Araştırma Makalesi
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TÜRK TILSIMI VE KAMU DİPLOMASİSİ: ORTA DOĞU ÜLKELERİNDE TÜRKİYE'NİN YUMUŞAK GÜCÜNE İLİŞKİN BİR LİTERATÜR İNCELEMESİ VE ELEŞTİREL DEĞERLENDİRME

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 47, 175 - 187, 02.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.781192

Öz

Tarih, siyasi değerler, ekonomi, dış politika, kültür ve coğrafya, Türkiye'nin yumuşak gücünün “tarihinden, kültüründen ve coğrafyasından” gelen bu tür bir kapasiteye sahip olduğu dünyada tutarlı yumuşak güç politikası ve stratejisini uygulamak için çok önemli bir araçtır. Türkiye’nin yeni iç ve dış politikası, mevcut Türk hükümet politikasının, dış politika yapımında ülkenin çekiciliğini çok etkili ve stratejik olarak kullanıldığını göstermektedir. Balkanlar, Kafkaslar, Orta Doğu, Afrika, Güney/Güneydoğu Asya ve Güney Amerika bölgeleri, Türkiye’nin yumuşak gücünün etkileri dışında kalmamaktadır. Türkiye yeni kamu diplomasisinin kapsayıcılığı, angajmanı ve katılımı etkin bir şekilde toplumu kapsamakta ve genişlemektedir. Son on yılın Türk politikası, eski müttefikleriyle ilişki kuruyor ve sayısız yumuşak güç politikası ve stratejisi kullanarak ilişkilerini sürdürüyor, bu da Türkiye'nin bölgesel ve küresel bağlamda yeni ortaya çıkan bir aktör olduğunu gösteriyor. Bu makalenin ana argümanı, Türkiye'nin Ortadoğu Bölgesiyle olan ortak tarihi, coğrafi, dini, kültürel, ekonomik ve siyasi bağlarını belirleyerek, Türkiye’nin Ortadoğu ülkelerine yönelik yumuşak güç politikasını göstermektir. Buna göre, bu makale, bir ölçüde demokratik ve ekonomik bir model gibi ekonomik, siyasi ve kültürel etkileri özellikle mevcut hükümetin yumuşak güç politikaları çerçevesinde araştırmak üzere literatürdeki vaka değerlendirmelerini ve incelemeleri alarak Türk Yumuşak Güç Politikasını daha ileri düzeyde AKP modelinde tarihi bağlar, Türkiye'nin insani yardımları, TİKA'nın kalkınma çalışmaları, Yunus Emre Enstitüsü faaliyetleri, YTB bursu, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı (Diyanet Vakfı) insani ve dini rolleri gibi yumuşak güç politikaları, uygulamaları ve stratejileri ve ayrıca Türk Drama Dizisinin Ortadoğu toplumlarına etkisini analiz etmekte ve tartışmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Al-Emiri, I. (2016). Turkish hero ‘impacts the Middle East’. Hurriyet Daily News Paper, January 30, 2016. Accessed: 06.012.2017. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-hero-impacts-the-middle-east--94497
  • Anas, O. (2010). Turkey’s Soft Power Challenges in the Arab World. Conference Proceeding at First Arab Turkey Congress of Social Sciences at Ankara on 11 December 2010.
  • Armstrong, W. (2017). “What a TV Series Tells Us About Erdogan’s Turkey”. New York Times, November 04, 2017. Accessed: 05.12.2017. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/14/opinion/erdogan-tv-show-turkey.html
  • Bilgin; Elis; Beng; Altunışık; and Altınay (2008). In the special soft power issue of Insight Turkey, Vol. 10, No. 2 (April-June 2008)
  • Bingöl, Y. & Islam, M. N. (2016). “The Myth and Reality of Turkish Civil-Military Relations: A Quest from the Case of FETO’s July 15th Failed Military Coup Attempt”, Journal of Youth Research, Vol. 4, Number 10, p. 67-86. Retrieved from http://yayinlar.gsb.gov.tr/Public/Files/GAD_10.Sayi.pdf
  • Carley, P. (1994). Turkey’s Role in the Middle East. Paperworks United States Institute of Peace
  • CARNEGIE Middle East Center. (2011). Turkey’s Relations with a Changing Arab World. Accessed: 03.12.2017. Retrieved from http://carnegie-mec.org/2011/05/03/turkey-s-relations-with-changing-arab-world-event-3150
  • Çelik, M. (2015). Yunus Emre Institute celebrates “The Voice of 1000 Years: Turkish Language Festival”. August 22, 2015, Daily Sabah. Available at https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/2015/08/22/yunus-emre-institute-celebrates-the-voice-of-1000-years-turkish-language-festival
  • Dal, E. P., Dipama, S. & Belder, F. (2015). “Assessing Turkey’s Development Aid Policy towards Africa: An Constructivist Perspective”, 14th METU Conference, 17-19 June, 2015, Ankara. 14th METU Conference, 17-19 June 2015, Ankara.
  • Davutoğlu, A. (2008). Turkey’s Foreign Policy Vision: An Assessment of 2007. Insight Turkey, Vol. 10, No.1, pp. 79-84
  • Ekşi, M. (2016). AK Parti Döneminde Ortadoğu’da Türk-Amerikan İlişkilerinin Jeokültürel Ekseni: İslami Kimlik. Akademik Bakış, Cilt 9 Sayı 18: 59-77.
  • Ekşi, M. (2018). Kamu Diplomasisi ve AK Parti Dönemi Türk Dış Politikası. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi
  • Ekşi, M. (2018). The Rise and Fall of Turkish Soft Power and Public Diplomacy. Akademik Bakış, Cilt 11 Sayı 23: 15-45.
  • Fuller, G. E. (2008). The New Turkish Republic: Turkey as a Pivotal State in the Muslim World, Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press. pp 17.
  • Fuller, G. E. (2008). The New Turkish Republic: Turkey as a Pivotal State in the Muslim World, Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press., also, Heinz Kramer (2010) “AKP’s New Foreign Policy between Vision and Pragmatism, working paper, German Institute of International and security Affairs”, June: Berlin.
  • Gulf News Agency (2012). “Challenge of the Turkish soap operas,” GulfNews, April 1, 2012
  • Heper, M. and Sule T. (2003). “Islam, Modernity, and Democracy in Contemporary Turkey: The Case of Recep Tayyip Erdogan”. The Muslim World, April 2003, Vol 93.
  • Islam, M. N., Bingöl, Y., and Nyadera, I. N. (2021). Towards Islam through Political Parties, Ideology and Democracy: A Discourse Analysis on AK Party in Turkey, Ennahda Movement in Tunisia and Jamaat-e Islami in Bangladesh, Jadavpur Journal of International Relations, 25 (1).
  • Islam, M. N. and Hossain, M. (2020). “Islam, Governance and Political Culture in Bangladesh: in Ali Farazmand (Ed.) Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy and Governance, Springer Nature, Switzerland.
  • Islam, M. N. (2020). Turkey, Asia Anew and South Asia: A Comparative Assessment on Bilateral Relations and Soft ‎Power Policy with Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. TURAN-SAM Uluslararası Bilimsel Hakemli Dergisi; 47(3), 379-398.
  • Islam, M. N. (March 2020). Rethinking Turkey-Iraq Relations: The Dilemma of Partial Cooperation by Mehmet Akif Kumral, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Insight Turkey, 22(1):257-260.
  • Islam, M. N. and Cansu, E. E. (2020). “BRI, CPEC, and Pakistan: A Qualitative Content Analysis on China’s Grand Strategies”, International Journal on World Peace, Vol. Xxxvii No. 3: 43-71
  • Islam, N. (2020a). Bangladesh: Turkey’s key partner in Asia Anew initiative. Daily Sabah, 25 December 2020. Available at https://www.dailysabah.com/opinion/op-ed/bangladesh-turkeys-key-partner-in-asia-anew-initiative
  • Islam, N. (2020b). Türkiye’nin Yeniden Asya girişimi ve Bangladeş, Anadolu Ajansi, 16 October 2020. Available at: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz/turkiye-nin-yeniden-asya-girisimi-ve-banglades/2008381
  • Islam, M. N. (2020c). Bangladeş, Türkiye'nin Asya girişimindeki kilit ortağı olacak, Interview by Ihlas Haber Agency, 03 October 2020. Available at https://www.iha.com.tr/istanbul-haberleri/banglades-turkiyenin-asya-girisimindeki-kilit-ortagi-olacak-2712455/
  • Islam, M. N., Bingöl, Y. and Nyadera, I. N. (2020). “Political and Administrative Culture in Turkey’s AK Party, Tunisian An-Nahada, and Bangladesh Jamat-e Islam” in Ali Farazmand (Ed.) Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy and Governance, Springer Nature, Switzerland
  • Islam, M. N. (2019). Emerging Global Organizations and Groups: A Paradigms Shift for New World Order. ADAM AKADEMİ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (ADAM Academy Social Sciences Journal), 9(2), 471-490.
  • Islam, M. N. (2019). Güç, strateji ve potansiyeller: Çin ordusunun temel yetenekleri ve faktörleri üzerine bir inceleme (Power, strategy and potentials: a study on the factors and key capabilities of China’s military). Cappadocia Journal of Area Studies, 1, 100-110,
  • Islam, M. N. (2019). Küresel İlişkilerde Doğru Pozisyon Almak: Hindistan Güvenlik Stratejisinin Öncelikleri ve Zorlukları (Assuming Rightful Place in Global Affairs: Priorities and Challenges of India’s Security Strategy). M5 Journal, National Security, Defense and Strategy, 44, 335.
  • Islam, M. N. and Cansu, E. E. (2018). Humanity First: The Turkish Version of Soft Power. November 23, 2018, Daily Sabah. Available at https://www.dailysabah.com/op-ed/2018/11/23/humanity-first-the-turkish-version-of-soft-power
  • Islam, M. N. and Rahman, M. H. (2018). “The Humanitarian Question of Rohingya Muslim Refugee Crisis Beyond the Foreign Policy of Bangladesh and Myanmar: Forced Migration, Identity Linkage and Demographic Assessment of their Historical Exclusion and Statelessness”. In Haluk Selvi vd. (Eds.), Göç Mültecilik ve İnsanlik (Migration, Refugee and Humanity), Kocaeli Municipality Press, Kocaeli: Turkey.
  • Islam, M. N. (2016). Devlet Doğasının Değişimi: Güvenliğin Sınırları (Change in State Nature: Boundaries of Security). Istanbul: Turkish Asian Center for Strategic Studies (TASAM)
  • Jeferson, R.; Wendt, A. and Katzenstein, P. (1996). ‘Norms, Identity, and Culture in National Security’, Peter Katzenstein (ed.), The Culture of National Security, (New York: Colombia University Press)
  • Kalin, I. (2011). Soft Power and Public Diplomacy in Turkey. PERCEPTIONS, Autumn 2011, Volume XVI, Number 3, pp. 5-23. Center for Strategic Research, Turkey.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Turkey. Accessed: 02.01.2018. Retrieved from http://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-egypt.en.mfa
  • Nyadera, I. N.; & Islam, M. N. (2020). Transnational Operations, International Reactions, and Legitimacy: The Case of Turkey and Saudi Arabia. Contemporary Review of the Middle East, 7 (3), 1–22.
  • Nyadera, I. N.; Islam. M. N. (2020). Link Between Administration, Politics, and Bureaucracy. In: Farazmand A. (eds) Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance. Switzerland: Springer, Cham
  • Islam, M. N., Önder, M., & Nyadera, I. N. (2020). Islam, Politics, and Bangladesh: A Qualitative Content Analysis on the Democratic and Political Culture of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami (BJI). ADAM AKADEMİ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(2), 291-318.
  • Islam, M. N. (2017). TIKA’s Role in Bangladesh Sustainability and Development. Perspective English Magazine, August 2017. Available at: https://perspectivebd.com/archives/1656
  • Nye, J. S. (1990). “Soft Power,” Foreign Policy, No. 80, Twentieth Anniversary (Autumn, 1990), pp. 153-171 (19 pages), pp. 154.
  • Nye, J. S. (2004). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: PublicAffairs Press; New Ed edition (April 27, 2005) pp. 11.
  • Nye, J. S. (2006). "Think Again: Soft Power." Foreign Policy (March/April)
  • OECD Report (2017). Accessed: 02.01.2018Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/unitedstates/publicationsdocuments/reports/
  • Oguzlu, T. (2017). Soft power and US foreign policy. World Analysis News Service, Anadolu Agency (AA). Accessed: 01.01.2018. Retrieved from http://aa.com.tr/en/analysis-news/soft-power-and-us-foreign-policy/908366
  • Punch K. F. (1998). Introduction to social research- quantitative and qualitative approaches. Sage Publications, London, pp.-243. ISBN 07619 4417 6
  • Tan, N. (2010). “Turkish – U.S. Relations in a Changing World” speech at the United States CSIS, July 22, 2010 TIKA Report (2015). Turkish Development Assistance Report. Accessed: 01.01.2018. Retrieved from http://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/2017/YAYINLAR/TKYR%202015%20ENG/KALKINMA%20.pdf
  • Wendt, A. (1994). ‘Collective Identity Formation and the International State’, American Political Science Review, 88:2, 384-396
  • Wendt, A. (1999). Social Theory of International Politics, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
  • Yavuz, M. H. (2009)."Turkish Identity and Foreign Policy in Flux: The Rise of Neo-Ottomanism”, Critique 12 (1998), pp. 19-41; also see (Fisher Onar 2009, Taspinar 2008)
  • Youngs, P. (2001). District and State Policy Influences on Professional Development and School Capacity. Educational Policy, 15(2), 278–301. https://doi.org/10.1177/0895904801015002003
  • Zayed, M. (2013). “Turkish Drama in the Arab World: Social Impacts, Religious Reaction and Dramatic Void in the Arab World”. Research in Turkey: Center for Policy and Research in Turkey. Accessed: 08.12.2016. Retrieved from http://researchturkey.org/turkish-drama-in-the-arab-world-social-impacts-religious-reaction-and-dramatic-void-in-the-arab-world/

TURKISH CHARM AND PUBLIC DIPLOMACY: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND CRITICAL ASSESSMENT ON TURKISH SOFT POWER IN THE MIDDLE EASTERN COUNTRIES

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 47, 175 - 187, 02.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.781192

Öz

The history, political values, economy, foreign policy, culture and geography is a very important tool to exercise the consistent soft power policy and strategy in the world where Turkey’s soft power has that kind of capacity that comes from its “history, culture and geography”. The new Turkish domestic and foreign policy shows that the policy of the current Turkish government is very effective and strategic to apply their charm in foreign policymaking. The area of Balkans, Caucasus, Middle East, Africa, South/Southeast Asia and South America are not out of Turkish soft power policy involvement, engagement and participation even the new Turkish public diplomacy is covering and expanding its soft power impacts on this society very excellently and efficiently. The last decade's Turkish policy engages with their old allies and continues their relations using countless soft power policies and strategies which shows that Turkey as a new emerging actor from the regional and global context. The main argument of this paper is to show Turkey’s soft power policy towards Middle Eastern countries by identifying the Turkish common historical, geographical, religious, cultural, economic and political ties with this region. Accordingly, this paper further analyzes and argues the Turkish Soft Power Policy by taking case assessments and reviews in the literature to explore the economic, political influence like a democratic and economic model to some extent and cultural impacts particularly in lieu of the current government soft power policies, practices and strategies of AKP model, historical ties, Turkey’s humanitarian assistance, TIKA’s development works, the activities of Yunus Emre Institute, YTB scholarship, Turkish Religious Foundation (Diyanet Vakfi) humanitarian and religious roles and also the Turkish Drama Series impacts on the Middle Eastern societies.

Kaynakça

  • Al-Emiri, I. (2016). Turkish hero ‘impacts the Middle East’. Hurriyet Daily News Paper, January 30, 2016. Accessed: 06.012.2017. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-hero-impacts-the-middle-east--94497
  • Anas, O. (2010). Turkey’s Soft Power Challenges in the Arab World. Conference Proceeding at First Arab Turkey Congress of Social Sciences at Ankara on 11 December 2010.
  • Armstrong, W. (2017). “What a TV Series Tells Us About Erdogan’s Turkey”. New York Times, November 04, 2017. Accessed: 05.12.2017. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/14/opinion/erdogan-tv-show-turkey.html
  • Bilgin; Elis; Beng; Altunışık; and Altınay (2008). In the special soft power issue of Insight Turkey, Vol. 10, No. 2 (April-June 2008)
  • Bingöl, Y. & Islam, M. N. (2016). “The Myth and Reality of Turkish Civil-Military Relations: A Quest from the Case of FETO’s July 15th Failed Military Coup Attempt”, Journal of Youth Research, Vol. 4, Number 10, p. 67-86. Retrieved from http://yayinlar.gsb.gov.tr/Public/Files/GAD_10.Sayi.pdf
  • Carley, P. (1994). Turkey’s Role in the Middle East. Paperworks United States Institute of Peace
  • CARNEGIE Middle East Center. (2011). Turkey’s Relations with a Changing Arab World. Accessed: 03.12.2017. Retrieved from http://carnegie-mec.org/2011/05/03/turkey-s-relations-with-changing-arab-world-event-3150
  • Çelik, M. (2015). Yunus Emre Institute celebrates “The Voice of 1000 Years: Turkish Language Festival”. August 22, 2015, Daily Sabah. Available at https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/2015/08/22/yunus-emre-institute-celebrates-the-voice-of-1000-years-turkish-language-festival
  • Dal, E. P., Dipama, S. & Belder, F. (2015). “Assessing Turkey’s Development Aid Policy towards Africa: An Constructivist Perspective”, 14th METU Conference, 17-19 June, 2015, Ankara. 14th METU Conference, 17-19 June 2015, Ankara.
  • Davutoğlu, A. (2008). Turkey’s Foreign Policy Vision: An Assessment of 2007. Insight Turkey, Vol. 10, No.1, pp. 79-84
  • Ekşi, M. (2016). AK Parti Döneminde Ortadoğu’da Türk-Amerikan İlişkilerinin Jeokültürel Ekseni: İslami Kimlik. Akademik Bakış, Cilt 9 Sayı 18: 59-77.
  • Ekşi, M. (2018). Kamu Diplomasisi ve AK Parti Dönemi Türk Dış Politikası. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi
  • Ekşi, M. (2018). The Rise and Fall of Turkish Soft Power and Public Diplomacy. Akademik Bakış, Cilt 11 Sayı 23: 15-45.
  • Fuller, G. E. (2008). The New Turkish Republic: Turkey as a Pivotal State in the Muslim World, Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press. pp 17.
  • Fuller, G. E. (2008). The New Turkish Republic: Turkey as a Pivotal State in the Muslim World, Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press., also, Heinz Kramer (2010) “AKP’s New Foreign Policy between Vision and Pragmatism, working paper, German Institute of International and security Affairs”, June: Berlin.
  • Gulf News Agency (2012). “Challenge of the Turkish soap operas,” GulfNews, April 1, 2012
  • Heper, M. and Sule T. (2003). “Islam, Modernity, and Democracy in Contemporary Turkey: The Case of Recep Tayyip Erdogan”. The Muslim World, April 2003, Vol 93.
  • Islam, M. N., Bingöl, Y., and Nyadera, I. N. (2021). Towards Islam through Political Parties, Ideology and Democracy: A Discourse Analysis on AK Party in Turkey, Ennahda Movement in Tunisia and Jamaat-e Islami in Bangladesh, Jadavpur Journal of International Relations, 25 (1).
  • Islam, M. N. and Hossain, M. (2020). “Islam, Governance and Political Culture in Bangladesh: in Ali Farazmand (Ed.) Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy and Governance, Springer Nature, Switzerland.
  • Islam, M. N. (2020). Turkey, Asia Anew and South Asia: A Comparative Assessment on Bilateral Relations and Soft ‎Power Policy with Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. TURAN-SAM Uluslararası Bilimsel Hakemli Dergisi; 47(3), 379-398.
  • Islam, M. N. (March 2020). Rethinking Turkey-Iraq Relations: The Dilemma of Partial Cooperation by Mehmet Akif Kumral, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Insight Turkey, 22(1):257-260.
  • Islam, M. N. and Cansu, E. E. (2020). “BRI, CPEC, and Pakistan: A Qualitative Content Analysis on China’s Grand Strategies”, International Journal on World Peace, Vol. Xxxvii No. 3: 43-71
  • Islam, N. (2020a). Bangladesh: Turkey’s key partner in Asia Anew initiative. Daily Sabah, 25 December 2020. Available at https://www.dailysabah.com/opinion/op-ed/bangladesh-turkeys-key-partner-in-asia-anew-initiative
  • Islam, N. (2020b). Türkiye’nin Yeniden Asya girişimi ve Bangladeş, Anadolu Ajansi, 16 October 2020. Available at: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz/turkiye-nin-yeniden-asya-girisimi-ve-banglades/2008381
  • Islam, M. N. (2020c). Bangladeş, Türkiye'nin Asya girişimindeki kilit ortağı olacak, Interview by Ihlas Haber Agency, 03 October 2020. Available at https://www.iha.com.tr/istanbul-haberleri/banglades-turkiyenin-asya-girisimindeki-kilit-ortagi-olacak-2712455/
  • Islam, M. N., Bingöl, Y. and Nyadera, I. N. (2020). “Political and Administrative Culture in Turkey’s AK Party, Tunisian An-Nahada, and Bangladesh Jamat-e Islam” in Ali Farazmand (Ed.) Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy and Governance, Springer Nature, Switzerland
  • Islam, M. N. (2019). Emerging Global Organizations and Groups: A Paradigms Shift for New World Order. ADAM AKADEMİ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (ADAM Academy Social Sciences Journal), 9(2), 471-490.
  • Islam, M. N. (2019). Güç, strateji ve potansiyeller: Çin ordusunun temel yetenekleri ve faktörleri üzerine bir inceleme (Power, strategy and potentials: a study on the factors and key capabilities of China’s military). Cappadocia Journal of Area Studies, 1, 100-110,
  • Islam, M. N. (2019). Küresel İlişkilerde Doğru Pozisyon Almak: Hindistan Güvenlik Stratejisinin Öncelikleri ve Zorlukları (Assuming Rightful Place in Global Affairs: Priorities and Challenges of India’s Security Strategy). M5 Journal, National Security, Defense and Strategy, 44, 335.
  • Islam, M. N. and Cansu, E. E. (2018). Humanity First: The Turkish Version of Soft Power. November 23, 2018, Daily Sabah. Available at https://www.dailysabah.com/op-ed/2018/11/23/humanity-first-the-turkish-version-of-soft-power
  • Islam, M. N. and Rahman, M. H. (2018). “The Humanitarian Question of Rohingya Muslim Refugee Crisis Beyond the Foreign Policy of Bangladesh and Myanmar: Forced Migration, Identity Linkage and Demographic Assessment of their Historical Exclusion and Statelessness”. In Haluk Selvi vd. (Eds.), Göç Mültecilik ve İnsanlik (Migration, Refugee and Humanity), Kocaeli Municipality Press, Kocaeli: Turkey.
  • Islam, M. N. (2016). Devlet Doğasının Değişimi: Güvenliğin Sınırları (Change in State Nature: Boundaries of Security). Istanbul: Turkish Asian Center for Strategic Studies (TASAM)
  • Jeferson, R.; Wendt, A. and Katzenstein, P. (1996). ‘Norms, Identity, and Culture in National Security’, Peter Katzenstein (ed.), The Culture of National Security, (New York: Colombia University Press)
  • Kalin, I. (2011). Soft Power and Public Diplomacy in Turkey. PERCEPTIONS, Autumn 2011, Volume XVI, Number 3, pp. 5-23. Center for Strategic Research, Turkey.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Turkey. Accessed: 02.01.2018. Retrieved from http://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-egypt.en.mfa
  • Nyadera, I. N.; & Islam, M. N. (2020). Transnational Operations, International Reactions, and Legitimacy: The Case of Turkey and Saudi Arabia. Contemporary Review of the Middle East, 7 (3), 1–22.
  • Nyadera, I. N.; Islam. M. N. (2020). Link Between Administration, Politics, and Bureaucracy. In: Farazmand A. (eds) Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance. Switzerland: Springer, Cham
  • Islam, M. N., Önder, M., & Nyadera, I. N. (2020). Islam, Politics, and Bangladesh: A Qualitative Content Analysis on the Democratic and Political Culture of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami (BJI). ADAM AKADEMİ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(2), 291-318.
  • Islam, M. N. (2017). TIKA’s Role in Bangladesh Sustainability and Development. Perspective English Magazine, August 2017. Available at: https://perspectivebd.com/archives/1656
  • Nye, J. S. (1990). “Soft Power,” Foreign Policy, No. 80, Twentieth Anniversary (Autumn, 1990), pp. 153-171 (19 pages), pp. 154.
  • Nye, J. S. (2004). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: PublicAffairs Press; New Ed edition (April 27, 2005) pp. 11.
  • Nye, J. S. (2006). "Think Again: Soft Power." Foreign Policy (March/April)
  • OECD Report (2017). Accessed: 02.01.2018Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/unitedstates/publicationsdocuments/reports/
  • Oguzlu, T. (2017). Soft power and US foreign policy. World Analysis News Service, Anadolu Agency (AA). Accessed: 01.01.2018. Retrieved from http://aa.com.tr/en/analysis-news/soft-power-and-us-foreign-policy/908366
  • Punch K. F. (1998). Introduction to social research- quantitative and qualitative approaches. Sage Publications, London, pp.-243. ISBN 07619 4417 6
  • Tan, N. (2010). “Turkish – U.S. Relations in a Changing World” speech at the United States CSIS, July 22, 2010 TIKA Report (2015). Turkish Development Assistance Report. Accessed: 01.01.2018. Retrieved from http://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/2017/YAYINLAR/TKYR%202015%20ENG/KALKINMA%20.pdf
  • Wendt, A. (1994). ‘Collective Identity Formation and the International State’, American Political Science Review, 88:2, 384-396
  • Wendt, A. (1999). Social Theory of International Politics, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
  • Yavuz, M. H. (2009)."Turkish Identity and Foreign Policy in Flux: The Rise of Neo-Ottomanism”, Critique 12 (1998), pp. 19-41; also see (Fisher Onar 2009, Taspinar 2008)
  • Youngs, P. (2001). District and State Policy Influences on Professional Development and School Capacity. Educational Policy, 15(2), 278–301. https://doi.org/10.1177/0895904801015002003
  • Zayed, M. (2013). “Turkish Drama in the Arab World: Social Impacts, Religious Reaction and Dramatic Void in the Arab World”. Research in Turkey: Center for Policy and Research in Turkey. Accessed: 08.12.2016. Retrieved from http://researchturkey.org/turkish-drama-in-the-arab-world-social-impacts-religious-reaction-and-dramatic-void-in-the-arab-world/
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Md Nazmul Islam 0000-0002-8660-0415

Yayımlanma Tarihi 2 Kasım 2021
Kabul Tarihi 29 Nisan 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 47

Kaynak Göster

APA Islam, M. N. (2021). TURKISH CHARM AND PUBLIC DIPLOMACY: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND CRITICAL ASSESSMENT ON TURKISH SOFT POWER IN THE MIDDLE EASTERN COUNTRIES. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(47), 175-187. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.781192
AMA Islam MN. TURKISH CHARM AND PUBLIC DIPLOMACY: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND CRITICAL ASSESSMENT ON TURKISH SOFT POWER IN THE MIDDLE EASTERN COUNTRIES. PAUSBED. Kasım 2021;(47):175-187. doi:10.30794/pausbed.781192
Chicago Islam, Md Nazmul. “TURKISH CHARM AND PUBLIC DIPLOMACY: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND CRITICAL ASSESSMENT ON TURKISH SOFT POWER IN THE MIDDLE EASTERN COUNTRIES”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, sy. 47 (Kasım 2021): 175-87. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.781192.
EndNote Islam MN (01 Kasım 2021) TURKISH CHARM AND PUBLIC DIPLOMACY: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND CRITICAL ASSESSMENT ON TURKISH SOFT POWER IN THE MIDDLE EASTERN COUNTRIES. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 47 175–187.
IEEE M. N. Islam, “TURKISH CHARM AND PUBLIC DIPLOMACY: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND CRITICAL ASSESSMENT ON TURKISH SOFT POWER IN THE MIDDLE EASTERN COUNTRIES”, PAUSBED, sy. 47, ss. 175–187, Kasım 2021, doi: 10.30794/pausbed.781192.
ISNAD Islam, Md Nazmul. “TURKISH CHARM AND PUBLIC DIPLOMACY: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND CRITICAL ASSESSMENT ON TURKISH SOFT POWER IN THE MIDDLE EASTERN COUNTRIES”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 47 (Kasım 2021), 175-187. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.781192.
JAMA Islam MN. TURKISH CHARM AND PUBLIC DIPLOMACY: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND CRITICAL ASSESSMENT ON TURKISH SOFT POWER IN THE MIDDLE EASTERN COUNTRIES. PAUSBED. 2021;:175–187.
MLA Islam, Md Nazmul. “TURKISH CHARM AND PUBLIC DIPLOMACY: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND CRITICAL ASSESSMENT ON TURKISH SOFT POWER IN THE MIDDLE EASTERN COUNTRIES”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, sy. 47, 2021, ss. 175-87, doi:10.30794/pausbed.781192.
Vancouver Islam MN. TURKISH CHARM AND PUBLIC DIPLOMACY: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND CRITICAL ASSESSMENT ON TURKISH SOFT POWER IN THE MIDDLE EASTERN COUNTRIES. PAUSBED. 2021(47):175-87.