MIDDLE EASTERNERS AS NEOCOLONIAL NOMADS: NEOCOLONIAL DETERRITORIALIZATION OF MIDDLE EASTERNERS IN MOHSIN HAMID’S THE RELUCTANT FUNDAMENTALIST AND EXIT WEST

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 66, 213 - 229, 20.01.2025

Özgür Esen

https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1541689

Öz

Neocolonialism amounts to the contemporary practices conducted by imperialists to exploit underdeveloped countries after decolonization. Initially, neocolonialists performed indirect methods, such as economic and logistic support to the monarchs or governments and radical groups that were heavily influenced by political Islam, in the Middle East, but it has then evolved into an extreme form through direct military interventions after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The study argues that those practices have dislocated Middle Easterners, and their dislocations are associated with the unfixity of identities. Grounding on Deleuze and Guattarian nomadology and identifying their dislocations as neocolonial deterritorialization, the study examines the changes Middle Easterners experience due to their exposure to the factors in neocolonial spaces and in new territories. In this regard, the study aims to analyse the deterritorializing impacts of neocolonialism on Middle Easterner immigrants The Reluctant Fundamentalist and Exit West.

Anahtar Kelimeler

The Reluctant Fundamentalist, Exit West, Neocolonialism, Deterritorialization

YENİ SÖMÜRGECİ GÖÇEBE OLARAK ORTADOĞULULAR: MUHSİN HAMİD’İN GÖNÜLSÜZ KÖKTENDİNCİ VE BATI ÇIKIŞI ROMANLARINDA ORTADOĞULULARIN YENİ SÖMÜRGECİLİK ALTINDA YERSİZYURTSUZLAŞMASI

Öz

Yeni sömürgecilik, emperyalistlerin sömürgecilik sonrası dönemde az gelişmiş ülkeleri sömürmek için uyguladığı metotları ifade eder. Başlangıçta Yeni sömürgecilik Orta Doğu'da siyasal İslam'ın etkisi altında kalan monarşilere veya hükümetlere ve radikal gruplara ekonomik ve lojistik destek gibi dolaylı yöntemler uygulamış, ancak 11 Eylül terör saldırılarının ardından Orta Doğu’ya doğrudan askeri müdahaleler gerçekleştiren aşırı bir biçime evrilmiştir. Bu çalışma, bu uygulamaların Ortadoğuluları yersizyurtsuzlaştırdığını ve bireylerin fiziksel yer değiştirmelerini kimliğin akışkanlığı ile özdeşleştirilebileceğini tartışmaktadır. Deleuze ve Guattari’nin göçebelik anlayışını temel alan ve bu yer değiştirmeleri yeni-sömürgeci yersizyurtsuzlaşma olarak tanımlayan bu çalışma, yeni-sömürgeci anlayışın dizayn ettiği uzamlardaki ya da göç ettikleri yeni topraklardaki faktörleri deneyimlemeye maruz bırakılan Ortadoğulu göçmenlerin kimlik değişimlerine odaklanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışma Orta Doğu’ da uygulanan yeni sömürgeci politikaların bölge insanı üzerindeki yersizyurtsuzlaştırıcı etkisini Mohsin Hamid’in Gönülsüz Köktendinci ve Batı Çıkışı romanları kapsamında analiz etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gönülsüz Köktendinci, Batı Çıkışı, Yeni Sömürgecilik, Yersizyurtsuzlaşma

Kaynakça

• Antakyalıoğlu, Zekiye. (2018). “A Deleuzian Approach to Contemporary Fiction: Some Questions”, DTFC Dergisi, 58/1, 257-269.
• Asaad, Lava. (2020). Literature with a White Helmet: The Textual-Corporeality of Being, Becoming, and Representing Refugees. Routledge, New York and London.
• Bağlama, Sercan. (2019). “Mohsin Hamid’s Exit West: Co-Opting Refugees into Global Capitalistm”, New Middle Eastern Studies, 9/2, 149-158.
• Brown, William and Fleming, David H.. (2011). “Deterritorialization and Schizoanalysis in David Fincher’s Fight Club”, Deleuze Studies. Vol. 5. No. 2. pp. 275-299. https://www.jstor.org/stable/45331462.
• Colebrook, Claire. (2002). Gilles Deleuze. Routledge, London.
• Çelikel, Mehmet Ali. (2020). “Memory and Ideology in Mohsin Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22/3, 877-887.
• Deleuze, Gilles and Guattari Felix. (2003). Kafka Toward a Minor Literature. Translation by Dana Polan. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis and London.
• -----------------------. (1987). A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Translation by Brian Massumi. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis and London.
• Erdal, Baturay. (2024). “Existential Anxiety and Spatial Reconstruction in Mohsin Hamid’s Exit West”, Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies, 34/1, 77-96.
• Fanon, Frantz. (1967). Toward the African Revolution: Political Essays. Translated by Hakoon Chevalier. Grove Press, New York.
• Farhang, Mansour. (1993). “The United States and the Question of Democracy in the Middle East”, Current History, 92/570, 1-5.
• Foster, John Bellamy. (2006). Naked Imperialism: The US Pursuit of Global Dominance. Monthly Review Press, New York.
• Haider, Nishat. (2012). “Globalization, US Imperialism and Fundamentalism: A Study of Mohsin Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist”, South Asian Review, 33/2, 203-238.
• Hamid, Mohsin. (2008). The Reluctant Fundamentalist. Harcourt, Orlando.
• -------------------. (2014). Discontent and its Civilizations: Dispatches from Lahore, New York and London. Penguin, New York.
• -------------------. (2017). Exit West. Penguin Random House. Great Britain.
• Loh, Lucienne. (2013). The Postcolonial Country in the Contemporary Literature. Palgrave Macmillian. New York.
• J. James, P. (2015). Imperialism in the Neocolonial Phase. Kerrela, India, Massline Publication.
• Miller, L. Chritopher. (1993). “The Postidentitarian Predicament in the Footnotes of A Thousand Plateaus: Nomadology, Anthropology, and Authority”, Diacritics. 23/3, 6-35.
• Nkrumah, Kwame. (1966). Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism. International Publishers, New York.
• Oladi, Soudeh and Portelli, John. (2017). “Traces of Deluzian Nomad in Hope and Other Dangerous Pursuits”, The Journal of North African Studies, 22/4, 665-678.
• Özer Taniyan, Reyhan. (2023). “White is for Witching: A Postcolonial Gothic”, Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(2), 321-331. Doi: 10.18026/cbayarsos.1276598
• Sartre, Jean-Paul. (2005). Colonialism and Neocolonialism. Translated by Azzedine Haddour, Steve Brewer and Terry McWilliams. Routledge, New York.
• Shohat, Ella. (1992). “Notes on the Post-Colonial”, Social Text, Third World and Post-Colonial Issues, 31/32, 99-113.
• Soherwordi, Syed Hussain Shahed. (2013). “Political Islam: A Rising Force in the Middle East”, Pakistan Horizon, 66/4, 21-37.
• Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. (1991). Neocolonialism and the Secret Agent of Knowledge. Oxford Literary Review. Vol. 13. No. ½. Pp. 220-251. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43973717
• Vakhrushev, Vasily. (1972). Neocolonialism: Methods and Manoeuvres. Translated by Kathrine Judelson. Progress Publishers, Moscow.
• Young, Robert J.C.. (2016). Postcolonialism: A Historical Introduction, Wiley Blackwell Publishing, the USA.