Meslek Lisesi Öğrencilerinin İşsizlik Sorunlarında Bağlantı ve Uyum Problemi: Endonezya ve Türkiye Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Bir Çalışma

Öz

Endonezya, geniş coğrafyası ve büyük nüfusu nedeniyle ciddi işsizlik sorunlarıyla karşı karşıyadır ve bu durum ülkenin ekonomik refahını tehdit etmektedir. Bu çalışma, "Bağlantı ve Uyum" (Link and Match) problemi çerçevesinde Endonezyalı meslek lisesi mezunları arasındaki işsizlik sorununu analiz etmeyi ve Türkiye'nin mesleki eğitim sistemi ile karşılaştırmalı bir değerlendirme sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Nitel araştırma yönteminin benimsendiği çalışmada, tanımlayıcı vaka analizi deseni kullanılmıştır. Veriler, beş farklı eyaletten amaçlı örnekleme ile seçilen 25 mezunla yapılan yarı yapılandırılmış mülakatlar yoluyla toplanmıştır. Araştırma bulguları, mezunların iş gücü piyasasında hem beceri uyuşmazlıkları (skills mismatch) yaşadığını hem de okullardaki altyapı eksikliklerinin istihdam edilebilirliği olumsuz etkilediğini göstermektedir. Çalışmanın sonucu, mesleki eğitimin işsizliği azaltmada kritik bir rol oynamasına rağmen, mevcut müfredatın endüstriyel taleplerin gerisinde kaldığını ve Türkiye örneğinde olduğu gibi yapısal reformlara ihtiyaç duyulduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu doğrultuda geliştirilen öneriler; müfredatın piyasa talepleriyle hizalanmasını, eğitim kurumları ve işletmeler arasındaki iş birliğinin yasal düzenlemelerle zorunlu kılınmasını ve öğrencilere girişimcilik odaklı bir zihniyet kazandırılmasını içermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İşsizlik
• Meslek Liseleri
• Yetenek Uyuşmazlığı
• Endonezya İşgücü Piyasası

Link and Match Problem of Vocational School Students on Unemployment Issues: A Comparative Study on Indonesia and Türkiye

Öz

Indonesia faces significant challenges with unemployment due to its vast land area and large population, posing a threat to economic stability. Addressing the "Link and Match" problem, this research employs a qualitative approach to analyze unemployment among Indonesian vocational school graduates and includes a comparative study of Türkiye's educational system. The methodology utilized is a descriptive case study. Primary data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with 25 alumni from various generations across five Indonesian provinces. The findings reveal that graduates encounter significant skill mismatches and that the current educational infrastructure is insufficient to meet industrial needs. The study concludes that while vocational education is pivotal for reducing unemployment, its effectiveness is hindered by a disconnect between curriculum and labor market demands, a challenge also observed in the Turkish context. Consequently, the research recommends designing curricula that align with market demands, enforcing regulations for collaboration between educational institutions and businesses, and fostering an entrepreneurial mindset among youth to mitigate future unemployment.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Unemployment
• Vocational High School
• Skill Mismatch
• Indonesia Labor Market

Kaynakça

1. Adiguzel, O. C., & Cardak, C. S. (2009). An Evaluation of the “Computer Technology and Programming” Curriculum in the Vocational Higher Education System in Turkey. Journal of Industrial Teacher Education, 45(3). https://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/JITE/v45n3/adiguzel.html
2. Alkatheri, S., Saad, A., & Al-Ghamdi, A.-M. (2019). A Systematic Literature Review and Analysis of Unemployment Problem and Potential Solutions. International Journal of Computer Applications, 182(44), 23–29. https://doi.org/10.5120/IJCA2019918568
3. Alnıaçık, A., Gökşen, F., & Yükseker, D. (2019). School to work or school to home? An analysis of women’s vocational education in Turkey as a path to employment. Gender and Education, 31(8), 1040–1056. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2018.1465897
4. Ayomi, S. (2013). Analisis Pengaruh Tingkat Pertumbuhan Sektor Utama terhadap Tingkat Kemiskinan, Tingkat Pengangguran, dan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) di Satuan Wilayah Madiun dan Sekitarnya Tahun 2003-2012. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa FEB, 2(2). https://jimfeb.ub.ac.id/index.php/jimfeb/article/view/1002
5. Azman, A., AMBIYAR, Simatupang, W., Karudin, A., & Dakhi, O. (2020). Link and Match Policy in Vocational Education to Address The Problem of Unemployment. International Journal of Multi Science, 1(07), 76–85. https://multisciencejournal.com/index.php/ijm/article/view/78
6. Bhagwat, A. (1973). Main Features of the Employment Problem in Developing Countries. In IMF Staff Papers (Vol. 1973, Issue 001). International Monetary Fund. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451956351.024.A002
7. BPS. (2024). Statistical Yearbook of Indonesia. In Statistik Indonesia 2023 (Vol. 1101001). https://www.bps.go.id/en/publication/2024/02/28/c1bacde03256343b2bf769b0/statistik-indonesia-2024.html
8. Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of Qualitative Research (3rd ed.): Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. In Basics of Qualitative Research (3rd ed.): Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452230153

9. Cornwall, J. (1981). Unemployment and Inflation: Institutionalist and Structuralist Views, A Review Article. Journal of Economic Issues, 15(1), 113–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.1981.11503817
10. Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2024). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design Choosing Among Five Approaches. SAGE Publications, Inc .
11. Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2022). Research Design : Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. In L. Fargotstein (Ed.), SAGE Publications. SAGE Publications Inc.
12. Dahil, L., Karabulut, A., & Mutlu, İ. (2015). Problems and Solution Offers Related to the Vocational and Technical Orientation in Turkey. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 174, 3572–3576. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SBSPRO.2015.01.1074
13. Ewaldo, D., Setiawan, M., Angesty, V., & Alfando Cang, J. (2023). Analisa kebijakan pemerintah indonesia terkait ancaman pengangguran pasca inflasi. Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen Pariwisata Dan Perhotelan, 2(1), 388–392. https://doi.org/10.55606/JEMPPER.V2I1.880
14. Mahuteau, S., Mavromaras, K., Sloane, P., & Wei, Z. (2014). Horizontal and vertical educational mismatch and wages. 25th Australian Labour Market Research , 1–28. https://researchnow.flinders.edu.au/en/publications/horizontal-and-vertical-educational-mismatch-and-wages/
15. Mattew, Miles B., Huberman, M. A. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis. SAge Publication. https://www.nhbs.com/qualitative-data-analysis-book
16. Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration of The Republic of Indonesia. (2012). Regulation of The Minister of Manpower and Transmigration of The Republic of Indonesia Number 7 of 2012. https://bphn.go.id/data/documents/12pm007.pdf
17. Ministry of National Education Republic of Türkiye. (2023). Türkiye’s First Vocational High School in the Field of Space and Aviation Technology is Opened. . https://www.meb.gov.tr/
18. Nonsi Tentua, M., & Winarko, E. (2020). Applying Data Mining to Analysis of Mismatch Between Education and Labor Market in Indonesia. , 2nd International Conference on Engineering and Applied Sciences, 771(1), 012020. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/771/1/012020
19. Özdemir, Y., & Beltekin, N. (2019). An Analysis on Educational Qualification Presentations of the Job Seekers in the Labor Markets. Journal of Oriental Scientific Research, 11(3), 1072–1090. https://doi.org/10.26791/sarkiat.607413
20. Ozer, M. (2019). Reconsidering the Fundamental Problems of Vocational Education and Training in Turkey and Proposed Solutions for Restructuring. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology, 39(2), 455–473. https://doi.org/10.26650/SJ.2019.39.2.0098
21. Özer, M. (2020). The Contribution of the Strengthened Capacity of Vocational Education and Training System in Turkey to the Fight against Covid-19. Journal of Higher Education , 10(2), 134–140. https://doi.org/10.2399/yod.20.726951
22. Özer, M. (2021). A New Step towards Narrowing the Achievement Gap in Turkey: “1,000 Schools in Vocational Education and Training” Project. Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education, 1(1), 97–108. https://doi.org/10.14686/BUEFAD.824697
23. Özer, M., & Suna, H. E. (2020). The Linkage between Vocational Education and Labor Market in Turkey: Employability and Skill Mismatch. Kastamonu Education Journal, 28(2), 558–569. https://doi.org/10.24106/KEFDERGI.704878
24. Özsoy, C. E. (2015). Vocational Education - Employment Relationshıp:Thoughts On Quantity And Quality Of Vocational Education In Turkey. Ejovoc (Electronic Journal of Vocational Colleges), 5(5), 173–181. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ejovoc/issue/79298/1336959
25. Pardjono, P. (1989). The Role Of Industry And Nonformal Education Institutions In Preparing The Labor. Cakrawala Pendidikan, 86225. https://doi.org/10.21831/CP.V3I3.8675
26. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 33 Tahun 2013 Tentang Perluasan Kesempatan Kerja. , Pub. L. No. 33, PP No. 33 Tahun 2013 (2013). https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/5365/pp-no-33-tahun-2013
27. Prayudhani O. (2020). Sectoral Qualification Mismatch Map In Indonesia. Jurnal Ketenagakerjaan, 15(2), 140–154. https://doi.org/10.47198/NAKER.V15I2.69
28. Saliman, S. (2005). The Impact of The Crisis On Indonesian Employment. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Pendidikan, 2(1), 17267. https://doi.org/10.21831/JEP.V2I1.657
29. Somuncu, A. (2022). Applicability of Structuring at Local Level in Vocational and Technical High Schools in Turkey. Kastamonu Education Journal, 30(4), 900–913. https://doi.org/10.24106/KEFDERGI.743352
30. Şimşek, H., & Yıldırım, A. (2000). Vocational schools in Turkey: An administrative and organizational analysis. International Review of Education, 46(3–4), 327–342. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004026400023
31. Taherdoost, H. (2022). A Guide to Evaluate Academic Sources to Develop Research Paper: Source Selection in Academic Writing. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.4178672
32. Tansel, A. (1998). General Versus Vocational High Schools and Labor Market Outcomes in Turkey. In SSRN Electronic Journal. Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.263276
33. The World Bank. (2022). Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate) - Indonesia | Data. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?locations=ID
34. Wardhana, D., & Nugroho, D. (2006). Structural Unemployment In Indonesia: Information From SVAR Analysis In A Hysteresis Framework. Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business (JIEB), 21(4), 361–375. https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jieb/article/view/39922
35. Yildirim, A., & Şimşek, H. (1997). A Qualitative Assessment of Curriculum Development Process at Secondary Vocational Schools in Turkey. Annual Conference of American Educational Research Association.