Çin Emperyalizminin Denizaşırı Kapitalist Adaları: Özel Ekonomik Bölgeler

Yıl 2023, , 196 - 208, 28.10.2023

İnan Akdağ

https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1310159

Öz

Çin emperyal gelenekten gelen bir ülke olarak küresel etki anlamında idareleri arasında süreklilik yaşayan bir ülkedir. Orta Çağ’dan itibaren Modern Çağ dahil benzer politikalar yürüten bir ülkedir. 1949 sonrası sosyalist devrimle birlikte bir dönem içeri kapansa da 1979 sonrası ekonomisini liberalleştirmiş ve serbest rekabetçi olmasa bile devlet kapitalizmi temelli bir ekonomiye sahip olmuştur. Bu bağlamda Çin, pazar ekonomisi temelli Özel Ekonomik Bölgeleri 1979 sonrası hızla kurmaya başlamıştır ve başlangıçta dört bölge olarak kurulan Özel Ekonomik Bölgelerin sayısı kısa sürede artmış ve deniz aşırı bir yapıya kavuşmuştur. Çin, bu Özel Ekonomik Bölgeleri bir ağ gibi tasarlamış ve tüm dünyaya özellikle çevre ülkelere yaymıştır. Bu durum Çin’in emperyalist vizyonuyla uyumludur. Çin, emperyal gelenekten gelip emperyalist bir yapıya dönüşmüştür. Çin emperyalizmini, modern emperyalist teorilerden ekonomi temelli, Michael Hardt ve Antonio Negri’nin İmparatorluk temelinde ve Manuel Castells’in ağ yaklaşımıyla açıklayabiliriz. Bu çalışmanın kapsamı, Özel Ekonomik Bölgeler bağlamında Çin emperyalizmidir. Çalışmanın önemi, Özel Ekonomik Bölgeleri Çin emperyalizmi çerçevesinde analiz etmektir. Çalışmanın kapsamı, 1980 sonrası ortaya çıkan Özel Ekonomik Bölgelerdir. Çalışmanın temel iddiası, Çin’in, Özel Ekonomik Bölgeler aracılığıyla çevre ülkeler üzerinde etki alanını arttırmak için emperyalist bir ağ kurmaya çalıştığı savunulabilir. Bu ağ aracılığıyla Çin hem küresel ekonomik yapıya eklemlenmektedir hem de siyasal anlamda hegemonya iddiası için gerekli gücü elinde toplamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çin, Özel Ekonomik Bölgeler, Çin Emperyalizmi, Küresel Ağ, Denizaşırı Teknokratik Ağ

The Oversea Capitalist Islands of Chinese Imperialism: Special Economic Zones

Öz

As a country of imperial tradition, China is a country that experiences continuity between its administrations in terms of global influence. It is a country that has been carrying out similar policies since the Middle Ages, including the Modern Age. Although he was suffocating for a while with the post-1949 socialist revolution, he liberalized his economy after 1979 and had a state capitalism-based economy, although it was not free competitive. In this context, China started to establish market economy-based Special Economic Zones rapidly after 1979, and the number of Special Economic Zones initially established as four regions increased in a short time and gained an overseas structure. China has designed these Special Economic Zones as a network and spread them all over the world, especially to the surrounding countries. This is in line with China's imperialist vision. China came from the imperial tradition and turned into an imperialist structure. We can explain Chinese imperialism on the basis of economics from modern imperialist theories, on the basis of Empire by Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, and with the network approach of Manuel Castells. The scope of this study is Chinese imperialism in the context of Special Economic Zones. The importance of the study is to analyze the Special Economic Zones within the framework of Chinese imperialism. The scope of the study is the Special Economic Zones that emerged after 1980. The main claim of the study is that it can be defended that China establishes an imperialist network to increase its sphere of influence on the surrounding countries through Special Economic Zones. Through this network, China both joins the global economic structure and gathers the necessary power to claim hegemony in the political sense.

Anahtar Kelimeler

China, Special Economic Zones, Chinese Imperialism, Global Network, Oversea Technocratic Network

Kaynakça

• Boyeng, J. P. S. (2007). ILO Database on Export Processing Zones. Erişim Adresi: http://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/2007/107B09_80_engl.pdf
• Brautigam, D. ve Xiaoyang, T. (2011a). China’s Investment in Special Economic Zones in Africa, Special Economic Zones Progress, Emerging Challenges and Future Directions içinde, Ed. Thomas Farole ve Gökhan Akıncı, The World Bank: Washington, ss. 69-100.
• Brautigam, D. ve Xiaoyang, T. (2011b). African Shenzhen: China's Special Economic Zones in Africa, The Journal of Modern African Studies, 49(1), 27-54
• Brautigam, D. ve Xiaoyang, T. (2012). Economic Statecraft in China's New Overseas Special Economic Zones: Soft Power, Business or Resource Security?, International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs), 88(4), 799-816
• Breslin, S. (2009). Understanding China's Regional Rise: Interpretations, Identities and Implications, International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), 85(4), 817-835
• Castells, M. (2008). Enformasyon Çağı: Ekonomi, Toplum ve Kültür Ağ Toplumunun Yükselişi, Çev. Ebru Kılıç, İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
• Chambers, M. R. (2007). Framing the Problem: China's Threat Environment, Asia Policy, 4, 61-66
• Chan, T. M. H. ve Kwok, R. Y. W. (1991). Economic Development In the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone: Appendage To Hong Kong?, Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science, 19(1/2), 180-205
• Cohen, J. W. (2006). The Culture of War in China Empire and the Military under the Qing Dynasty, I.B.Tauris Publishers
• Chirambwi, K. (2021). The Belt and Road Initiative in Africa But What Kind of Developmental Power Does China Have?, China in Africa Between Imperialism and Partnership in Humanitarian Development içinde, Ed. Sabella O. Abidde ve Tokunbo A. Ayoola, Lexington Books, ss. 89-112
• De Gobineau, J. A. (2021). İnsan Irklarının Eşitsizliği, Çev. Serkan Acar, Selenge: İstanbul
• Fewsmith, J. (1998). China in 1998: Tacking to Stay the Course, Asian Survey, 39(1), 99-113.
• Grant, M. (2020). Why Special Economic Zones? Using Trade Policy to Discriminate across Importers, The American Economic Review, 110(5), 1540-1571.
• Gungwu, W. (1972). Chinese Society and Chinese Foreign Policy, International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), 48(4), 616-624
• Gungwu, W. (1998). Ming foreign relations: Southeast Asia, The Cambridge History of China Volume 8 The Ming Dynasty, 1368 — 1644, Part 2 içinde, Ed. Denis Twitchett ve John K. Fairbank, Cambridge University Press, ss. 301-332
• Halper, S. (2012). The Beijing Consensus Legitimizing Authoritarianism in Our Time, Basic Books: New York
• Hardt, M. ve Negri, A. (2003). İmparatorluk, Çev. Abdullah Yılmaz, İstanbul: Ayrıntı
• Hilferding, R. (1981). Finance Capital a Study of the Latest Phase of Capitalist Development, Routledge
• Hobson, J. A. (2005). Imperialism a Study, Cossimo: New York
• Hu, W. (2020). The United States, China, and the Indo-Pacific Strategy, China Review, 20(3), 127-142.
• Jain, R. (2017). China’s Economic Development Policies, Challenges and Strategies, 1978-Present: An Overview, Indian Journal of Asian Affairs, 30(1/2), 65-84.
• Lenin, V. I. (2009). Emperyalizm Kapitalizmin En Yüksek Aşaması, Çev. Ferit Burak Aydar, Agora: İstanbul
• Mackay, J. (2015). Rethinking the IR theory of empire in late imperial China, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 15(1), 53-79.
• Naughton, B. (1993). Deng Xiaoping: The Economist, The China Quarterly, 135, 491-514.
• Nishitateno, S. (1983). China’s Special Economic Zones: Experimental Units for Economic Reform, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 32(1), 175-185.
• O’Keefe, M. (2020). The Militarisation of China in the Pacific: Stepping Up to a New Cold War?, Security Challenges, 16(1), 94-112.
• Ross, R. S. (1999). The Geography of the Peace: East Asia in the Twenty-First Century, International Security, 23(4), 81-118.
• Schumpeter, J. (2018). Emperyalizmlerin Sosyolojisi, Çev. Cem Bico, Ankara: Dipnot.
• Stoltenberg, C. D. (1984). China's Special Economic Zones: Their Development and Prospects, Asian Survey, 24(6), 637-654
• Wall, D. (1993). Special Economic Zones in China: The Administrative and Regulatory Framework, The Journal of East Asian Affairs, 7(1), 226-260
• Wong, K. Y. (1987). China's Special Economic Zone Experiment: An Appraisal, Geografiska Annaler Series B, Human Geography, 69(1), 27-40
• Zha, D. (1999). Chinese Considerations of Economic Security, Journal of Chinese Political Science, 5(1), 69–87.