SOSYAL AĞ SİTELERİNİN SÜREKLİLİĞİ: TÜRKİYE’DEKİ INSTAGRAM KULLANICILARI ÜZERİNDE AMPİRİK BİR İNCELEME
Yıl 2022,
Sayı: 49, 245 - 260, 02.03.2022
Kadir Kurt
,
Nihal Sütütemiz
Öz
Bireylerin sosyal medya platformlarını kullanmaya devam etmeleri, hem platformların uzun dönemli başarısı açısından hem de bu platformlara yatırım yapan firmalar açısından kritik önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada çeşitli sosyo-psikolojik teoriler bir araya getirilerek Türk Instagram kullanıcılarının platformu kullanmaya devam etme niyetlerine etki eden faktörlerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın araştırma modeli, Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi (YEM) tekniği kullanılarak test edilmiştir. Araştırmanın verileri 335 katılımcıdan online anket aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Ampirik bulgular, algılanan eğlencenin memnuniyet üzerinde, memnuniyetin de devam etme niyeti üzerinde güçlü ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki olduğunu göstermiştir.
Kaynakça
- Al-Kandari, A., Melkote, S. R., & Sharif, A. (2016). Needs and Motives of Instagram Users that Predict Self-disclosure Use: A Case Study of Young Adults in Kuwait. Journal of Creative Communications, 11(2), 85–101.
- Bae, M. (2018). Understanding the effect of the discrepancy between sought and obtained gratification on social networking site users’ satisfaction and continuance intention. Computers in Human Behavior, 79, 137–153.
- Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74–94.
- Baruh, L. (2010). Mediated voyeurism and the guilty pleasure of consuming reality television. Media Psychology, 13(3), 201–221.
- Bhattacherjee, A. (2001). Understanding Information Systems Continuance: An Expectation-Confirmation Model. MIS Quarterly, 25(3), 351–370.
- Boyd, D. (2011). Dear voyeur, meet Flâneur… Sincerely, social media. Surveillance and Society, 8(4), 505–507.
- Chaouali, W. (2016). Once a user, always a user: Enablers and inhibitors of continuance intention of mobile social networking sites. Telematics and Informatics, 33(4), 1022–1033.
- Chen, R., Sharma, S. K., & Raghav Rao, H. (2016). Members’ site use continuance on Facebook: Examining the role of relational capital. Decision Support Systems, 90, 86–98.
- Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P., & Warshaw, P. R. (1989). User Acceptance of Computer Technology: A Comparison of Two Theoretical Models. Management Science, 35(8), 982–1003.
- Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P., & Warshaw, P. R. (1992). Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation to Use Computers in the Workplace. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22(14), 1111–1132.
- Digital in 2018. (2019). World’s Internet Users Pass the 4 Billion Mark. Retrieved from https://wearesocial.com/blog/2018/01/global-digital-report-2018
- Digital in 2019. (2019). Global Internet Use Accelerates. Retrieved from https://wearesocial.com/blog/2019/01/digital-2019-global-internet-use-accelerates
- Doll, W. J., Xia, W., & Torkzadeh, G. (1994). A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the End-User Computing Satisfaction Instrument. MIS Quarterly, 18(4), 453–461.
- Dong, T. P., Cheng, N. C., & Wu, Y. C. J. (2014). A study of the social networking website service in digital content industries: The Facebook case in Taiwan. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 708–714.
- Erz, A., Marder, B., & Osadchaya, E. (2018). Hashtags: Motivational drivers, their use, and differences between influencers and followers. Computers in Human Behavior, 89(May), 48–60.
Fisher, M., Boland, R., & Lyytinen, K. (2016). Social networking as the production and consumption of a self. Information and Organization, 26(4), 131–145.
- Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39.
- Gan, C., & Li, H. (2018). Understanding the effects of gratifications on the continuance intention to use WeChat in China: A perspective on uses and gratifications. Computers in Human Behavior, 78, 306–315.
- Gao, L., & Bai, X. (2014). An empirical study on continuance intention of mobile social networking services. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 26(2).
- Gürbüz, S., & Şahin, F. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri (Research methods in social sciences). Seçkin Publishing.
- Gwebu, K. L., Wang, J., & Guo, L. (2014). Continued usage intention of multifunctional friend networking services: A test of a dual-process model using Facebook. Decision Support Systems, 67, 66–77.
- Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate Data Analysis. In Exploratory Data Analysis in Business and Economics.
- Han, B. (2014). Born Fast, Die Young? A Study of the User’s Social Network Site Continuance. International Journal of Virtual Communities and Social Networking, 6(4), 29–41.
- Heijden, H. van der. (2004). User Acceptance of Hedonic Information Systems. MIS Quarterly, 28(4), 695–704.
- Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. McGraw-Hill.
- Hofstede Insights. (2020). Country Comparison. Retrieved from https://www.hofstede-insights.com/product/compare-countries/
- Hsiao, C. H., Chang, J. J., & Tang, K. Y. (2016). Exploring the influential factors in continuance usage of mobile social Apps: Satisfaction, habit, and customer value perspectives. Telematics and Informatics, 33(2), 342–355.
- Hsu, C.-L., & Wu, C.-C. (2011). Understanding Users’ Continuance of Facebook: An Integrated Model with the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, Expectation Disconfirmation Model, and Flow Theory. International Journal of Virtual Communities and Social Networking, 3(2), 1–16.
- Hsu, M. H., Tien, S. W., Lin, H. C., & Chang, C. M. (2015). Understanding the roles of cultural differences and socio-economic status in social media continuance intention. Information Technology and People, 28(1), 224–241.
- Hwang, H. S., & Cho, J. (2018). Why Instagram? Intention to Continue Using Instagram Among Korean College Students. Social Behavior and Personality, 46(8), 1305–1315.
- Katz, E., & Foulkes, D. (1962). Use of the Mass Media as " Escape ". The Public Opinion Quarterly, 26(3), 377–388.
- Katz, E., Haas, H., & Gurevitch, M. (1973). On the Use of the Mass Media for Important Things. American Sociological Review, 38(2), 164.
- Kefi, H., Mlaiki, A., & Kalika, M. (2015). Social Networking Continuance: When Habit leads to information overload. ECIS 2015 Proceedings, September, 1–13.
- Kim, B. (2011). Understanding Antecedents of Continuance Intention in Social-Networking Services. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(4), 199–205.
- Kim, H. J. (2016). Intention to Continue Using a Social Network Site: Effects of Personality Traits and Site Quality. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 44(9), 1419–1427.
- Krasnova, H., Veltri, N. F., Eling, N., & Buxmann, P. (2017). Why men and women continue to use social networking sites: The role of gender differences. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 26(4), 261–284.
- Lee, C. S., & Sin, S. J. (2016). Why Do People View Photographs on Instagram? 10075, 339–350.
- Lee, I. (2018). Social media analytics for enterprises: Typology, methods, and processes. Business Horizons, 61(2), 199–210.
- Lee, S., & Kim, B. G. (2017). The impact of qualities of social network service on the continuance usage intention. Management Decision, 55(4), 701–729.
- Li, H., Li, L., Gan, C., Liu, Y., Tan, C. W., & Deng, Z. (2018). Disentangling the factors driving users’ continuance intention towards social media: A configurational perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 85, 175–182.
- Lin, H., Fan, W., & Chau, P. Y. K. (2014). Determinants of users’ continuance of social networking sites: A self-regulation perspective. Information and Management, 51(5), 595–603.
- Lin, K. Y., & Lu, H. P. (2011). Why people use social networking sites: An empirical study integrating network externalities and motivation theory. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(3), 1152–1161.
- Lin, X., Featherman, M., & Sarker, S. (2017). Understanding factors affecting users’ social networking site continuance: A gender difference perspective. Information and Management, 54(3), 383–395.
- Mäntymäki, M., & Islam, A. K. M. N. (2014). Voyeurism and exhibitionism as gratifications from prosuming social networking sites. Twenty Second European Conference on Information Systems, 1–16.
- Mäntymäki, M., & Islam, A. K. M. N. (2016). The Janus face of Facebook: Positive and negative sides of social networking site use. Computers in Human Behavior, 61, 14–26.
- McKnight, D. H., Lankton, N., & Tripp, J. (2011). Social networking information disclosure and continuance intention: A disconnect. Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1–10.
- Mishra, P., & Datta, B. (2011). Perpetual Asset Management of Customer-Based Brand Equity-The PAM Evaluator. Current Research Journal of Social Sciences, 3(1), 34–43.
- Mouakket, S. (2015). Factors influencing continuance intention to use social network sites: The Facebook case. Computers in Human Behavior, 53, 102–110.
- Mouakket, S. (2018). The role of personality traits in motivating users’ continuance intention towards Facebook: Gender differences. Journal of High Technology Management Research, 29(1), 124–140.
- Nunan, D., Sibai, O., Schivinski, B., & Christodoulides, G. (2018). Reflections on “social media: Influencing customer satisfaction in B2B sales” and a research agenda. Industrial Marketing Management, 75(March), 31–36.
- Oliver, R. L. (1980). A Cognitive Model of the Antecedents and Consequences of Satisfaction Decisions. Journal of Marketing Research, 17(4), 460–469.
- Peter, A. R., & Sherman, P. (2006). Hedonic information systems: Acceptance of social networking websites. Association for Information Systems - 12th Americas Conference On Information Systems, AMCIS 2006, 2, 1208–1213.
- Praveena, K., & Thomas, S. (2014). Continuance Intention to Use Facebook: A Study of Perceived Enjoyment and TAM. Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, 4(1), 24–29.
- Ramírez-Correa, P., Grandón, E. E., Ramírez-Santana, M., & Belmar Órdenes, L. (2019). Explaining the Use of Social Network Sites as Seen by Older Adults: The Enjoyment Component of a Hedonic Information System. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(10), 1673.
- Seol, S., Lee, H., Yu, J., & Zo, H. (2016). Continuance usage of corporate SNS pages: A communicative ecology perspective. Information and Management, 53(6), 740–751.
- Sheldon, P., Rauschnabel, P. A., Antony, M. G., & Car, S. (2017). A cross-cultural comparison of Croatian and American social network sites: Exploring cultural differences in motives for Instagram use. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 643–651.
- Sun, Y., Liu, L., Peng, X., Dong, Y., & Barnes, S. J. (2014). Understanding Chinese users’ continuance intention toward online social networks: An integrative theoretical model. Electronic Markets, 24(1), 57–66.
- Sütütemiz, N. (2005). Antecedents of customer loyalty and comparison of customer loyalty models: A study in banking and health care sectors. Sakarya University.
- Szolnoki, G., Dolan, R., Forbes, S., Thach, L., & Goodman, S. (2018). Using social media for consumer interaction: An international comparison of winery adoption and activity. Wine Economics and Policy, 7(2), 109–119.
- TURKSAT. (2020). The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2019. Retrieved from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=The-Results-of-Address-Based-Population-Registration-System-2019-33705
- Venkatesh, V., & Davis, F. D. (2000). A Theoretical Extension of the Technology Acceptance Model: Four Longitudinal Field Studies. Management Science, 46(2), 186–204.
- Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., & Davis, F. D. (2003). User Acceptence of Information Technology: Toward a Unified View. MIS Quarterly, 27(3), 425–478.
- Verhagen, T., Fransfeld, F., & Hooff, B. van den. (2009). Understanding Virtual World Usage: a Multipurpose Model and Empirical Testing. 17th European Conference on Information Systems, 1–16.
- Vorderer, P., Klimmt, C., & Ritterfeld, U. (2004). Enjoyment : At the Heart of Media. International Communication Association, 388–408.
- Weinberg, B. D., & Pehlivan, E. (2011). Social spending: Managing the social media mix. Business Horizons, 54(3), 275–282.
- Wenninger, H., Cheung, C. M., & Krasnova, H. (2019). College-aged users behavioral strategies to reduce envy on social networking sites: A cross-cultural investigation. Computers in Human Behavior, 97(February), 10–23.
SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES CONTINUANCE: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF INSTAGRAM USERS IN TURKEY
Yıl 2022,
Sayı: 49, 245 - 260, 02.03.2022
Kadir Kurt
,
Nihal Sütütemiz
Öz
The continuation of individuals to use social network sites is critical both for the long-term success of social network sites and for companies that invest in these platforms. In this study, it was aimed to determine the factors that influence the intentions of Turkish Instagram users to continue using the platform by incorporating a variety of socio-psychological theoretical models and theories. The empirical model of the study was tested by using the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) technique. Data for this research were collected from 335 participants via the online survey. The empirical results revealed that perceived enjoyment had a strong and statistically significant effect on satisfaction, and satisfaction had a strong and statistically significant effect on continuance intention.
Kaynakça
- Al-Kandari, A., Melkote, S. R., & Sharif, A. (2016). Needs and Motives of Instagram Users that Predict Self-disclosure Use: A Case Study of Young Adults in Kuwait. Journal of Creative Communications, 11(2), 85–101.
- Bae, M. (2018). Understanding the effect of the discrepancy between sought and obtained gratification on social networking site users’ satisfaction and continuance intention. Computers in Human Behavior, 79, 137–153.
- Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74–94.
- Baruh, L. (2010). Mediated voyeurism and the guilty pleasure of consuming reality television. Media Psychology, 13(3), 201–221.
- Bhattacherjee, A. (2001). Understanding Information Systems Continuance: An Expectation-Confirmation Model. MIS Quarterly, 25(3), 351–370.
- Boyd, D. (2011). Dear voyeur, meet Flâneur… Sincerely, social media. Surveillance and Society, 8(4), 505–507.
- Chaouali, W. (2016). Once a user, always a user: Enablers and inhibitors of continuance intention of mobile social networking sites. Telematics and Informatics, 33(4), 1022–1033.
- Chen, R., Sharma, S. K., & Raghav Rao, H. (2016). Members’ site use continuance on Facebook: Examining the role of relational capital. Decision Support Systems, 90, 86–98.
- Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P., & Warshaw, P. R. (1989). User Acceptance of Computer Technology: A Comparison of Two Theoretical Models. Management Science, 35(8), 982–1003.
- Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P., & Warshaw, P. R. (1992). Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation to Use Computers in the Workplace. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22(14), 1111–1132.
- Digital in 2018. (2019). World’s Internet Users Pass the 4 Billion Mark. Retrieved from https://wearesocial.com/blog/2018/01/global-digital-report-2018
- Digital in 2019. (2019). Global Internet Use Accelerates. Retrieved from https://wearesocial.com/blog/2019/01/digital-2019-global-internet-use-accelerates
- Doll, W. J., Xia, W., & Torkzadeh, G. (1994). A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the End-User Computing Satisfaction Instrument. MIS Quarterly, 18(4), 453–461.
- Dong, T. P., Cheng, N. C., & Wu, Y. C. J. (2014). A study of the social networking website service in digital content industries: The Facebook case in Taiwan. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 708–714.
- Erz, A., Marder, B., & Osadchaya, E. (2018). Hashtags: Motivational drivers, their use, and differences between influencers and followers. Computers in Human Behavior, 89(May), 48–60.
Fisher, M., Boland, R., & Lyytinen, K. (2016). Social networking as the production and consumption of a self. Information and Organization, 26(4), 131–145.
- Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39.
- Gan, C., & Li, H. (2018). Understanding the effects of gratifications on the continuance intention to use WeChat in China: A perspective on uses and gratifications. Computers in Human Behavior, 78, 306–315.
- Gao, L., & Bai, X. (2014). An empirical study on continuance intention of mobile social networking services. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 26(2).
- Gürbüz, S., & Şahin, F. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri (Research methods in social sciences). Seçkin Publishing.
- Gwebu, K. L., Wang, J., & Guo, L. (2014). Continued usage intention of multifunctional friend networking services: A test of a dual-process model using Facebook. Decision Support Systems, 67, 66–77.
- Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate Data Analysis. In Exploratory Data Analysis in Business and Economics.
- Han, B. (2014). Born Fast, Die Young? A Study of the User’s Social Network Site Continuance. International Journal of Virtual Communities and Social Networking, 6(4), 29–41.
- Heijden, H. van der. (2004). User Acceptance of Hedonic Information Systems. MIS Quarterly, 28(4), 695–704.
- Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. McGraw-Hill.
- Hofstede Insights. (2020). Country Comparison. Retrieved from https://www.hofstede-insights.com/product/compare-countries/
- Hsiao, C. H., Chang, J. J., & Tang, K. Y. (2016). Exploring the influential factors in continuance usage of mobile social Apps: Satisfaction, habit, and customer value perspectives. Telematics and Informatics, 33(2), 342–355.
- Hsu, C.-L., & Wu, C.-C. (2011). Understanding Users’ Continuance of Facebook: An Integrated Model with the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, Expectation Disconfirmation Model, and Flow Theory. International Journal of Virtual Communities and Social Networking, 3(2), 1–16.
- Hsu, M. H., Tien, S. W., Lin, H. C., & Chang, C. M. (2015). Understanding the roles of cultural differences and socio-economic status in social media continuance intention. Information Technology and People, 28(1), 224–241.
- Hwang, H. S., & Cho, J. (2018). Why Instagram? Intention to Continue Using Instagram Among Korean College Students. Social Behavior and Personality, 46(8), 1305–1315.
- Katz, E., & Foulkes, D. (1962). Use of the Mass Media as " Escape ". The Public Opinion Quarterly, 26(3), 377–388.
- Katz, E., Haas, H., & Gurevitch, M. (1973). On the Use of the Mass Media for Important Things. American Sociological Review, 38(2), 164.
- Kefi, H., Mlaiki, A., & Kalika, M. (2015). Social Networking Continuance: When Habit leads to information overload. ECIS 2015 Proceedings, September, 1–13.
- Kim, B. (2011). Understanding Antecedents of Continuance Intention in Social-Networking Services. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(4), 199–205.
- Kim, H. J. (2016). Intention to Continue Using a Social Network Site: Effects of Personality Traits and Site Quality. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 44(9), 1419–1427.
- Krasnova, H., Veltri, N. F., Eling, N., & Buxmann, P. (2017). Why men and women continue to use social networking sites: The role of gender differences. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 26(4), 261–284.
- Lee, C. S., & Sin, S. J. (2016). Why Do People View Photographs on Instagram? 10075, 339–350.
- Lee, I. (2018). Social media analytics for enterprises: Typology, methods, and processes. Business Horizons, 61(2), 199–210.
- Lee, S., & Kim, B. G. (2017). The impact of qualities of social network service on the continuance usage intention. Management Decision, 55(4), 701–729.
- Li, H., Li, L., Gan, C., Liu, Y., Tan, C. W., & Deng, Z. (2018). Disentangling the factors driving users’ continuance intention towards social media: A configurational perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 85, 175–182.
- Lin, H., Fan, W., & Chau, P. Y. K. (2014). Determinants of users’ continuance of social networking sites: A self-regulation perspective. Information and Management, 51(5), 595–603.
- Lin, K. Y., & Lu, H. P. (2011). Why people use social networking sites: An empirical study integrating network externalities and motivation theory. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(3), 1152–1161.
- Lin, X., Featherman, M., & Sarker, S. (2017). Understanding factors affecting users’ social networking site continuance: A gender difference perspective. Information and Management, 54(3), 383–395.
- Mäntymäki, M., & Islam, A. K. M. N. (2014). Voyeurism and exhibitionism as gratifications from prosuming social networking sites. Twenty Second European Conference on Information Systems, 1–16.
- Mäntymäki, M., & Islam, A. K. M. N. (2016). The Janus face of Facebook: Positive and negative sides of social networking site use. Computers in Human Behavior, 61, 14–26.
- McKnight, D. H., Lankton, N., & Tripp, J. (2011). Social networking information disclosure and continuance intention: A disconnect. Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1–10.
- Mishra, P., & Datta, B. (2011). Perpetual Asset Management of Customer-Based Brand Equity-The PAM Evaluator. Current Research Journal of Social Sciences, 3(1), 34–43.
- Mouakket, S. (2015). Factors influencing continuance intention to use social network sites: The Facebook case. Computers in Human Behavior, 53, 102–110.
- Mouakket, S. (2018). The role of personality traits in motivating users’ continuance intention towards Facebook: Gender differences. Journal of High Technology Management Research, 29(1), 124–140.
- Nunan, D., Sibai, O., Schivinski, B., & Christodoulides, G. (2018). Reflections on “social media: Influencing customer satisfaction in B2B sales” and a research agenda. Industrial Marketing Management, 75(March), 31–36.
- Oliver, R. L. (1980). A Cognitive Model of the Antecedents and Consequences of Satisfaction Decisions. Journal of Marketing Research, 17(4), 460–469.
- Peter, A. R., & Sherman, P. (2006). Hedonic information systems: Acceptance of social networking websites. Association for Information Systems - 12th Americas Conference On Information Systems, AMCIS 2006, 2, 1208–1213.
- Praveena, K., & Thomas, S. (2014). Continuance Intention to Use Facebook: A Study of Perceived Enjoyment and TAM. Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, 4(1), 24–29.
- Ramírez-Correa, P., Grandón, E. E., Ramírez-Santana, M., & Belmar Órdenes, L. (2019). Explaining the Use of Social Network Sites as Seen by Older Adults: The Enjoyment Component of a Hedonic Information System. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(10), 1673.
- Seol, S., Lee, H., Yu, J., & Zo, H. (2016). Continuance usage of corporate SNS pages: A communicative ecology perspective. Information and Management, 53(6), 740–751.
- Sheldon, P., Rauschnabel, P. A., Antony, M. G., & Car, S. (2017). A cross-cultural comparison of Croatian and American social network sites: Exploring cultural differences in motives for Instagram use. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 643–651.
- Sun, Y., Liu, L., Peng, X., Dong, Y., & Barnes, S. J. (2014). Understanding Chinese users’ continuance intention toward online social networks: An integrative theoretical model. Electronic Markets, 24(1), 57–66.
- Sütütemiz, N. (2005). Antecedents of customer loyalty and comparison of customer loyalty models: A study in banking and health care sectors. Sakarya University.
- Szolnoki, G., Dolan, R., Forbes, S., Thach, L., & Goodman, S. (2018). Using social media for consumer interaction: An international comparison of winery adoption and activity. Wine Economics and Policy, 7(2), 109–119.
- TURKSAT. (2020). The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2019. Retrieved from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=The-Results-of-Address-Based-Population-Registration-System-2019-33705
- Venkatesh, V., & Davis, F. D. (2000). A Theoretical Extension of the Technology Acceptance Model: Four Longitudinal Field Studies. Management Science, 46(2), 186–204.
- Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., & Davis, F. D. (2003). User Acceptence of Information Technology: Toward a Unified View. MIS Quarterly, 27(3), 425–478.
- Verhagen, T., Fransfeld, F., & Hooff, B. van den. (2009). Understanding Virtual World Usage: a Multipurpose Model and Empirical Testing. 17th European Conference on Information Systems, 1–16.
- Vorderer, P., Klimmt, C., & Ritterfeld, U. (2004). Enjoyment : At the Heart of Media. International Communication Association, 388–408.
- Weinberg, B. D., & Pehlivan, E. (2011). Social spending: Managing the social media mix. Business Horizons, 54(3), 275–282.
- Wenninger, H., Cheung, C. M., & Krasnova, H. (2019). College-aged users behavioral strategies to reduce envy on social networking sites: A cross-cultural investigation. Computers in Human Behavior, 97(February), 10–23.