A. Kaya ve B. Şahin (Derl.). İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi.
32. McAdam, M., (2020). COVID-19 impacts on the labour migration and mobility of young women and girls in South-East Asia and the Pacific. International Organization for Migration (IOM). Geneva. Morokvaśic, M. (1984). Birds of Passage are also women... International Migration Review, 18(4), 886–907.
33. Park, N. (2004). The role of subjective well-being in positive youth development. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 591, 25-39.
34. You, S., Lim, S.A., Kim, E.K. (2018). Relationships between social support, ınternal assets, and life satisfaction in Korean adolescents. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19(3), 897-915.
35. Petrozziello, A. (2013) Gender on the Move: Working on the Migration-Development Nexus from a Gender Perspective. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic: UN Women.
36. Salih, R. (2011). The Relevance of Gender in/and Migration, [Migration Policy Centre], [CARIM-South], CARIM Research Report, 2011/06, Gender and Migration Series.
37. Schimmack U, Oishi S, Furr RM, Funder DC. Personality and life satisfaction: a facet-level analysis. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 30(8). Scott, S.G., Bruce, R.A. (1995). Decision-making style: the development and assessment of a new measure. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 55(5), 818–31.
38. Shihadeh, E. S. (1991). The prevalence of husband-centered migration: Employment consequences for married mothers. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53(2), 432.
39. Suldo, S. M., Riley, K. N., & Shaffer, E. J. (2006). Academic Correlates of Children and Adolescents' Life Satisfaction. School Psychology International, 27(5), 567–582.
40. Şimşek, E.Ş. (2013). Türkiye’de uluslararası göç sürecinde geride kalan kadınlar: 1960- 1990 Denizli Örneği. Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(1), 155-192.
41. Taher, M., Hossienkhanzadeh, A.A. (2013). The Relationship between Personality Traits with Life Satisfaction. Sociology Mind. 03. 99-105.
42. Türkmen, A.C., Şen, H. (2022). Investigation of factors affecting life satisfaction of ındividuals with ordinal regression analysis, Researcher, 2(2), 57-72.
43. T.C. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı. (2022). Millî Eğitim İstatistikleri Örgün Eğitim 2021/2022. https://sgb.meb.gov.tr/www/icerik_goruntule.php?KNO=460
44. Timmerman, C., Wets, J. (2011). Marriage Migration and the Labor Market. Nordic Journal of Migration Research. 1. 10.2478/v10202-011-0009-x.
45. Timmerman, C., & Hemmerechts, K. (2015). The relevance of a ‘culture of migration’ and gender dynamics in understanding migration aspirations in contemporary Turkey. In N. Abadan‐Unat, & G. Mirdal (Eds.), Emancipation in exile. Perspectives on the empowerment of migrant women (pp. 219–236). Istanbul: Bilgi University Press.
46. TÜİK. (2020, Ekim). Uluslararası Göç İstatistikleri. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Uluslararasi-Goc-Istatistikleri-2019-33709
47. UNDESA (2015) Trends in international migration, 2015. POPFACTS No.2015/4, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
48. Van Mol, C. (2016). Migration aspirations of European youth in times of crisis, Journal of Youth Studies. 9(10), 1303-1320.
49. Vandenbrande, T., Coppin, L., van der Hallen, P., Ester, P., Fourage, D., Fasang, A., Geerdes, S., Schömann, K. (2006). Mobility in Europe. Analysis of the 2005 Eurobarometer Survey on Geographical and Labour Market Mobility. Luxembourg: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
50. Wenger, N.K., et al. (1984). Assessment of quality of life in clinical trials of cardiovascular therapies. The American Journal of Cardiology, 54, 908-913.
51. Yazar Aslan, B. (2015). Genç işsizliğe yönelik alan araştırması: Üniversite öğrencileri arasında kaygı ve umutsuzluk. Çalışma İlişkileri Dergisi, 6(2),71-86.
52. Yeditepe Üniversitesi. (2020). Gençlerin yüzde 76’sı daha iyi bir gelecek için yurt dışında yaşamak istiyor. https://yeditepe.edu.tr/tr/genclerin-yuzde-76si-daha-iyi-bir-gelecek-icin-yurt-disinda-yasamak-istiyor
53. YÖK. (2022, Aralık). Öğrenim düzeyine göre öğrenci sayısı. Yükseköğretim Bilgi Yönetim Sistemi. https://istatistik.yok.gov.tr/
54. Zalewska, A.M., Zwierzchowska, M.. (2022). personality traits, personal values, and life satisfaction among Polish nurses. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18;19(20), 13493.