INVESTIGATION of THE RELATIONSHIP between COACH COMMUNICATION SKILLS and FLOW EXPERIENCE in ATHLETES

Öz

The aim of the study is to examine the relationships between athletes' flow state and coach communication skills perceived by athletes and to evaluate the predictive effect of coach communication skills. In addition, the differences dependent on gender of athletes and trainers, the class of license and type of sports and the relationships with the sports and coaching experience, the weekly training time of the athletes and the working time (years) with their trainers were evaluated. The sample of study was consisting of participant in national and international competitions 17-44 age range in different regions in Turkey in a total of 528 athletes in 216 women and 312 men. In the research quantitative techniques were used. It is a correlational and comparative study that examines the predictive relationship between variables without intervention. For evaluation of the data Pearson’s Product Moment Coefficient, t-test, linear regression and MANOVA statistical test techniques. As a results, it was observed that there was a predictive correlation between the coach communication skill (CCS) and the flow state of the athletes (FSA). While the gender of the athlete and their coaches made a difference in the comprehended coach communication skills, the same findings were not reached for FSA. The working time (years) with the same coach was negatively related to both the perceived coach communication skills and the flow state of the athletes. The findings were discussed together with the literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Communication skills
• coach-athlete communication
• flow states
• optimal experiences

ANTRENÖR İLETİŞİM BECERİLERİ ile SPORCULARIN SÜREKLİ OPTİMAL PERFORMANS DUYGU DURUMLARI ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN SPORCU ALGILARINA göre İNCELENMESİ

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, sporcuların sürekli optimal performans duygu durumlarıyla sporcular tarafından algılanan antrenör iletişim becerileri arasındaki ilişkileri incelemek ve antrenör iletişim becerilerinin yordayıcı etkisini değerlendirmektir. Ayrıca çalışmada sporcuların ve antrenörlerin cinsiyetleri, sporcuların lisans sınfına ve spor türüne göre farklar; sporculuk ve antrenörlük deneyimi, bir haftada yapılan çalışmaların toplam saati ve antrenörleriyle çalıştıkları yıl değişkenleriyle ilişkiler değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmanın örneklemini ülkemizin farklı bölgelerinde yaşayan, ulusal ve uluslararası düzeyde yarışmacı olan 17 – 44 yaş aralığındaki, 216 kadın ve 312 erkek toplamda 528 sporcu oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada nicel teknikler kullanılmıştır. Değişkenler arası yordayıcı ilişkiyi müdahalesiz inceleyen korelasyonel ve karşılaştırmalı bir çalışmalıdır. Veriler MANOVA, Pearson Çarpım Momentler Korelâsyon Analizi, t-test ve doğrusal regresyon istatistiki test teknikleriyle analiz edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak bu çalışmanın bulgularına göre antrenör iletişim beceriyle (AİB) sporcuların optimal performans duygu durumu (SOPDD) arasında yordayıcı bir ilişki olduğu görülmüştür. Sporcu ve antrenör cinsiyeti algılanan antrenör iletişim becerilerinde fark yaratırken SOPDD için aynı bulgulara ulaşılmamıştır. Antrenörle çalışma süresi hem algılanan antrenör iletişim becerileriyle hem de sporcuların optimal performans duygu durumlarıyla negatif ilişkili bulunmuştur. Bulgular literatürle birlikte tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İletişim becerileri
• antrenör-sporcu ilişkisi
• optimal performans duygu durumu
• optimal deneyimler

Kaynakça

1. Abakay, U. ve Kuru, E. (2009). Coach communication scale in football a study of validity and reliablity. Ovidius University Annals Series Physical Education and Sport, Science Movement and Healt, 9(1), 183-186.
2. Altıntaş, A., Kelecek, S. ve Aşçı, H. (2013). Elit sporcularda durumsal güdülenme ve optimal performans duygu durumu arasındaki ilişki. Pamukkale Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 4, 14-21.
3. Aşçı, F. H., Çağlar, E., Eklund, R. C., Altıntaş, A. ve Jackson, S. (2007). Durumluk ve sürekli optimal performans duygu durum-2 ölçekleri’nin uyarlama çalışması. Hacettepe Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(4), 182-196.
4. Bayrak, E. ve Nacar, E. (2015). Profesyonel takım sporlarında görev yapan antrenörlerin iletişim beceri düzeylerinin araştırılması. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(14), 391-405.
5. Bekiari, A. ve Syrmpas, I. (2015). Coaches’ verbal aggressiveness and motivational climate as predictors of athletes’ satisfaction. Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science, 9(4), 318-329.
6. Boyd, J. M., Schary, D. P., Worthington, A. R. ve Jenny, S. E. (2018). An examination of the differences in flow between individual and team athletes. Physical Culture and Sport: Studies and Research, 2018, 78(1), 33-40. doi: 10.2478/pcssr-2018-0011
7. Cately, D. ve Duda, J. (1997). Psychological antecedents of the frequency and intensity of flow in golfers. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 28, 309-322.
8. Chen, M. J., Mark, A. ve Koehn, S. (2019). Relationships between flow, mental toughness and subjective performance perception in various triathletes. Perceptual and motor skills, 126(2), 241-252.

9. Childs, L. M. (2010) Perceived and preferred coach communication behaviors of cross‐country athletes according to gender. A thesis in Oregon State University.
10. Cranmer, G. A. ve Myers, S.C. (2015). Sports teams as organizations: A leader–member exchange perspective of player communication with coaches and teammates. Communication & Sport, 3(1), 100-118.
11. Cranmer, G. A. ve Sollitto, M. (2015) Sport Support: Received Social Support as a Predictor of Athlete Satisfaction. Journal Communication Research Reports, (32)3, 253-264.
12. Cosma, J. B. (1999). Flow in teams. Doctoral dissertation, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Chicago, IL. Retrieved from Springfield College through Interlibrary loan.
13. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1977). Beyond Boredom and Anxiety, Second printing. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Csikszentmihalyi, M., ve LeFevre, J. (1989). Optimal experience in work and leisure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 815–822.
14. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014) Flow and the foundations of positive psychology (toward a psychology of optimal experience). Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht, 209-226 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9088-8_1
15. Culver, D. ve Trudel, P. (2000). Coach-athlete communication within an elite alpine ski team. Journal of Excellence, 3, 28-53.
16. Cüceloğlu, D. (2006). İnsan insana. Remzi Kitabevi, 35. Baskı, İstanbul, 49.
17. D'Arripe-Longueville, F., Fournier, J. F. ve Dubois, A. (1998). The perceived effectiveness of interactions between expert French judo coaches and elite female athletes. Sport Psychologist, (12)3, 317-332.
18. Doggun, M. (2018). Investigation of communication levels of the coaches in some branches of ındividual and team sports through the perceptions of the athletes in turkish republic of northern cyprus. Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research, 13(4), 141-152.
19. Ersöz, G., ve Eklund, R. C. (2017). Behavioral regulations and dispositional flow in exercise among American college students relative to stages of change and gender. Journal of American College Health, 65(2), 94-102, DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2016.1239203
20. Fossmo, T. (2006). Age matters: A study on motivation, flow and self-esteem in competing athletes. Hovedoppgave for Graden Cand., Psychol. Institutt for Psykologi, Universitetet i Tromsø.
21. Gearity, B. T. ve Murray, M. A. (2011). Athletes’ experiences of the psychological effects of poor coaching. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12, 213-221.
22. Gözmen, A. ve Aşçı, F. H. (2016) Sporcularda optimal performans duygu durumunun yordanmasında beş faktörlü kişilik özelliklerinin ve mükemmeliyetçiliğin rolü. Hacettepe Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 27(1), 40-48.
23. Hernandez, J. A. E., ve Voser, R. C. (2019). Validity evidence for the flow state scale-2 with university athletes. Psychological Evaluation, 29, 1982-4327.
24. Inghilleri, P., Riva, G. ve Riva E. (2014). (editors), Enabling positive change. flow and complexity in daily. Warsaw/Berlin: De Gruyter.
25. Jackson, S. A. (1992). Athletes in flow: A qualitative investigation of flow states in elite figure skaters. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 4(2), 161–180.
26. Jackson, S. A. (1996). Toward a conceptual understanding of the flow experience in elite athletes. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 67(1), 76-89. DOI: 10.1080/02701367.1996.10608859
27. Jackson, S. A., Ford, S. K., Kimiecik, J. C. ve Marsh, H. W. (1998). Psychological correlates of flow in sport. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 20, 358–378.
28. Jackson, S. A. ve Roberts, G. C. (1992). Positive performance states of athletes: Toward a conceptual understanding of peak performance. The Sport Psychologist, 6(2), 156–171.
29. Jowett, S. (2005). The coach–athlete partnership. The Psychologist, 18(7), 412-415.
30. Jowett, S. ve Cockerill, M. (2003). Olympic medallists’ perspective of the athlete–coach relationship. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 4, 313–331.
31. Jowett, S. ve Ntoumanis, N. (2004). The coach-athlete relationship questionnaire (CART – Q): Development and initial validation. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 14, 245–257.
32. Jowett, S. ve Timson-Katchis, M. (2005). Social networks in sport: parental influence on the coach–athlete relationship. Sport Psychologist, 19, 267–287.
33. Konter, E. (2006). Spor Psikolojisi El Kitabı. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
34. Kowal, J. ve Fortier. M. S. (2000). Testing relationships from the hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation using flow as a motivational consequence. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 71, 171-181.
35. Landhäußer, A. ve Keller, J. (2012). Flow and ıts affective, cognitive, and performance-related consequences. In: Engeser and Stefan (Editors), Advances in Flow Research. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2359-1_4
36. Li, B., Dittmore, S. W. ve Park, J. A. (2015). Exploring different perceptions of coach-athlete relationship: The case of chinese olympians. International Journal of Coaching Science, 9(2), 59-76.
37. Margaret, G. D., Kirubakar, S. G. ve Kumutha, N. (2010). Communication skills: A cognitive-behavioural approach to enhance relationship skills in young sport coaches. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(1), 49-50.
38. Mao, Y., Roberts, S., Pagliaro, S., Csikszentmihalyi, M., ve Bonaiuto M. (2016). Optimal experience and optimal identity: A multinational study of the associations between flow and social identity. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(67). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00067
39. Moen, F. ve Kvalsund, R. (2013). Subjective beliefs among sport coaches about communicatıon during coach-athlete conversations. Athletic Insight, 5(3), 229-249.
40. Murcia, J. A. M., Gimeno, E. C. ve Coll, D. G. C. (2008). Relationships among goal orientations, motivational climate and flow in adolescent athletes: differences by gender. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 11(1), 181–191.
41. Navarre, M. J. (2011). Male college soccer coaches perceptions of gender similarities and differences in coach–athlete and teammate relationships: Introducing the construct of relationship–performance orientation. Retrieved from the University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy, Ph.D. Dissertation; http://hdl.handle.net/11299/108207.
42. Özbey, Ö. (2019). Türkiye olimpik hazırlık merkezlerinde görev yapan antrenörlerin liderlik ve iletişim beceri düzeylerinin sporcular tarafından değerlendirilmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Programı, Ankara.
43. Russell, W. D. (2001). An examination of flow state occurrence in college athletes. Journal of Sport Behavior, 24(1), 83–107.
44. Seiler, R., Kevesligeti, C. ve Valley, E. (1999). Coaches and female athletes: The basis of interaction. Motricidade Humana Portuguese; Journal of Human Performance Studies, 12, 67- 76.
45. Selağzı, S. ve Çepikkurt, F. (2014). Antrenör ve sporcu iletişim düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(1), 11-18.
46. Siekanska, M., Blecharz, J. ve Wojtowicz, A. (2013). The athlete's perception of coaches’ behavior towards competitors with a different sports level. Journal of Human Kinetics-Behavioural Sciences in Sport. (4)39, 231-242.
47. Stamatelopoulou, F., Pezirkianidis, C., Karakasidou, E., Lakioti, A. ve Stalikas, A. (2018). “Being in the zone”: A systematic review on the relationship of psychological correlates and the occurrence of flow experiences in sports’ performance. Psychology, 9, 2011-2030.
48. Stavrou, N. A., Jackson, S. A., Zervas, Y. ve Karteroliotis, K. (2007). Flow experience and athletes‘ performance with reference to the orthogonal model of flow. The Sport Psychologist, 21, 438-457.
49. Stoll, O. (2019). Peak performance, the runner’s high, and flow. In M. H. Anshel, S. J. Petruzzello, & E. E. Labbé (Eds.), APA handbooks in psychology series. APA handbook of sport and exercise psychology, 2019; Vol. 2. Exercise psychology (p. 447–465).
50. Tepeköylü Öztürk, Ö., Soytürk, M., Daşdan Ada, N., ve Çamlıyer, H. (2011). Üniversite takımlarında sporcu olan öğrencilerle spor yapmayan öğrencilerin iletişim becerisi düzeylerinin karşılaştırılması. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 22(2), 43-53.
51. Tepeköylü Öztürk, Ö. ve Soytürk, M. (2019). Sporcu Algılarına göre Antrenör İletişim Becerileri. Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(1), 576-583.
52. Thelwell, R. C., Wagstaff, C. R. D., Rayner, A., Chapman, M. ve Barker, J. (2017). Exploring athletes’ perceptions of coach stress in elite sport environments. Journal of Sport Sciencess, 35(1), 44-55.
53. Türksoy, A., Altıncı, E. E. ve Üster, U. (2015). Relationship between motivation and dispositional flow state on football players participating in the U13-U16 football leagues. 3rd World Conference on Psychology and Sociology, 301 – 306.
54. Weinberg, R. S. ve Gould, D. (2007). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology. (4th ed.), Human Kinetics, Champaign.