DEPREM KORKUSU ÖLÇEĞİ'NİN GELİŞTİRİLMESİ: GEÇERLİK VE GÜVENİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI

Öz

Bu araştırmada deprem anını deneyimlemiş ortaokul ve lise kademesindeki ergenlerin deprem korkusu düzeylerini ölçebilecek bir ölçme aracının geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Betimsel tarama modeliyle gerçekleştirilen araştırmanın örneklemi ortaokul ve liselerde eğitim gören ergen bireylerin katılımıyla oluşturulmuştur. Ölçeğin yapısal geçerliğini test etmek amacıyla faktör analizleri uygulanmıştır. İlk olarak açımlayıcı faktör analizi yapılmıştır. Açımlayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda elde edilen yapının doğrulanması amacıyla doğrulayıcı faktör analizi uygulanmıştır. Açımlayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda ölçeğin endişe ve fiziksel belirtiler olmak üzere iki faktörden oluştuğu ve toplam varyansın % 65.52’sini açıkladığı belirlenmiştir. Ardından birinci ve ikinci derece doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri yapılmıştır. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri sonucunda ölçeğin model yapısı doğrulanmıştır. Ölçeğin güvenirlik araştırması için Cronbach’s Alpha katsayısı hesaplanmıştır. Ayrıca örneklemde yer alan alt % 27’lik - üst % 27’lik grupların karşılaştırması yapılmış ve test tekrar test yöntemi uygulanarak iki ölçüm arasındaki korelasyon incelenmiştir. Yapılan testlerden elde edilen değerler itibarıyla ölçeğin güvenilir olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Deprem korkusu
• ölçek
• geçerlik
• güvenirlik

DEVELOPMENT OF EARTHQUAKE FEAR SCALE: VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY STUDY

Öz

In this study, it was aimed to develop a measurement tool that can measure the earthquake fear levels of middle and high school adolescents who experienced an earthquake. The study conducted with the descriptive survey model. The sample consisted of adolescents studying in middle and high schools. Factor analyses were applied to test the construct validity of the scale. First, exploratory factor analysis was conducted. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the scale consisted of two factors (worry and physical symptoms), and explained 65.52% of the total variance. First and second level confirmatory factor analysis were applied to confirm the structure obtained as a result of exploratory factor analyses. Confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the model structure of the scale. For the reliability research, Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was calculated, the lowest 27% group was compared with the highest 27% group, and the correlation between the two measurements was examined by applying the test-retest procedure. At the end of the study it was determined that the scale was reliable based on the values obtained.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Earthquake fear
• scale
• validity
• reliability

Kaynakça

1. AFAD (5 March, 2023). News. Retrieved from https://www.afad.gov.tr/haberler
2. Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
3. Andersson, R. (2022). No go world: How fear is redrawing our maps and infecting our politics. University of California Press.
4. Beaglehole, B., Mulder, R. T., Boden, J. M., & Bell, C. J. (2019). A systematic review of the psychological impacts of the Canterbury earthquakes on mental health. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 43(3), 274-280. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12894
5. Büyüköztürk, Ş., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., Demirel, F., & Kılıç Çakmak, E. (2022). Eğitimde bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri [Scientific research methods in education]. Pegem Academy Publication.
6. Cénat, J. M., McIntee, S. E., & Blais-Rochette, C. (2020). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety and other mental health problems following the 2010 earthquake in Haiti: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 273, 55-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.04.046
7. Chen, X. Y., Liu, X., Shi, X., Chen, H., & Fan, F. (2022). Psychological resilience and posttraumatic growth in adolescent survivors of earthquake: A 10-year cohort study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 155, 331-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.09.021
8. Danese, A., Smith, P., Chitsabesan, P., & Dubicka, B. (2020). Child and adolescent mental health amidst emergencies and disasters. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 216(3), 159-162. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2019.244

9. Dunteman, G. H. (1989). Principal components analysis. Sage.
10. Eichorn, J. (2021). Survey research and sampling: The Sage quantitative research kit. Sage.
11. Field, A. (2017). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. Sage.
12. Gamwell, K., Nylocks, M., Cross, D., Bradley, B., Norrholm, S. D., & Jovanovic, T. (2015). Fear conditioned responses and PTSD symptoms in children: Sex differences in fear‐related symptoms. Developmental Psychobiology, 57(7), 799-808. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.21313
13. Gerstner, R. M., Lara-Lara, F., Vasconez, E., Viscor, G., Jarrin, J. D., & Ortiz-Prado, E. (2020). Earthquake-related stressors associated with suicidality, depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress in adolescents from Muisne after the earthquake 2016 in Ecuador. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02759-x
14. Giannopoulou, I., Strouthos, M., Smith, P., Dikaiakou, A., Galanopoulou, V., & Yule, W. (2006). Post-traumatic stress reactions of children and adolescents exposed to the Athens 1999 earthquake. European Psychiatry, 21(3), 160-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.09.005
15. Gouws, E., Kruger, N., Burger, S., & Snyman, D. (2000). The adolescent. Heinemann.
16. Guerra, C., Cumsille, P., & Martínez, M. L. (2014). Post-traumatic stress symptoms in adolescents exposed to an earthquake: Association with self-efficacy, perceived magnitude, and fear. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 14(3), 202-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2014.05.001
17. Hall, S., Sloan-Aagard, C., Harris, R., Emmett, C., Prasetyadi, C., Pettersson, J., ... & Cox, M. H. (2022). Perceptions of tsunami susceptibility and self-efficacy among adolescents in Indonesia: The influence of gender, religion, location, age, hazard information source, and past experience. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 79, 103151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103151
18. Herdiana, I. (2022). Psychosocial ıssues following natural disaster in Palu Central Sulawesi: A case study on adolescents. Journal of Educational, Health and Community Psychology, 11(2), 424-442. Retrieved from http://repository.unair.ac.id/id/eprint/121324
19. Hsu, C. C., Chong, M. Y., Yang, P., & Yen, C. F. (2002). Posttraumatic stress disorder among adolescent earthquake victims in Taiwan. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(7), 875-881. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200207000-00022
20. Kanamori, H., & Brodsky, E. E. (2004). The physics of earthquakes. Reports on Progress in Physics, 67(8), 1429. https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/67/8/R03
21. Kline, R. (2011). Convergence of structural equation modeling and multilevel modeling. In M. Williams, & W. P. Vogt (Eds.) The SAGE handbook of innovation in social research methods (pp.562-589). Sage.
22. Martínez-Lorca, M., Martínez-Lorca, A., Criado-Álvarez, J. J., Armesilla, M. D. C., & Latorre, J. M. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: Validation in spanish university students. Psychiatry Research, 293, 113350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113350
23. Ni, T., Zhang, Y., Xue, S., Xu, W., & Tang, W. (2022). PTSD and depressive symptoms in Chinese adolescents exposed to multiple stressors from natural disasters, stressful life events, and maltreatment: A dose-response effect. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1050260. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1050260
24. Perz, C. A., Lang, B. A., & Harrington, R. (2020). Validation of the fear of COVID-19 scale in a US college sample. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00356-3
25. Prizmić-Larsen Z, Vujčić MT, Lipovčan LK (2023) Fear of COVID-19 and fear of earthquake: multiple distressing events and well-being in Croatia. Psychol Rep, 00332941231156813. https://doi.org/%2010.1177/00332941231156813
26. Reznik, A., Gritsenko, V., Konstantinov, V., Khamenka, N., & Isralowitz, R. (2021). COVID-19 fear in Eastern Europe: validation of the fear of COVID-19 scale. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19, 1903-1908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00283-3
27. Rhoades, D. A., Christophersen, A., Bourguignon, S., Ristau, J., & Salichon, J. (2021). A depth‐dependent local magnitude scale for New Zealand earthquakes consistent with moment magnitude. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 111(2), 1056-1066. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120200252
28. Rundle, J. B., Stein, S., Donnellan, A., Turcotte, D. L., Klein, W., & Saylor, C. (2021). The complex dynamics of earthquake fault systems: New approaches to forecasting and nowcasting of earthquakes. Reports on Progress in Physics, 84(7), 076801. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6633/abf893
29. Şalcıoğlu, E., & Başoğlu, M. (2008). Psychological effects of earthquakes in children: Prospects for brief behavioral treatment. World Journal of Pediatrics, 4, 165-172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-008-0032-8
30. Salditch, L., Stein, S., Neely, J., Spencer, B. D., Brooks, E. M., Agnon, A., & Liu, M. (2020). Earthquake supercycles and long-term fault memory. Tectonophysics, 774, 228289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2019.228289
31. Satıcı, S. A., Okur, S., Deniz, M. E., Karaağaç, Z. G., Yılmaz, F. B., Kütük, H., ... & Kaya, Y. (2023). The development and initial validation of the earthquake fear scale: Its links to personality traits, psychological distress, harmony in life, and mental wellbeing. Stress and Health, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.3306
32. Scawthorn, C., & Chen, W. F. (2002). Earthquake engineering handbook. CRC press.
33. Şengör, A. C., & Zabcı, C. (2019). The North Anatolian fault and the North Anatolian shear zone. In Kuzucuoğlu, C., Çiner, A., & Kazancı, N. (Eds.) Landscapes and landforms of Turkey. World geomorphological landscapes (pp.481-494). Springer.
34. Sharma, A., & Kar, N. (2019). Posttraumatic stress, depression, and coping following the 2015 Nepal earthquake: A study on adolescents. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 13(2), 236-242. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2018.37
35. Usta, G., Torpuş, K., Kanbay, Y., & Özbay, S. Ç. (2023). The Turkish adaptation of the fear of earthquake scale. Research Square, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3051691/v1
36. Wang, W., Wu, X., & Lan, X. (2020). Rumination mediates the relationships of fear and guilt to posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth among adolescents after the Ya’an earthquake. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1704993. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1704993
37. WHO. (2023). Adolescent health. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/health-topics/adolescent-health#tab=tab_1
38. Zhou, X., Wu, X., & An, Y. (2016). Understanding the relationship between trauma exposure and depression among adolescents after earthquake: The roles of fear and resilience. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 2044. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.02044
39. Zhou, X., Wu, X., Chen, Q., & Zhen, R. (2017). Why did adolescents have sleep problems after earthquakes? Understanding the role of traumatic exposure, fear, and PTSD. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 58(3), 221-227. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12366
40. Zhou, X., Wu, X., Li, X., & Zhen, R. (2018). The role of posttraumatic fear and social support in the relationship between trauma severity and posttraumatic growth among adolescent survivors of the Yaan earthquake. International Journal of Psychology, 53(2), 150-156. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12281
41. Zijlstra, E. A., Brummelaar, M. D. T., Cuijpers, M. S., Post, W. J., Balkom, I. D. V., & Seddighi, H. (2022). A safe home? A qualitative study into the experiences of adolescents growing up in the Dutch area impacted by earthquakes ınduced by gas extraction. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(8), 4716. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084716