Öz
Alanyazında her iki dile ait sözcüklerin sözcüksel işlemlemede eş zamanlı olarak aktive olduğu ve aynı kavram deposunda saklandığı bilinmektedir. Bu durumun ikidilli sözcüksel erişimde diller arası girişimlere sebep olduğu ve tekdilli bireylere göre işlemleme hızının daha yavaş, doğruluk oranlarının daha düşük olduğu görülmüştür. Bu çalışmada ikidilli bireylerin bildikleri dillerdeki sözcükleri işlemlemeleri araştırılmıştır. Sözcüksel Karar Verme Görevinin kullanıldığı çalışmaya Türkçe ve İngilizce’yi çocukluk döneminde eş zamanlı olarak edinen ikidilli bireyler katılmıştır (N=48). Görsel olarak sunulan harf dizilerinin Türkçe ve İngilizce’de anlamlı birer sözcük olup olmadığına karar vermeleri istenmiştir. Tepki süreleri ve cevaplarının doğruluğu bir yazılım programı aracılığıyla kaydedilmiş ve istatistiksel olarak çözümlenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, ikidilli katılımcıların her iki dildeki gerçek anlamı olan sözcükleri uydurma sözcüklerden daha hızlı ve daha doğru işlemlediklerini göstermiştir. Ayrıca, katılımcıların bildikleri diller arasında hız ve doğruluk açısından bir fark bulunmamıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Altarribba, J. and Canary, T. M. (2004). The Influence of Emotional Arousal on Affective Priming in Monolingual and Bilingual Speakers. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 25/2&3, 248-265.
- Bradley, M. M. and Lang, P. J. (1999). Affective Norms for English Words. Instruction Manual and Affective Ratings, Retrieved From: http://www.uvm edu/ ~pd odds / files/ papers/ others /1999 / bradley1999a.pdf.
- Brysbaert, M. and Dijkstra, V. H. (2006). Changing Views on Word Recognition in Bilinguals, RetrievedFrom:https://biblio.ugent.be/input/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=685459&fileOId=685554(29.01.2013).
- Conrad, M., Recio, G. and Jacobs, A. M. (2011). The Time Course of Emotion Effects in First and Second Language Processing: A Cross Cultural ERP Study with German-Spanish Bilinguals, Frontiers in Psychology, 2/351, 1-15.
- Dijkstra, T. and van Heuven, W. T. B. (2002). The Architecture of the Bilingual Word Recognition System: from Identification to Decision, Bilingualism: Brain and Cognition, 5/3, 175 - 197.
- Duyck, W., Vanderelst, D., Desmet, T. and Hartsuiker, R. J. (2008). The Frequency Effect in Second-Language Visual Word Recognition, Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 15/4, 850-855.
- Gollan, T. H., Montoya, R. I, Cera, C. and Sandoval, T. C. (2008). More Use Almost Always Means a Smaller Frequency Effect: Aging, Bilingualism and the Weaker Links Hypothesis, Journal of Memory and Language, 58/3, 787-814.
- Göz, İ. (2003). Yazılı Türkçe’nin Kelime Sıklığı Sözlüğü. 1. Baskı, Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları,Ankara
- Hauk, O., Davis, M. H., Ford, M., Pulvermüller, F. and Marslen-Wilson, W. D. (2006). The Time Course of Visual Word Recognition as Revealed by Linear Analysis of ERP Data, NeuroImage, 30/4, 1383-1400.
- Illes, J., Francis,W. S., Desmond, J. E., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Glover, G. H., Poldrack, R., Lee, C. J. and Wagner, A. D. (1999). Convergent Cortical Representations of Semantic Processing in Bilinguals, Brain and Language, 70/3, 347-363.
- Kuchinke, L., Jacobs, A. M., Grubich, G., Vo, M. L., Conrad, M. and Herrmann, M. (2005). Incidental Effects of Emotional Valence in Single Word Processing: An fMRI Study, NeuroImage, 28/4, 1022-1032.
- Lavidor, M., Hayes, A., Shillcock, R. and Ellis, A. W. (2004). Evaluating a Split Processing Model of Visual Word Recognition: Effects of Orthographic Neighborhood Size, Brain and Language, 88/3, 312-320.
- Lehtonen, M., Hulten, A., Rodriguez-Fornells, A, Cunillera,T., Tuomainen, J. and Laine, M. (2012). Differences in Word Recognition Between Early Bilinguals and Monolinguals: Behavioral and ERP Evidence, Neuropsychologia, 50/7, 1362-1371.
- Luk, G. and Bialystok, E. (2013). Bilingualism is Not a Categorical Variable: Interaction Between Language Proficiency and Usage, Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25/5, 605-621.
- Marian, V., Spivey, M. and Hirsch, J. (2003). Shared and Separate Systems in Bilingual Language Processing: Converging Evidence from Eye-tracking and Brain Imaging, Brain and Language, 86/1, 70-82.
- Mohr, B., Pulvermüller, F. and Zaidel, E. (1994). Lexical Decision After Left, Right and Bilateral Presentation of Function Words, Content Words and Nonwords: Evidence for Interhemispheric Interaction, Neuropsychologia, 32/1, 105-124.
- Nemrodov, D., Yuval, H., Javitt, D. C. and Lacidor, M. (2011). ERP Evidence of Interhemispheric Independence in Visual Word Recognition, Brain and Language, 118/3, 72 - 80.
- Paradis, M. (2004). A Neurolinguistic Theory of Bilingualism, John Benjamins Publishing Company, Hollanda
- Proverbio, A. M. and Adorni, R. (2011). Hemispheric Asymmetry for Language Processing and Lateral Preference in Simultaneous Interpreters, Psychology, 2/1, 12-17.
- Thomas, M. S. C. and van Heuven, W. J. B. (2005). Computational Models of Bilingual Comprehension. Handbook of Bilingualism: Psycholinguistic Approaches,(Ed: Kroll, J. F. ve De Groot, A. M. B). Oxford University Press, A.B.D. Retrieved From: http:// site.ebrary. com/lib/ ekonomi /Doc?id =10233717ppg=448
Öz
Bilinguality literature abounds with evidence that both languages are activated in parallel in lexical processing and the words belonging to two languages are stored in a shared lexicon. This accounts for interferences across languages, and slower processing speed and lower accuracy rates when compared to monolingual lexical processing. This study investigates how bilinguals process words in both languages. In a lexical decision task, simultaneous bilinguals (N= 48) who acquired English and Turkish from birth were asked to decide if the visually presented letter strings were either real or non-words in Turkish and in English. Response times and accuracy were recorded via a software program and were statistically analyzed. The results showed that bilinguals processed real words faster and more accurately than non-words in both languages, and that there was no difference between languages in terms of speed and accuracy rates.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Simultaneous bilingualism lexical processing psycholinguistics
Kaynakça
- Altarribba, J. and Canary, T. M. (2004). The Influence of Emotional Arousal on Affective Priming in Monolingual and Bilingual Speakers. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 25/2&3, 248-265.
- Bradley, M. M. and Lang, P. J. (1999). Affective Norms for English Words. Instruction Manual and Affective Ratings, Retrieved From: http://www.uvm edu/ ~pd odds / files/ papers/ others /1999 / bradley1999a.pdf.
- Brysbaert, M. and Dijkstra, V. H. (2006). Changing Views on Word Recognition in Bilinguals, RetrievedFrom:https://biblio.ugent.be/input/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=685459&fileOId=685554(29.01.2013).
- Conrad, M., Recio, G. and Jacobs, A. M. (2011). The Time Course of Emotion Effects in First and Second Language Processing: A Cross Cultural ERP Study with German-Spanish Bilinguals, Frontiers in Psychology, 2/351, 1-15.
- Dijkstra, T. and van Heuven, W. T. B. (2002). The Architecture of the Bilingual Word Recognition System: from Identification to Decision, Bilingualism: Brain and Cognition, 5/3, 175 - 197.
- Duyck, W., Vanderelst, D., Desmet, T. and Hartsuiker, R. J. (2008). The Frequency Effect in Second-Language Visual Word Recognition, Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 15/4, 850-855.
- Gollan, T. H., Montoya, R. I, Cera, C. and Sandoval, T. C. (2008). More Use Almost Always Means a Smaller Frequency Effect: Aging, Bilingualism and the Weaker Links Hypothesis, Journal of Memory and Language, 58/3, 787-814.
- Göz, İ. (2003). Yazılı Türkçe’nin Kelime Sıklığı Sözlüğü. 1. Baskı, Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları,Ankara
- Hauk, O., Davis, M. H., Ford, M., Pulvermüller, F. and Marslen-Wilson, W. D. (2006). The Time Course of Visual Word Recognition as Revealed by Linear Analysis of ERP Data, NeuroImage, 30/4, 1383-1400.
- Illes, J., Francis,W. S., Desmond, J. E., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Glover, G. H., Poldrack, R., Lee, C. J. and Wagner, A. D. (1999). Convergent Cortical Representations of Semantic Processing in Bilinguals, Brain and Language, 70/3, 347-363.
- Kuchinke, L., Jacobs, A. M., Grubich, G., Vo, M. L., Conrad, M. and Herrmann, M. (2005). Incidental Effects of Emotional Valence in Single Word Processing: An fMRI Study, NeuroImage, 28/4, 1022-1032.
- Lavidor, M., Hayes, A., Shillcock, R. and Ellis, A. W. (2004). Evaluating a Split Processing Model of Visual Word Recognition: Effects of Orthographic Neighborhood Size, Brain and Language, 88/3, 312-320.
- Lehtonen, M., Hulten, A., Rodriguez-Fornells, A, Cunillera,T., Tuomainen, J. and Laine, M. (2012). Differences in Word Recognition Between Early Bilinguals and Monolinguals: Behavioral and ERP Evidence, Neuropsychologia, 50/7, 1362-1371.
- Luk, G. and Bialystok, E. (2013). Bilingualism is Not a Categorical Variable: Interaction Between Language Proficiency and Usage, Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25/5, 605-621.
- Marian, V., Spivey, M. and Hirsch, J. (2003). Shared and Separate Systems in Bilingual Language Processing: Converging Evidence from Eye-tracking and Brain Imaging, Brain and Language, 86/1, 70-82.
- Mohr, B., Pulvermüller, F. and Zaidel, E. (1994). Lexical Decision After Left, Right and Bilateral Presentation of Function Words, Content Words and Nonwords: Evidence for Interhemispheric Interaction, Neuropsychologia, 32/1, 105-124.
- Nemrodov, D., Yuval, H., Javitt, D. C. and Lacidor, M. (2011). ERP Evidence of Interhemispheric Independence in Visual Word Recognition, Brain and Language, 118/3, 72 - 80.
- Paradis, M. (2004). A Neurolinguistic Theory of Bilingualism, John Benjamins Publishing Company, Hollanda
- Proverbio, A. M. and Adorni, R. (2011). Hemispheric Asymmetry for Language Processing and Lateral Preference in Simultaneous Interpreters, Psychology, 2/1, 12-17.
- Thomas, M. S. C. and van Heuven, W. J. B. (2005). Computational Models of Bilingual Comprehension. Handbook of Bilingualism: Psycholinguistic Approaches,(Ed: Kroll, J. F. ve De Groot, A. M. B). Oxford University Press, A.B.D. Retrieved From: http:// site.ebrary. com/lib/ ekonomi /Doc?id =10233717ppg=448
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Sanat ve Edebiyat |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 25 Ekim 2018 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 22 Mart 2018 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2018 |