Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

İŞ GÜCÜ SAĞLIĞI VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME: YARIM YÜZYILDAN DAHA FAZLA BİR SÜREDE DİNAMİKLERİN KEŞFİ

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 56, 139 - 163, 22.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1135625

Öz

Bu çalışma, iş gücü sağlığının çıktı artışı ve yakınsama süreci üzerindeki rolünün 38 OECD üyesi ve 58 düşük gelirli ülkede 65 yıllık bir dönem için araştırılmasına katkıda bulunmaktadır. Sistem GMM tahminlerine dayanan ampirik bulgular, (i) 15 ila 20 yaş arasındaki genç iş gücünün yaşam beklentisindeki yıllık kazanımların ekonomik büyüme üzerinde anlamlı etkileri olduğunu, (ii) 20 yaşından sonra yakınsama oranının artan yaş ile birlikte gittikçe azaldığını, (iii) yetişkin ölümlerindeki artışların çıktı büyümesini, üretken yaşlardaki beşeri sermaye kaybı ve fiziksel sermayeye yatırım yapma teşviklerindeki düşüşler yoluyla, olumsuz etkilediğini ve (iv) tasarruf oranının büyümeyi arttırıcı etkilerinin OECD ülkelerinde artan yaş ile birlikte önemli ölçüde arttığını, ancak düşük gelirli ülkelerde ise bunun gerçekleşmediğini göstermektedir. Çalışmanın bulguları ayrıca, politikanın iş gücü sağlığını, nihayetinde verimliliği ve uzun vadeli ekonomik büyümeyi teşvik etmede oynayabileceği kritik role ilişkin değerli bilgiler sağlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Acemoglu, D. and Johnson, S. (2007). “Disease and Development: The Effect of Life Expectancy on Economic Growth”, Journal of Political Economy, 115/6, 925-985. https://doi.org/10.1086/529000
  • Ahn, S. C. and Schmidt, P. (1995). “Efficient Estimation of Models for Dynamic Panel Data”, Journal of Econometrics, 68/1, 5-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01641-C
  • Ahn, S. C. and Schmidt, P. (1997). “Efficient Estimation of Dynamic Panel Data Models: Alternative Assumptions and Simplified Estimation”, Journal of Econometrics, 76/1-2, 309-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(95)01793-3
  • Ainsworth, M. and Over, M. (1994). “AIDS and African Development”, The World Bank Research Observer, 9/2, 203-240. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/9.2.203
  • Anderson, T. W. and Hsiao, C. (1981). “Estimation of Dynamic Models with Error Components”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 76/375, 598-606. 10.1080/01621459.1981.10477691
  • Anderson, T. W. and Hsiao, C. (1982). “Formulation and Estimation of Dynamic Models Using Panel Data”, Journal of Econometrics, 18/1, 47-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(82)90095-1
  • Arellano, M. and Bover, O. (1995). “Another Look at the Instrumental Variable Estimation of Error-Components Models”, Journal of Econometrics, 68/1, 29-51. 10.1016/0304-4076(94)01642-D
  • Arellano, M. and S. Bond. (1991). “Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations”, The Review of Economic Studies, 58/2, 277-297. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297968
  • Arora, S. (2001). “Health, Human Productivity, and Long-Term Economic Growth”, The Journal of Economic History, 61/3, 699-749. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2698133
  • Arrow, K. J. (1962). “The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing”, The Review of Economic Studies, 29/3, 155-173. https://doi.org/10.2307/2295952
  • Baltagi, B. H. and Kao, C. (2001). "Nonstationary Panels, Cointegration in Panels and Dynamic Panels: A Survey", Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration, and Dynamic Panels (Advances in Econometrics, 15) (Eds. B. H. Baltagi, T. B. Fomby, and R. Carter Hill), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-9053(00)15002-9
  • Baltagi, B. H., Feng, Q., and Kao, C. (2012). “A Lagrange Multiplier Test for Cross-Sectional Dependence in a Fixed Effects Panel Data Model”, Journal of Econometrics, 170/1, 164-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2012.04.004
  • Bane, J. (2018). “Human Capital and Economic Growth in Developing Countries: Evidences from Low- and Middle-Income African Countries”, Determinants of Economic Growth in Africa (Ed. A. Heshmati), Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76493-1_8
  • Barro, R. J. (1991). “Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106/2, 407-443. https://doi.org/10.2307/2937943
  • Barro, R. J. (1996). “Determinants of Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Empirical Study”, NBER Working Paper Series No. 5698. https://doi.org/10.3386/w5698
  • Barro, R. J. and Lee, J. W. (1993). “Losers and Winners in Economic Growth”, The World Bank Economic Review, 7/supplement 1, 267-298. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/7.suppl_1.267
  • Barro, R. J. and Lee, J. W. (1994). “Sources of Economic Growth”, Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, 40, North-Holland, 1-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2231(94)90002-7
  • Barro, R. J. and Sala-i-Martin, X. (1990). “Economic Growth and Convergence across the United States”, NBER Working Paper Series No 3419. https://doi.org/10.3386/w3419
  • Barro, R. J. and Sala-i-Martin, X. (1991). “Convergence across States and Regions”, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 22/1, 107-182. https://doi.org/10.2307/2534639
  • Barro, R. J. and Sala-i-Martin, X. (1992). “Convergence”, Journal of Political Economy, 100/2, 223-251. https://doi.org/10.1086/261816
  • Barro, R. J. and Sala-i-Martin, X. (2004). Economic Growth, 2nd Edition, MIT Press, Cambridge. Baumol, W. J. and Wolff, E. N. (1988). “Productivity Growth, Convergence, and Welfare: Reply”, American Economic Review, 78/5, 1155-1159.
  • Becker, G. S. (1962). “Investment in Human Capital: A Theoretical Analysis”, Journal of Political Economy (Part 2: Investment in Human Beings), 70/5, 9-49. https://doi.org/10.1086/258724
  • Becker, G. S. (2007). “Health As Human Capital: Synthesis and Extensions”, Oxford Economic Papers, 59/3, 379-410. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpm020
  • Behrman, J. R. (1996). “The Impact of Health and Nutrition on Education”, The World Bank Research Observer, 11/1, 23-37. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/11.1.23
  • Benhabib, J. and Spiegel, M. M. (1994). “The Role of Human Capital in Economic Development Evidence from Aggregate Cross-Country Data”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 34/2, 143-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(94)90047-7
  • Bhargava, A., Jamison, D. T., Lau, L. J., and Murray, C. J. L. (2001). “Modeling the Effects of Health on Economic Growth”, Journal of Health Economics, 20/3, 423-440. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6296(01)00073-X
  • Bleakley, H. (2010). “Health, Human Capital, and Development”, Annual Review of Economics, 2, 283-310. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.economics.102308.124436
  • Bloom, D. E. and Canning, D. (2000). “The Health and Wealth of Nations”, Science, 287/5456, 1207-1209. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5456.1207
  • Bloom, D. E. and Williamson, J. G. (1998). “Demographic Transitions and Economic Miracles in Emerging Asia”, The World Bank Economic Review, 12/3, 419-455. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/12.3.419
  • Bloom, D. E., Canning, D. and Malaney, P. N. (1999). “Demographic Change and Economic Growth in Asia”, CID Working Paper Series 1999.15, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
  • Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., and Fink, G. (2014). “Disease and Development Revisited”, Journal of Political Economy, 122/6, 1355-1366. https://doi.org/10.1086/677189
  • Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., and Graham, B. (2003). “Longevity and Life-Cycle Savings”, Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 105/3, 319-338. https://doi.org/10.3386/w8808
  • Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., and Sevilla, J. (2004). “The Effect of Health on Economic Growth: A Production Function Approach”, World Development, 32/1, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.07.002
  • Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., Kotschy, R., Prettner, K., and Schünemann, J. J. (2019). “Health and Economic Growth: Reconciling the Micro and Macro Evidence”, NBER Working Paper Series No. w26003. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26003
  • Bloom, D. E., Sachs, J. D., Collier, P., and Udry, C. (1998). “Geography, Demography, and Economic Growth in Africa”, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1998/2, 207-295. https://doi.org/10.2307/2534695
  • Blundell, R. and S. Bond. (1998). “Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models”, Journal of Econometrics, 87/1, 115-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(98)00009-8
  • Blundell, R. and S. Bond. (2000). “GMM Estimation with Persistent Panel Data: An Application to Production Functions”, Econometric Reviews, 19/3, 321-340. https://doi.org/10.1080/07474930008800475
  • Blundell, R., S. Bond, and F. Windmeijer. (2001). “Estimation in Dynamic Panel Data Models: Improving on the Performance of the Standard GMM Estimator”, Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration, and Dynamic Panels (Advances in Econometrics, 15) (Eds. B. H. Baltagi, T. B. Fomby, and R. Carter Hill), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-9053(00)15003-0
  • Bond, S. R. (2002). “Dynamic Panel Data Models: A Guide to Micro Data Methods and Practice”, Portuguese Economic Journal, 1/2, 141-162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10258-002-0009-9
  • Bond, S. R. and Windmeijer, F. (2002). “Finite Sample Inference for GMM Estimators in Linear Panel Data Models”, CeMMAP Working Paper No. CWP04/02. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.311061
  • Bond, S. R., Hoeffler, A., and Temple, J. R. (2001). “GMM Estimation of Empirical Growth Models”, CEPR Discussion Paper No. 3048.
  • Breusch, T. S., and Pagan, A. R. (1980). “The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics”, The Review of Economic Studies, 47/1, 239-253. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297111
  • Bucci, A., Carbonari, L., and Trovato, G. (2019). “Health and Income: Theory and Evidence for OECD Countries”, Human Capital and Economic Growth, (Eds. A. Bucci, K. Prettner, and A. Prskawetz), Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21599-6_6
  • Bucci, A., Carbonari, L., Ranalli, M., and Trovato, G. (2021). “Health and Economic Development: Evidence from Non-OECD Countries”, Applied Economics, 53/55, 6348-6375. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2021.1939856 Caselli, F. (2005). “Accounting for Cross-Country Income Differences”, Handbook of Economic Growth (Vol. 1A), (Eds. P. Aghion and S. Durlauf), Elsevier, North Holland. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01009-9
  • Caselli, F., Esquivel, G., and Lefort, F. (1996). “Reopening the Convergence Debate: A New Look at Cross-Country Growth Empirics”, Journal of Economic Growth, 1/3, 363-389. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00141044
  • Cervellati, M. and Sunde, U. (2011). “Life Expectancy and Economic Growth: The Role of The Demographic Transition”, Journal of Economic Growth, 16/2, 99-133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-011-9065-2
  • Chakraborty, S. (2004). “Endogenous Lifetime and Economic Growth”, Journal of Economic Theory, 116/1, 119-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jet.2003.07.005
  • De Long, J. B. (1988). “Productivity Growth, Convergence, and Welfare: Comment”, American Economic Review, 78/5, 1138-1154.
  • Ding, S. and Knight, J. (2009). “Can the Augmented Solow Model Explain China’s Remarkable Economic Growth? A Cross-Country Panel Data Analysis”, Journal of Comparative Economics, 37/3, 432-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2009.04.006
  • Ding, S. and Knight, J. (2011). “Why Has China Grown So Fast? The Role of Physical and Human Capital Formation”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 73/2, 141-174. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2010.00625.x
  • Durlauf, S. N., Johnson, P. A., and Temple, J. R. W. (2005). “Growth Econometrics”, Handbook of Economic Growth (Vol. 1A), (Eds. P. Aghion and S. Durlauf), Elsevier, North Holland. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01008-7
  • Eberhardt, M. and Teal, F. (2011). “Econometrics for Grumblers: A New Look at the Literature on Cross‐Country Growth Empirics”, Journal of Economic Surveys, 25/1, 109-155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6419.2010.00624.x
  • Erdil, E. and Yetkiner, I. H. (2009). “The Granger-Causality Between Health Care Expenditure and Output: A Panel Data Approach”, Applied Economics, 41/4, 511-518. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840601019083
  • Evans, P. and Karras, G. (1996). “Convergence Revisited”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 37/2, 249-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3932(96)90036-7
  • Feenstra, R. C., Inklaar, R., and Timmer, M. P. (2015). “The Next Generation of the Penn World Table”, American Economic Review, 105/10, 3150-3182. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20130954
  • Gallup, J. L. and Sachs, J. D. (2000). “The Economic Burden of Malaria”, CID Working Paper Series 2000.52, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
  • Gallup, J. L., Sachs, J. D., and Mellinger, A. D. (1999). “Geography and Economic Development”, International Regional Science Review, 22/2, 179-232. https://doi.org/10.1177/016001799761012334
  • Geppert, C., Guillemette, Y., Morgavi, H., and Turner, D. (2019). “Labour Supply of Older People in Advanced Economies: The Impact of Changes to Statutory Retirement Ages”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers No. 1554, OECD Publishing: Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/b9f8d292-en
  • Granger, C. W. (1988). “Aggregation of Time Series Variables-A Survey”, Institute for Empirical Macroeconomics Discussion Paper No. 1, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
  • Granger, C. W. J. and Siklos, P. L. (1995). “Systematic Sampling, Temporal Aggregation, Seasonal Adjustment, and Cointegration Theory and Evidence”, Journal of Econometrics, 66/1-2, 357-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01622-7
  • Groot, W. and Van Den Brink, H. M. (2007). “The Health Effects of Education”, Economics of Education Review, 26/2, 186-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2005.09.002
  • Grossman, M. (1972). The Demand for Health: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation, Columbia University Press, New York. https://doi.org/10.7312/gros17900
  • Gyimah-Brempong, K. and Wilson, M. (2004). “Health Human Capital and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan African and OECD Countries”, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 44/2, 296-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2003.07.002
  • Hamoudi, A. A. and Sachs, J. D. (1999). “Economic Consequences of Health Status: A Review of the Evidence”, CID Working Paper Series 1999.30, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
  • Hansen, C. W. and Lønstrup, L. (2015). “The Rise in Life Expectancy and Economic Growth in the 20th Century”, The Economic Journal, 125/584, 838-852. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12261
  • Hansen, L. P. (1982). “Large Sample Properties of Generalized Method of Moments Estimators”, Econometrica, 50/4, 1029-1054. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912775
  • Hartwig, J. (2010). “Is Health Capital Formation Good for Long-Term Economic Growth? Panel Granger-Causality Evidence for OECD Countries”, Journal of Macroeconomics, 32/1, 314-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2009.06.003
  • Heshmati, A. (2001). “On the Causality Between GDP and Health Care Expenditure in Augmented Solow Growth Model”, SSE/EFI Working Paper Series in Economics and Finance No. 423, Stockholm School of Economics.
  • Hoeffler, A. E. (2002). “The Augmented Solow Model and the African Growth Debate”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 64/2, 135-158. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.00016
  • Howitt, P. (2005). “Health, Human Capital, and Economic Growth: A Schumpeterian Perspective”, Health and Economic Growth: Findings and Policy Implications, (Eds. G. López-Casasnovas, B. Rivera, and L. Currais), MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3451.003.0005
  • Hsiao, C. (2014). Analysis of Panel Data, 3rd Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139839327
  • ILOSTAT (2021a). Employment-to-population ratio by sex and age-ILO modelled estimates, November 2021. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/#
  • ILOSTAT (2021b). Working-age population by sex and age-ILO modelled estimates, November 2021. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/#
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., and Shin, Y. (2003). “Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 115/1, 53-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(03)00092-7
  • Islam, N. (1995). “Growth Empirics: A Panel Data Approach”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110/4, 1127-1170. https://doi.org/10.2307/2946651
  • Jamison, D. T., Lau, L. J., and Wang, J. (2005). “Health’s Contribution to Economic Growth in an Environment of Partially Endogenous Technical Progress”, Health and Economic Growth: Findings and Policy Implications, (Eds. G. López-Casasnovas, B. Rivera, and L. Currais), MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3451.003.0007
  • Knight, M., Loayza, N., and Villanueva, D. (1993). “Testing the Neoclassical Theory of Economic Growth: A Panel Data Approach”, International Monetary Fund (Staff Papers), 40/3, 512-541. https://doi.org/10.2307/3867446
  • Knowles, S. and Owen, P. D. (1995). “Health Capital and Cross-Country Variation in Income Per Capita in the Mankiw-Romer-Weil Model”, Economics Letters, 48/1, 99-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(94)00577-O
  • Knowles, S. and Owen, P. D. (1997). “Education and Health in an Effective Labour Empirical Growth Model”, The Economic Record, 73/223, 314- 328. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.1997.tb01005.x
  • Lee, R., A. Mason, and T. Miller (2001). “Saving, Wealth, and Population”, Population Matters: Demographic Change, Economic Growth, and Poverty in the Developing World, (Eds. N. Birdsall, A. C. Kelley, and S. W. Sinding), Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Lee, R., Mason, A., and Miller, T. (2000). “Life Cycle Saving and the Demographic Transition: The Case of Taiwan”, Population and Development Review, 26/Supplement: Population and Economic Change in East Asia, 194-219.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C. F., and Chu, C. S. J. (2002). “Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-Sample Properties”, Journal of Econometrics, 108/1, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(01)00098-7
  • Levine, R. and Renelt, D. (1992). “A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth Regressions”, American Economic Review, 82/4, 942-963.
  • Levine, R., Loayza, N., and Beck, T. (2000). “Financial Intermediation and Growth: Causality and Causes”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 46/1, 31-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3932(00)00017-9
  • Lucas, R. E. (1988). “On the Mechanics of Economic Development”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 22/1, 3-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7
  • Maddala, G. S. and Wu, S. (1999). “A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests with Panel Data and A New Simple Test”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61/S1, 631-652. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.0610s1631
  • Madsen, J. B. (2018). “Health-Led Growth since 1800”, Macroeconomic Dynamics, 22/4, 961-1000. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1365100516000468
  • Mankiw, N. G., Romer, D., and Weil, D. N. (1992). “A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107/2, 407-437. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118477
  • Mason, A. and Lee, R. (2006). “Reform and Support Systems for the Elderly in Developing Countries: Capturing the Second Demographic Dividend”, Genus, 62/2, 11-35.
  • Mátyás, L. and Sevestre, P. (2008). The Econometrics of Panel Data: Fundamentals and Recent Developments in Theory and Practice, 3rd Edition, Springer, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75892-1
  • Mayer, D. (2001a). “The Long-Term Impact of Health on Economic Growth in Latin America”, World Development, 29/6, 1025-1033. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00026-2
  • Mayer, D. (2001b). “The Long-Term Impact of Health on Economic Growth in Mexico, 1950-1995”, Journal of International Development, 13/1, 123-126. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.764
  • McDonald, S. and Roberts, J. (2002). “Growth and Multiple Forms of Human Capital in an Augmented Solow Model: A Panel Data Investigation”, Economics Letters, 74/2, 271-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1765(01)00539-0
  • Mushkin, S. J. (1962). “Health as an Investment”, Journal of Political Economy, 70/5, 129-157. https://doi.org/10.1086/258730
  • Muysken, J., Ziesemer, T. H. W., and Yetkiner, I. H. (1999). “Health, Labour Productivity and Growth”, Maastricht Economic Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT) Research Memoranda No. 028. https://doi.org/10.26481/umamer.1999028
  • Nickell, S. (1981). “Biases in Dynamic Models with Fixed Effects”, Econometrica, 49/6, 1417-1426 https://doi.org/10.2307/1911408
  • OECD (2019). Working Better with Age, Ageing and Employment Policies, OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/c4d4f66a-en
  • OECD (2020). Promoting an Age-Inclusive Workforce: Living, Learning and Earning Longer, OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/59752153-en
  • OECD (2021), Health at a Glance 2021: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/ae3016b9-en
  • OECD (2022). Employment Rate by Age Group (Indicator). (21.4.2022). https://doi.org/10.1787/084f32c7-en
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). “General Diagnostic Test for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, IZA Discussion Paper No. 1240, https://docs.iza.org/dp1240.pdf
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). “A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross‐Section Dependence”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22/2, 265-312. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2021). “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross-Sectional Dependence in Panels”, Empirical Economics, 60/1, 13-50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-020-01875-7
  • Phillips, P. C. and Moon, H. R. (2000). “Nonstationary Panel Data Analysis: An Overview of Some Recent Developments”, Econometric Reviews, 19/3, 263-286. https://doi.org/10.1080/07474930008800473
  • Rebelo, S. (1991). “Long-Run Policy Analysis and Long-Run Growth”, Journal of Political Economy, 99/3, 500-521. https://doi.org/10.1086/261764
  • Rivera, B. and Currais, L. (1999a). “Income Variation and Health Expenditure: Evidence for OECD countries”, Review of Development Economics, 3/3, 258-267. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9361.00066
  • Rivera, B. and Currais, L. (1999b). “Economic Growth and Health: Direct Impact or Reverse Causation?”, Applied Economic Letters, 6/11, 761-764. https://doi.org/10.1080/135048599352367
  • Rivera, B. and Currais, L. (2003). “The Effect of Health Investment on Growth: A Causality Analysis”, International Advances in Economic Research, 9/4, 312-323. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02296180
  • Romer, P. M. (1990). “Endogenous Technological Change”, Journal of Political Economy, 98/5, 71-102. https://doi.org/10.1086/261725
  • Roodman, D. (2009). “How to Do xtabond2: An Introduction to Difference and System GMM in Stata”, Stata Journal, 9/1, 86-136. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0900900106
  • Sachs, J. D. and Warner, A. M. (1997). “Fundamental sources of long-run growth”, Papers and Proceedings of the Hundred and Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, American Economic Review, 87/2, 184-188.
  • Sala-i-Martin, X. (1996a). “Regional Cohesion: Evidence and Theories of Regional Growth and Convergence”, European Economic Review, 40/6, 1325-1352. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(95)00029-1
  • Sala-i-Martin, X. (1996b). “The Classical Approach to Convergence Analysis”, The Economic Journal, 106/437, 1019-1036. https://doi.org/10.2307/2235375
  • Schultz, T. W. (1960). “Capital Formation by Education”, Journal of Political Economy, 68/6, 571-583. https://doi.org/10.1086/258393
  • Schultz, T. W. (1961). “Investment in Human Capital”, American Economic Review, 51/1, 1-17.
  • Shastry, G. K. and Weil, D. N. (2003). “How much of cross-country income variation is explained by health?”, Journal of the European Economic Association, 1/2-3, 387-396. https://doi.org/10.1162/154247603322391026
  • Soares, R. R. (2005). “Mortality Reductions, Educational Attainment, and Fertility Choice”, American Economic Review, 95/3, 580-601. https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828054201486
  • Solow, R. M. (1956). “A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70/1, 65-94. https://doi.org/10.2307/1884513
  • Swan, T. W. (1956). “Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation”, Economic Record, 32/2, 334-361. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.1956.tb00434.x
  • Swift, R. (2011). “The Relationship between Health and GDP in OECD Countries in the Very Long Run”, Health Economics, 20/3, 306-322. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.1590
  • Temple, J. (1999). “The New Growth Evidence”, Journal of Economic Literature, 37/1, 112-156. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.37.1.112
  • Tompa, E. (2002). “The Impact of Health on Productivity: Empirical Evidence and Policy Implications”, The Review of Economic Performance and Social Progress, 2/2012, 181-198.
  • United Nations, World Population Prospects (2019). Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. https://population.un.org/wpp/DataQuery/
  • Uzawa, H. (1965). “Optimum Technical Change in an Aggregative Model of Economic Growth”, International Economic Review, 6/1, 18-31. https://doi.org/10.2307/2525621
  • Van Zon, A. and Muysken, J. (2001). “Health and Endogenous Growth”, Journal of Health Economics, 20/2, 169-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6296(00)00072-2
  • Van Zon, A. and Muysken, J. (2003). “Health as a Principal Determinant of Economic Growth”, Maastricht Economic Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT), Infonomics Research Memorandum Series No. 021. https://doi.org/10.26481/umamer.2003021
  • Webber, D. J. (2002). “Policies to Stimulate Growth: Should We Invest in Health or Education?”, Applied Economics, 34/13, 1633-1643, https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840110115109
  • Weil, D. N. (2007). “Accounting for the Effect of Health on Economic Growth”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122/3, 1265-1306. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.122.3.1265
  • Weil, D. N. (2014). “Health and Economic Growth”, Handbook of Economic Growth (Vol. 2), (Eds. P. Aghion and S. Durlauf), Elsevier, North Holland. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53540-5.00003-3
  • WHO (2022, 5 May). “14.9 million excess deaths associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021”, News Release. (Accessed on 21 May 2022). https://www.who.int/news/item/05-05-2022-14.9-million-excess-deaths-were-associated-with-the-covid-19-pandemic-in-2020-and-2021

WORKFORCE HEALTH AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: EXPLORING THE DYNAMICS FOR MORE THAN HALF A CENTURY

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 56, 139 - 163, 22.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1135625

Öz

This study contributes to understanding the role of workforce health on output growth and convergence process in 38 OECD members and 58 low-income countries over a 65-year period. Empirical findings based on system GMM estimations show that (i) year gains in the longevity of the younger workforce at ages from 15 to 20 have significant effects on economic growth, (ii) after age 20, the rate of convergence slightly decreases with rising age, (iii) increases in adult mortality adversely affect output growth through the loss of human capital in productive ages and the decreases in the incentives to invest in physical capital, and (iv) the growth-enhancing effects of the savings rate considerably rises with increasing age in OECD countries but not in low-income countries. The findings of the study provide valuable insights into the critical role that policy can play in promoting workforce health, ultimately productivity, and long-run economic growth.

Kaynakça

  • Acemoglu, D. and Johnson, S. (2007). “Disease and Development: The Effect of Life Expectancy on Economic Growth”, Journal of Political Economy, 115/6, 925-985. https://doi.org/10.1086/529000
  • Ahn, S. C. and Schmidt, P. (1995). “Efficient Estimation of Models for Dynamic Panel Data”, Journal of Econometrics, 68/1, 5-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01641-C
  • Ahn, S. C. and Schmidt, P. (1997). “Efficient Estimation of Dynamic Panel Data Models: Alternative Assumptions and Simplified Estimation”, Journal of Econometrics, 76/1-2, 309-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(95)01793-3
  • Ainsworth, M. and Over, M. (1994). “AIDS and African Development”, The World Bank Research Observer, 9/2, 203-240. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/9.2.203
  • Anderson, T. W. and Hsiao, C. (1981). “Estimation of Dynamic Models with Error Components”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 76/375, 598-606. 10.1080/01621459.1981.10477691
  • Anderson, T. W. and Hsiao, C. (1982). “Formulation and Estimation of Dynamic Models Using Panel Data”, Journal of Econometrics, 18/1, 47-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(82)90095-1
  • Arellano, M. and Bover, O. (1995). “Another Look at the Instrumental Variable Estimation of Error-Components Models”, Journal of Econometrics, 68/1, 29-51. 10.1016/0304-4076(94)01642-D
  • Arellano, M. and S. Bond. (1991). “Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations”, The Review of Economic Studies, 58/2, 277-297. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297968
  • Arora, S. (2001). “Health, Human Productivity, and Long-Term Economic Growth”, The Journal of Economic History, 61/3, 699-749. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2698133
  • Arrow, K. J. (1962). “The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing”, The Review of Economic Studies, 29/3, 155-173. https://doi.org/10.2307/2295952
  • Baltagi, B. H. and Kao, C. (2001). "Nonstationary Panels, Cointegration in Panels and Dynamic Panels: A Survey", Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration, and Dynamic Panels (Advances in Econometrics, 15) (Eds. B. H. Baltagi, T. B. Fomby, and R. Carter Hill), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-9053(00)15002-9
  • Baltagi, B. H., Feng, Q., and Kao, C. (2012). “A Lagrange Multiplier Test for Cross-Sectional Dependence in a Fixed Effects Panel Data Model”, Journal of Econometrics, 170/1, 164-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2012.04.004
  • Bane, J. (2018). “Human Capital and Economic Growth in Developing Countries: Evidences from Low- and Middle-Income African Countries”, Determinants of Economic Growth in Africa (Ed. A. Heshmati), Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76493-1_8
  • Barro, R. J. (1991). “Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106/2, 407-443. https://doi.org/10.2307/2937943
  • Barro, R. J. (1996). “Determinants of Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Empirical Study”, NBER Working Paper Series No. 5698. https://doi.org/10.3386/w5698
  • Barro, R. J. and Lee, J. W. (1993). “Losers and Winners in Economic Growth”, The World Bank Economic Review, 7/supplement 1, 267-298. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/7.suppl_1.267
  • Barro, R. J. and Lee, J. W. (1994). “Sources of Economic Growth”, Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, 40, North-Holland, 1-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2231(94)90002-7
  • Barro, R. J. and Sala-i-Martin, X. (1990). “Economic Growth and Convergence across the United States”, NBER Working Paper Series No 3419. https://doi.org/10.3386/w3419
  • Barro, R. J. and Sala-i-Martin, X. (1991). “Convergence across States and Regions”, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 22/1, 107-182. https://doi.org/10.2307/2534639
  • Barro, R. J. and Sala-i-Martin, X. (1992). “Convergence”, Journal of Political Economy, 100/2, 223-251. https://doi.org/10.1086/261816
  • Barro, R. J. and Sala-i-Martin, X. (2004). Economic Growth, 2nd Edition, MIT Press, Cambridge. Baumol, W. J. and Wolff, E. N. (1988). “Productivity Growth, Convergence, and Welfare: Reply”, American Economic Review, 78/5, 1155-1159.
  • Becker, G. S. (1962). “Investment in Human Capital: A Theoretical Analysis”, Journal of Political Economy (Part 2: Investment in Human Beings), 70/5, 9-49. https://doi.org/10.1086/258724
  • Becker, G. S. (2007). “Health As Human Capital: Synthesis and Extensions”, Oxford Economic Papers, 59/3, 379-410. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpm020
  • Behrman, J. R. (1996). “The Impact of Health and Nutrition on Education”, The World Bank Research Observer, 11/1, 23-37. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/11.1.23
  • Benhabib, J. and Spiegel, M. M. (1994). “The Role of Human Capital in Economic Development Evidence from Aggregate Cross-Country Data”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 34/2, 143-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(94)90047-7
  • Bhargava, A., Jamison, D. T., Lau, L. J., and Murray, C. J. L. (2001). “Modeling the Effects of Health on Economic Growth”, Journal of Health Economics, 20/3, 423-440. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6296(01)00073-X
  • Bleakley, H. (2010). “Health, Human Capital, and Development”, Annual Review of Economics, 2, 283-310. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.economics.102308.124436
  • Bloom, D. E. and Canning, D. (2000). “The Health and Wealth of Nations”, Science, 287/5456, 1207-1209. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5456.1207
  • Bloom, D. E. and Williamson, J. G. (1998). “Demographic Transitions and Economic Miracles in Emerging Asia”, The World Bank Economic Review, 12/3, 419-455. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/12.3.419
  • Bloom, D. E., Canning, D. and Malaney, P. N. (1999). “Demographic Change and Economic Growth in Asia”, CID Working Paper Series 1999.15, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
  • Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., and Fink, G. (2014). “Disease and Development Revisited”, Journal of Political Economy, 122/6, 1355-1366. https://doi.org/10.1086/677189
  • Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., and Graham, B. (2003). “Longevity and Life-Cycle Savings”, Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 105/3, 319-338. https://doi.org/10.3386/w8808
  • Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., and Sevilla, J. (2004). “The Effect of Health on Economic Growth: A Production Function Approach”, World Development, 32/1, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.07.002
  • Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., Kotschy, R., Prettner, K., and Schünemann, J. J. (2019). “Health and Economic Growth: Reconciling the Micro and Macro Evidence”, NBER Working Paper Series No. w26003. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26003
  • Bloom, D. E., Sachs, J. D., Collier, P., and Udry, C. (1998). “Geography, Demography, and Economic Growth in Africa”, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1998/2, 207-295. https://doi.org/10.2307/2534695
  • Blundell, R. and S. Bond. (1998). “Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models”, Journal of Econometrics, 87/1, 115-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(98)00009-8
  • Blundell, R. and S. Bond. (2000). “GMM Estimation with Persistent Panel Data: An Application to Production Functions”, Econometric Reviews, 19/3, 321-340. https://doi.org/10.1080/07474930008800475
  • Blundell, R., S. Bond, and F. Windmeijer. (2001). “Estimation in Dynamic Panel Data Models: Improving on the Performance of the Standard GMM Estimator”, Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration, and Dynamic Panels (Advances in Econometrics, 15) (Eds. B. H. Baltagi, T. B. Fomby, and R. Carter Hill), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-9053(00)15003-0
  • Bond, S. R. (2002). “Dynamic Panel Data Models: A Guide to Micro Data Methods and Practice”, Portuguese Economic Journal, 1/2, 141-162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10258-002-0009-9
  • Bond, S. R. and Windmeijer, F. (2002). “Finite Sample Inference for GMM Estimators in Linear Panel Data Models”, CeMMAP Working Paper No. CWP04/02. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.311061
  • Bond, S. R., Hoeffler, A., and Temple, J. R. (2001). “GMM Estimation of Empirical Growth Models”, CEPR Discussion Paper No. 3048.
  • Breusch, T. S., and Pagan, A. R. (1980). “The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics”, The Review of Economic Studies, 47/1, 239-253. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297111
  • Bucci, A., Carbonari, L., and Trovato, G. (2019). “Health and Income: Theory and Evidence for OECD Countries”, Human Capital and Economic Growth, (Eds. A. Bucci, K. Prettner, and A. Prskawetz), Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21599-6_6
  • Bucci, A., Carbonari, L., Ranalli, M., and Trovato, G. (2021). “Health and Economic Development: Evidence from Non-OECD Countries”, Applied Economics, 53/55, 6348-6375. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2021.1939856 Caselli, F. (2005). “Accounting for Cross-Country Income Differences”, Handbook of Economic Growth (Vol. 1A), (Eds. P. Aghion and S. Durlauf), Elsevier, North Holland. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01009-9
  • Caselli, F., Esquivel, G., and Lefort, F. (1996). “Reopening the Convergence Debate: A New Look at Cross-Country Growth Empirics”, Journal of Economic Growth, 1/3, 363-389. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00141044
  • Cervellati, M. and Sunde, U. (2011). “Life Expectancy and Economic Growth: The Role of The Demographic Transition”, Journal of Economic Growth, 16/2, 99-133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-011-9065-2
  • Chakraborty, S. (2004). “Endogenous Lifetime and Economic Growth”, Journal of Economic Theory, 116/1, 119-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jet.2003.07.005
  • De Long, J. B. (1988). “Productivity Growth, Convergence, and Welfare: Comment”, American Economic Review, 78/5, 1138-1154.
  • Ding, S. and Knight, J. (2009). “Can the Augmented Solow Model Explain China’s Remarkable Economic Growth? A Cross-Country Panel Data Analysis”, Journal of Comparative Economics, 37/3, 432-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2009.04.006
  • Ding, S. and Knight, J. (2011). “Why Has China Grown So Fast? The Role of Physical and Human Capital Formation”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 73/2, 141-174. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2010.00625.x
  • Durlauf, S. N., Johnson, P. A., and Temple, J. R. W. (2005). “Growth Econometrics”, Handbook of Economic Growth (Vol. 1A), (Eds. P. Aghion and S. Durlauf), Elsevier, North Holland. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01008-7
  • Eberhardt, M. and Teal, F. (2011). “Econometrics for Grumblers: A New Look at the Literature on Cross‐Country Growth Empirics”, Journal of Economic Surveys, 25/1, 109-155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6419.2010.00624.x
  • Erdil, E. and Yetkiner, I. H. (2009). “The Granger-Causality Between Health Care Expenditure and Output: A Panel Data Approach”, Applied Economics, 41/4, 511-518. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840601019083
  • Evans, P. and Karras, G. (1996). “Convergence Revisited”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 37/2, 249-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3932(96)90036-7
  • Feenstra, R. C., Inklaar, R., and Timmer, M. P. (2015). “The Next Generation of the Penn World Table”, American Economic Review, 105/10, 3150-3182. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20130954
  • Gallup, J. L. and Sachs, J. D. (2000). “The Economic Burden of Malaria”, CID Working Paper Series 2000.52, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
  • Gallup, J. L., Sachs, J. D., and Mellinger, A. D. (1999). “Geography and Economic Development”, International Regional Science Review, 22/2, 179-232. https://doi.org/10.1177/016001799761012334
  • Geppert, C., Guillemette, Y., Morgavi, H., and Turner, D. (2019). “Labour Supply of Older People in Advanced Economies: The Impact of Changes to Statutory Retirement Ages”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers No. 1554, OECD Publishing: Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/b9f8d292-en
  • Granger, C. W. (1988). “Aggregation of Time Series Variables-A Survey”, Institute for Empirical Macroeconomics Discussion Paper No. 1, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
  • Granger, C. W. J. and Siklos, P. L. (1995). “Systematic Sampling, Temporal Aggregation, Seasonal Adjustment, and Cointegration Theory and Evidence”, Journal of Econometrics, 66/1-2, 357-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01622-7
  • Groot, W. and Van Den Brink, H. M. (2007). “The Health Effects of Education”, Economics of Education Review, 26/2, 186-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2005.09.002
  • Grossman, M. (1972). The Demand for Health: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation, Columbia University Press, New York. https://doi.org/10.7312/gros17900
  • Gyimah-Brempong, K. and Wilson, M. (2004). “Health Human Capital and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan African and OECD Countries”, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 44/2, 296-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2003.07.002
  • Hamoudi, A. A. and Sachs, J. D. (1999). “Economic Consequences of Health Status: A Review of the Evidence”, CID Working Paper Series 1999.30, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
  • Hansen, C. W. and Lønstrup, L. (2015). “The Rise in Life Expectancy and Economic Growth in the 20th Century”, The Economic Journal, 125/584, 838-852. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12261
  • Hansen, L. P. (1982). “Large Sample Properties of Generalized Method of Moments Estimators”, Econometrica, 50/4, 1029-1054. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912775
  • Hartwig, J. (2010). “Is Health Capital Formation Good for Long-Term Economic Growth? Panel Granger-Causality Evidence for OECD Countries”, Journal of Macroeconomics, 32/1, 314-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2009.06.003
  • Heshmati, A. (2001). “On the Causality Between GDP and Health Care Expenditure in Augmented Solow Growth Model”, SSE/EFI Working Paper Series in Economics and Finance No. 423, Stockholm School of Economics.
  • Hoeffler, A. E. (2002). “The Augmented Solow Model and the African Growth Debate”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 64/2, 135-158. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.00016
  • Howitt, P. (2005). “Health, Human Capital, and Economic Growth: A Schumpeterian Perspective”, Health and Economic Growth: Findings and Policy Implications, (Eds. G. López-Casasnovas, B. Rivera, and L. Currais), MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3451.003.0005
  • Hsiao, C. (2014). Analysis of Panel Data, 3rd Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139839327
  • ILOSTAT (2021a). Employment-to-population ratio by sex and age-ILO modelled estimates, November 2021. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/#
  • ILOSTAT (2021b). Working-age population by sex and age-ILO modelled estimates, November 2021. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/#
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., and Shin, Y. (2003). “Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 115/1, 53-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(03)00092-7
  • Islam, N. (1995). “Growth Empirics: A Panel Data Approach”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110/4, 1127-1170. https://doi.org/10.2307/2946651
  • Jamison, D. T., Lau, L. J., and Wang, J. (2005). “Health’s Contribution to Economic Growth in an Environment of Partially Endogenous Technical Progress”, Health and Economic Growth: Findings and Policy Implications, (Eds. G. López-Casasnovas, B. Rivera, and L. Currais), MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3451.003.0007
  • Knight, M., Loayza, N., and Villanueva, D. (1993). “Testing the Neoclassical Theory of Economic Growth: A Panel Data Approach”, International Monetary Fund (Staff Papers), 40/3, 512-541. https://doi.org/10.2307/3867446
  • Knowles, S. and Owen, P. D. (1995). “Health Capital and Cross-Country Variation in Income Per Capita in the Mankiw-Romer-Weil Model”, Economics Letters, 48/1, 99-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(94)00577-O
  • Knowles, S. and Owen, P. D. (1997). “Education and Health in an Effective Labour Empirical Growth Model”, The Economic Record, 73/223, 314- 328. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.1997.tb01005.x
  • Lee, R., A. Mason, and T. Miller (2001). “Saving, Wealth, and Population”, Population Matters: Demographic Change, Economic Growth, and Poverty in the Developing World, (Eds. N. Birdsall, A. C. Kelley, and S. W. Sinding), Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Lee, R., Mason, A., and Miller, T. (2000). “Life Cycle Saving and the Demographic Transition: The Case of Taiwan”, Population and Development Review, 26/Supplement: Population and Economic Change in East Asia, 194-219.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C. F., and Chu, C. S. J. (2002). “Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-Sample Properties”, Journal of Econometrics, 108/1, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(01)00098-7
  • Levine, R. and Renelt, D. (1992). “A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth Regressions”, American Economic Review, 82/4, 942-963.
  • Levine, R., Loayza, N., and Beck, T. (2000). “Financial Intermediation and Growth: Causality and Causes”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 46/1, 31-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3932(00)00017-9
  • Lucas, R. E. (1988). “On the Mechanics of Economic Development”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 22/1, 3-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7
  • Maddala, G. S. and Wu, S. (1999). “A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests with Panel Data and A New Simple Test”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61/S1, 631-652. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.0610s1631
  • Madsen, J. B. (2018). “Health-Led Growth since 1800”, Macroeconomic Dynamics, 22/4, 961-1000. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1365100516000468
  • Mankiw, N. G., Romer, D., and Weil, D. N. (1992). “A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107/2, 407-437. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118477
  • Mason, A. and Lee, R. (2006). “Reform and Support Systems for the Elderly in Developing Countries: Capturing the Second Demographic Dividend”, Genus, 62/2, 11-35.
  • Mátyás, L. and Sevestre, P. (2008). The Econometrics of Panel Data: Fundamentals and Recent Developments in Theory and Practice, 3rd Edition, Springer, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75892-1
  • Mayer, D. (2001a). “The Long-Term Impact of Health on Economic Growth in Latin America”, World Development, 29/6, 1025-1033. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00026-2
  • Mayer, D. (2001b). “The Long-Term Impact of Health on Economic Growth in Mexico, 1950-1995”, Journal of International Development, 13/1, 123-126. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.764
  • McDonald, S. and Roberts, J. (2002). “Growth and Multiple Forms of Human Capital in an Augmented Solow Model: A Panel Data Investigation”, Economics Letters, 74/2, 271-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1765(01)00539-0
  • Mushkin, S. J. (1962). “Health as an Investment”, Journal of Political Economy, 70/5, 129-157. https://doi.org/10.1086/258730
  • Muysken, J., Ziesemer, T. H. W., and Yetkiner, I. H. (1999). “Health, Labour Productivity and Growth”, Maastricht Economic Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT) Research Memoranda No. 028. https://doi.org/10.26481/umamer.1999028
  • Nickell, S. (1981). “Biases in Dynamic Models with Fixed Effects”, Econometrica, 49/6, 1417-1426 https://doi.org/10.2307/1911408
  • OECD (2019). Working Better with Age, Ageing and Employment Policies, OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/c4d4f66a-en
  • OECD (2020). Promoting an Age-Inclusive Workforce: Living, Learning and Earning Longer, OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/59752153-en
  • OECD (2021), Health at a Glance 2021: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/ae3016b9-en
  • OECD (2022). Employment Rate by Age Group (Indicator). (21.4.2022). https://doi.org/10.1787/084f32c7-en
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). “General Diagnostic Test for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, IZA Discussion Paper No. 1240, https://docs.iza.org/dp1240.pdf
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). “A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross‐Section Dependence”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22/2, 265-312. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2021). “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross-Sectional Dependence in Panels”, Empirical Economics, 60/1, 13-50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-020-01875-7
  • Phillips, P. C. and Moon, H. R. (2000). “Nonstationary Panel Data Analysis: An Overview of Some Recent Developments”, Econometric Reviews, 19/3, 263-286. https://doi.org/10.1080/07474930008800473
  • Rebelo, S. (1991). “Long-Run Policy Analysis and Long-Run Growth”, Journal of Political Economy, 99/3, 500-521. https://doi.org/10.1086/261764
  • Rivera, B. and Currais, L. (1999a). “Income Variation and Health Expenditure: Evidence for OECD countries”, Review of Development Economics, 3/3, 258-267. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9361.00066
  • Rivera, B. and Currais, L. (1999b). “Economic Growth and Health: Direct Impact or Reverse Causation?”, Applied Economic Letters, 6/11, 761-764. https://doi.org/10.1080/135048599352367
  • Rivera, B. and Currais, L. (2003). “The Effect of Health Investment on Growth: A Causality Analysis”, International Advances in Economic Research, 9/4, 312-323. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02296180
  • Romer, P. M. (1990). “Endogenous Technological Change”, Journal of Political Economy, 98/5, 71-102. https://doi.org/10.1086/261725
  • Roodman, D. (2009). “How to Do xtabond2: An Introduction to Difference and System GMM in Stata”, Stata Journal, 9/1, 86-136. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0900900106
  • Sachs, J. D. and Warner, A. M. (1997). “Fundamental sources of long-run growth”, Papers and Proceedings of the Hundred and Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, American Economic Review, 87/2, 184-188.
  • Sala-i-Martin, X. (1996a). “Regional Cohesion: Evidence and Theories of Regional Growth and Convergence”, European Economic Review, 40/6, 1325-1352. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(95)00029-1
  • Sala-i-Martin, X. (1996b). “The Classical Approach to Convergence Analysis”, The Economic Journal, 106/437, 1019-1036. https://doi.org/10.2307/2235375
  • Schultz, T. W. (1960). “Capital Formation by Education”, Journal of Political Economy, 68/6, 571-583. https://doi.org/10.1086/258393
  • Schultz, T. W. (1961). “Investment in Human Capital”, American Economic Review, 51/1, 1-17.
  • Shastry, G. K. and Weil, D. N. (2003). “How much of cross-country income variation is explained by health?”, Journal of the European Economic Association, 1/2-3, 387-396. https://doi.org/10.1162/154247603322391026
  • Soares, R. R. (2005). “Mortality Reductions, Educational Attainment, and Fertility Choice”, American Economic Review, 95/3, 580-601. https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828054201486
  • Solow, R. M. (1956). “A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70/1, 65-94. https://doi.org/10.2307/1884513
  • Swan, T. W. (1956). “Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation”, Economic Record, 32/2, 334-361. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.1956.tb00434.x
  • Swift, R. (2011). “The Relationship between Health and GDP in OECD Countries in the Very Long Run”, Health Economics, 20/3, 306-322. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.1590
  • Temple, J. (1999). “The New Growth Evidence”, Journal of Economic Literature, 37/1, 112-156. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.37.1.112
  • Tompa, E. (2002). “The Impact of Health on Productivity: Empirical Evidence and Policy Implications”, The Review of Economic Performance and Social Progress, 2/2012, 181-198.
  • United Nations, World Population Prospects (2019). Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. https://population.un.org/wpp/DataQuery/
  • Uzawa, H. (1965). “Optimum Technical Change in an Aggregative Model of Economic Growth”, International Economic Review, 6/1, 18-31. https://doi.org/10.2307/2525621
  • Van Zon, A. and Muysken, J. (2001). “Health and Endogenous Growth”, Journal of Health Economics, 20/2, 169-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6296(00)00072-2
  • Van Zon, A. and Muysken, J. (2003). “Health as a Principal Determinant of Economic Growth”, Maastricht Economic Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT), Infonomics Research Memorandum Series No. 021. https://doi.org/10.26481/umamer.2003021
  • Webber, D. J. (2002). “Policies to Stimulate Growth: Should We Invest in Health or Education?”, Applied Economics, 34/13, 1633-1643, https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840110115109
  • Weil, D. N. (2007). “Accounting for the Effect of Health on Economic Growth”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122/3, 1265-1306. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.122.3.1265
  • Weil, D. N. (2014). “Health and Economic Growth”, Handbook of Economic Growth (Vol. 2), (Eds. P. Aghion and S. Durlauf), Elsevier, North Holland. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53540-5.00003-3
  • WHO (2022, 5 May). “14.9 million excess deaths associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021”, News Release. (Accessed on 21 May 2022). https://www.who.int/news/item/05-05-2022-14.9-million-excess-deaths-were-associated-with-the-covid-19-pandemic-in-2020-and-2021
Toplam 130 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Gamze Öztürk 0000-0003-4896-563X

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 10 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 22 Mayıs 2023
Kabul Tarihi 30 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 56

Kaynak Göster

APA Öztürk, G. (2023). WORKFORCE HEALTH AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: EXPLORING THE DYNAMICS FOR MORE THAN HALF A CENTURY. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(56), 139-163. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1135625
AMA Öztürk G. WORKFORCE HEALTH AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: EXPLORING THE DYNAMICS FOR MORE THAN HALF A CENTURY. PAUSBED. Mayıs 2023;(56):139-163. doi:10.30794/pausbed.1135625
Chicago Öztürk, Gamze. “WORKFORCE HEALTH AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: EXPLORING THE DYNAMICS FOR MORE THAN HALF A CENTURY”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, sy. 56 (Mayıs 2023): 139-63. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1135625.
EndNote Öztürk G (01 Mayıs 2023) WORKFORCE HEALTH AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: EXPLORING THE DYNAMICS FOR MORE THAN HALF A CENTURY. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 56 139–163.
IEEE G. Öztürk, “WORKFORCE HEALTH AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: EXPLORING THE DYNAMICS FOR MORE THAN HALF A CENTURY”, PAUSBED, sy. 56, ss. 139–163, Mayıs 2023, doi: 10.30794/pausbed.1135625.
ISNAD Öztürk, Gamze. “WORKFORCE HEALTH AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: EXPLORING THE DYNAMICS FOR MORE THAN HALF A CENTURY”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 56 (Mayıs 2023), 139-163. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1135625.
JAMA Öztürk G. WORKFORCE HEALTH AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: EXPLORING THE DYNAMICS FOR MORE THAN HALF A CENTURY. PAUSBED. 2023;:139–163.
MLA Öztürk, Gamze. “WORKFORCE HEALTH AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: EXPLORING THE DYNAMICS FOR MORE THAN HALF A CENTURY”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, sy. 56, 2023, ss. 139-63, doi:10.30794/pausbed.1135625.
Vancouver Öztürk G. WORKFORCE HEALTH AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: EXPLORING THE DYNAMICS FOR MORE THAN HALF A CENTURY. PAUSBED. 2023(56):139-63.