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COVID-19 Pandemisi Sürecinde Çalışma Hayatı ve Mutluluk: Avrupa Ülkeleri Üzerine Ampirik Bir Analiz

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4, 1408 - 1427, 23.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1558659

Öz

2019 yılının sonlarına doğru Çin’in Wuhan eyaletinde ortaya çıkan koronavirüs hastalığı (Covid-19) hastalığının bulaşıcılığını önlemek amacıyla hükümetler izolasyon tedbirleri uygulamıştır. Bu tedbirler kapsamında Avrupa başta olmak üzere birçok ülkede evden çalışmaya hızla geçiş yapılmıştır. Sosyal mesafe kuralı gereği zorunlu olarak evden çalışanlar iş arkadaşlarından ve iş yerinden uzak kalmış, çalışma hayatlarında önemli değişimler yaşamışlardır. Sosyal hayatı sınırlandıran ve çalışma hayatını zorlaştıran Covid-19, çalışanlar için mutsuzluk sebebi olması beklenir. Buradan hareketle çalışmada, Covid-19 pandemisi sürecinde Avrupa ülkelerinde çalışma hayatındaki değişimin mutluluk üzerindeki etkisi Avrupa Sosyal Araştırması’nın onuncu tur (Round 10-2020) verileri ile araştırılmıştır. Bu amaç için kategorik temel bileşenler analizi kullanılarak, literatürden farklı olarak, pandemide çalışma hayatının nasıl olduğunu gösteren “evden çalışma” ve “iş arkadaşlarıyla iletişim” adlı değişkenler oluşturulmuştur. Çalışmada bu göstergeler ile mutluluk arasındaki ilişkiyi tahmin etmek için regresyon analizi yapılmıştır. Analiz sonucunda, pandemide nedeniyle evden çalışmaya geçişin ve iş arkadaşlarıyla iletişim sıklığının azalmasının çalışanların mutluluğunu olumsuz yönde etkilediği ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca şekil yardımıyla pandemi sürecinde, Avrupa’da haftalık ortalama çalışma saati arttıkça ortalama mutluluğun azaldığı gözlenmiştir. Çalışma, Covid-19 krizinin belirli bir günlük rutine sahip çalışanların hayatlarını etkileyerek onları mutsuz ettiğini ortaya koymuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Adisa, T. A.; Antonacopoulou, E.; Beauregard, T. A.; Dickmann, M., Adekoya, O. D. (2022). Exploring the impact of COVID‐19 on employees’ boundary management and work–life balance. British Journal of Management, 33(4), 1694-1709.
  • Alfano, V.; Mariotti, I.; Nappo, N.; Vecchione, G. (2024). Work-life balance during the COVID-19 pandemic. A European perspective. Journal of Industrial and Business Economics, 51(2), 1-25.
  • Ataíde, I.; Araújo, P.; Araújo, A. M.; Fernandes, R.; Martins, E.; Mendes, F. (2023). Grateful workers, satisfied workers? A Portuguese study about organizational happiness during COVID-19 Quarantine. Behavioral Sciences, 13(2), 81-92.
  • Baycık, G.; Doğan, S.; Yangın, D. D.; Yay, O. (2021). COVİD 19 pandemisinde uzaktan çalışma: Tespit ve öneriler. Çalışma ve Toplum, 3(70), 1683-1728.
  • Becchetti, L.; Trovato, G.; Londono Bedoya, D. A. (2011). Income, relational goods and happiness. Applied Economics, 43(3), 273-290.
  • Blanchflower, D. G. (2020). Unhappiness and age. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 176, 461-488.
  • Blanchflower, D. G.; Bryson, A. (2024). The female happiness paradox. Journal of Population Economics, 37(1), 1-27.
  • D'Andrea, S. (2022). Implementing the work-life balance directive in times of COVID-19: new prospects for post-pandemic workplaces in the European Union?. ERA Forum, 23(1), 7-18.
  • Demir, C.; Keskin, S.; Mirtagioğlu, H.; Demir, Y. (2022). Kategorik Temel Bileşenler Analizi ve Depresyon Veri Seti ile Uygulama. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(1), 25-31.
  • Di Tella, R.; MacCulloch, R. J.; Oswald, A. J. (2001). Preferences over inflation and unemployment: Evidence from surveys of happiness. American economic review, 91(1), 335-341.
  • Eurostat, (2020). Employment and Social Policy Indicators, Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database.
  • Ferrer‐i‐Carbonell, A.; Frijters, P. (2004). How important is methodology for the estimates of the determinants of happiness?. The Economic Journal, 114(497), 641-659.
  • Giovanis, E.; Ozdamar, O. (2022). Implications of COVID-19: the effect of working from home on financial and mental well-being in the UK. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 11(9), 1635–1641.
  • Gueguen, G.; Senik, C. (2023). Adopting teleworks: The causal impact of working from home on subjective well‐being. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 61(4), 832-868.
  • Güler, K. Ö. (2021). Sıralı Regresyon Modelleri ve Stata Uygulamaları Uygulamalarla Mikroekonometri içinde, Ed., Birecikli, Ü.Ş., Şengül, S., Nobel Yayın Grubu: Ankara, ss. 103-140.
  • Ipsen, C.; Kirchner, K.; Bolisani, E.; Scarso, E. (2023). In a digitalising Europe: Unfolding knowledge from working from home during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy and Denmark. Work, 74(1), 59-74.
  • Ipsen, C.; van Veldhoven, M.; Kirchner, K.; Hansen, J. P. (2021). Six key advantages and disadvantages of working from home in Europe during COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1826-1843.
  • Kroesen, M. (2022). Working from home during the corona-crisis is associated with higher subjective well-being for women with long (pre-corona) commutes. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 156, 14-23.
  • Küçük, B. A. (2021). Çalışma Arkadaşı Desteği Ölçeği (ÇAD): Türkçe’ye Uyarlama Çalışması. Öneri Dergisi, 16(56), 611-633.
  • Linting, M.; Meulman, J. J.; Groenen, P. J.; van der Koojj, A. J. (2007). Nonlinear principal components analysis: introduction and application. Psychological Methods, 12(3), 336-358.
  • Lopes, H.; Calapez, T. (2012). The relational dimension of identity—Theoretical and empirical exploration. Review of Social Economy, 70(1), 81-107.
  • Meier, S.; Stutzer, A. (2008). Is volunteering rewarding in itself?. Economica, 75(297), 39-59.
  • Meulman, J. J.; Van der Kooij, A. J.; Heiser, W. J. (2004). Principal components analysis with nonlinear optimal scaling transformations for ordinal and nominal data The Sage Handbook of Quantitative Methodology for the Social Sciences içinde; Ed., D. Kaplan, Sage Publications:London, United Kingdom,ss. 49-70.
  • Möhring, K.; Naumann, E.; Reifenscheid, M.; Wenz, A.; Rettig, T.; Krieger, U.; Blom, A. G. (2021). The COVID-19 pandemic and subjective well-being: longitudinal evidence on satisfaction with work and family. European Societies, 23(1), 601-617.
  • Moretti, A.; Menna, F.; Aulicino, M.; Paoletta, M.; Liguori, S.; Iolascon, G. (2020). Characterization of home working population during COVID-19 emergency: a cross-sectional analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17), 6284-6296.
  • Platts, K.; Breckon, J.; Marshall, E. (2022). Enforced homeworking under lockdown and its impact on employee wellbeing: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 199-212.
  • Raišienė, A. G.; Rapuano, V.; Varkulevičiūtė, K.; Stachová, K. (2020). Working from home—Who is happy? A survey of Lithuania’s employees during the COVID-19 quarantine period. Sustainability, 12(13), 5332-5353.
  • Schifano, S.; Clark, A. E.; Greiff, S.; Vögele, C.; d'Ambrosio, C. (2021). Well-being and working from home during COVID-19. Information Technology & People, 36(5), 1851-1869.
  • Senik, C. (2009). Direct evidence on income comparisons and their welfare effects. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 72(1), 408-424.
  • Senik, C.; Clark, A. E.; d’Ambrosio, C.; Lepinteur, A.; Schröder, C. (2024). Teleworking and life satisfaction during COVID-19: the importance of family structure. Journal of Population Economics, 37(1), 8-32.
  • Shao, Q. (2022). Does less working time improve life satisfaction? Evidence from European Social Survey. Health Economics Review, 12(1), 50-68.
  • Šimunić, A.; Fartek, M.; Antonio, A. A.; Garraio, C.; Jørgensen, K. M. (2024). Singles-friendly work cultures and work-life balance during the COVID-19 pandemic: A study across four European countries. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 1-28.https://doi.org/10.1080/15555240.2024.2305900
  • Stutzer, A. (2004). The role of income aspirations in individual happiness. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 54(1), 89-109.
  • Stutzer, A.; Frey, B. S. (2006). Does marriage make people happy, or do happy people get married?. The Journal of Socioeconomics, 35(2), 326-347.
  • Tao, Y., Petrović, A.; van Ham, M. (2023). Working from home and subjective wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of pre-COVID-19 commuting distance and mode choices. Journal of Transport Geography, 112, 103690.
  • Turan, N. (2018). Çalışma mutluluğu: kavram ve kapsam. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(1), 169-212.
  • Turan, N. (2019a). Bir kamu üniversitesi personelinin çalışma mutluluğunu etkileyen faktörler: Nitel araştırma örneği. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, (60), 187-205.
  • Turan, N. (2019b). Akış Deneyimi Üzerine Genel Bir Literatür Taraması. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (37), 181-199.
  • Turan, N. (2020). Çalışma mutluluğu düzeyi ve algısı: Özel sektör avukatları üzerine bir araştırma. İş ve İnsan Dergisi, 7(1), 89-104.
  • Turan, N. (2022). Akademisyenlerin çalışma mutluluğu düzeyleri ve etkileyen faktörler üzerine araştırma: Bir kamu üniversitesi örneği. Yükseköğretim Dergisi, 12(3), 450-459.
  • Tušl, M.; Brauchli, R.; Kerksieck, P.; Bauer, G. F. (2021). Impact of the COVID-19 crisis on work and private life, mental well-being and self-rated health in German and Swiss employees: a cross-sectional online survey. BMC Public Health, 21, 741-756.

Working Life and Happiness During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Empirical Analysis of European Countries

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4, 1408 - 1427, 23.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1558659

Öz

Towards the end of 2019, the coronavirus disease (Covid-19), which emerged in Wuhan, China, led governments to implement isolation measures to prevent its contagion. As part of these measures, many countries, especially in Europe, swiftly transitioned to working from home. Remote workers have been separated from their colleagues and workplace, experiencing significant changes in their working lives. This situation is expected to be a cause of unhappiness for employees. Based on this, the study investigates the impact of changes in working life during the Covid-19 pandemic on happiness in European countries using data from the tenth round of the European Social Survey (Round 10-2020). For this purpose, categorical principal component analysis was used to create variables titled 'working from home' and 'communication with colleagues,' which illustrate how working life has changed during the pandemic, differing from existing literature. Regression analysis revealed that the transition to remote work due to the pandemic and the decrease in the frequency of communication with colleagues negatively affected employees' happiness. In addition, it was observed using the figure that, in Europe during the pandemic, average happiness declined as average weekly working hours increased. The study has shown that the Covid-19 crisis affected the lives of employees with a specific daily routine, leading to their unhappiness.

Kaynakça

  • Adisa, T. A.; Antonacopoulou, E.; Beauregard, T. A.; Dickmann, M., Adekoya, O. D. (2022). Exploring the impact of COVID‐19 on employees’ boundary management and work–life balance. British Journal of Management, 33(4), 1694-1709.
  • Alfano, V.; Mariotti, I.; Nappo, N.; Vecchione, G. (2024). Work-life balance during the COVID-19 pandemic. A European perspective. Journal of Industrial and Business Economics, 51(2), 1-25.
  • Ataíde, I.; Araújo, P.; Araújo, A. M.; Fernandes, R.; Martins, E.; Mendes, F. (2023). Grateful workers, satisfied workers? A Portuguese study about organizational happiness during COVID-19 Quarantine. Behavioral Sciences, 13(2), 81-92.
  • Baycık, G.; Doğan, S.; Yangın, D. D.; Yay, O. (2021). COVİD 19 pandemisinde uzaktan çalışma: Tespit ve öneriler. Çalışma ve Toplum, 3(70), 1683-1728.
  • Becchetti, L.; Trovato, G.; Londono Bedoya, D. A. (2011). Income, relational goods and happiness. Applied Economics, 43(3), 273-290.
  • Blanchflower, D. G. (2020). Unhappiness and age. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 176, 461-488.
  • Blanchflower, D. G.; Bryson, A. (2024). The female happiness paradox. Journal of Population Economics, 37(1), 1-27.
  • D'Andrea, S. (2022). Implementing the work-life balance directive in times of COVID-19: new prospects for post-pandemic workplaces in the European Union?. ERA Forum, 23(1), 7-18.
  • Demir, C.; Keskin, S.; Mirtagioğlu, H.; Demir, Y. (2022). Kategorik Temel Bileşenler Analizi ve Depresyon Veri Seti ile Uygulama. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(1), 25-31.
  • Di Tella, R.; MacCulloch, R. J.; Oswald, A. J. (2001). Preferences over inflation and unemployment: Evidence from surveys of happiness. American economic review, 91(1), 335-341.
  • Eurostat, (2020). Employment and Social Policy Indicators, Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database.
  • Ferrer‐i‐Carbonell, A.; Frijters, P. (2004). How important is methodology for the estimates of the determinants of happiness?. The Economic Journal, 114(497), 641-659.
  • Giovanis, E.; Ozdamar, O. (2022). Implications of COVID-19: the effect of working from home on financial and mental well-being in the UK. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 11(9), 1635–1641.
  • Gueguen, G.; Senik, C. (2023). Adopting teleworks: The causal impact of working from home on subjective well‐being. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 61(4), 832-868.
  • Güler, K. Ö. (2021). Sıralı Regresyon Modelleri ve Stata Uygulamaları Uygulamalarla Mikroekonometri içinde, Ed., Birecikli, Ü.Ş., Şengül, S., Nobel Yayın Grubu: Ankara, ss. 103-140.
  • Ipsen, C.; Kirchner, K.; Bolisani, E.; Scarso, E. (2023). In a digitalising Europe: Unfolding knowledge from working from home during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy and Denmark. Work, 74(1), 59-74.
  • Ipsen, C.; van Veldhoven, M.; Kirchner, K.; Hansen, J. P. (2021). Six key advantages and disadvantages of working from home in Europe during COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1826-1843.
  • Kroesen, M. (2022). Working from home during the corona-crisis is associated with higher subjective well-being for women with long (pre-corona) commutes. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 156, 14-23.
  • Küçük, B. A. (2021). Çalışma Arkadaşı Desteği Ölçeği (ÇAD): Türkçe’ye Uyarlama Çalışması. Öneri Dergisi, 16(56), 611-633.
  • Linting, M.; Meulman, J. J.; Groenen, P. J.; van der Koojj, A. J. (2007). Nonlinear principal components analysis: introduction and application. Psychological Methods, 12(3), 336-358.
  • Lopes, H.; Calapez, T. (2012). The relational dimension of identity—Theoretical and empirical exploration. Review of Social Economy, 70(1), 81-107.
  • Meier, S.; Stutzer, A. (2008). Is volunteering rewarding in itself?. Economica, 75(297), 39-59.
  • Meulman, J. J.; Van der Kooij, A. J.; Heiser, W. J. (2004). Principal components analysis with nonlinear optimal scaling transformations for ordinal and nominal data The Sage Handbook of Quantitative Methodology for the Social Sciences içinde; Ed., D. Kaplan, Sage Publications:London, United Kingdom,ss. 49-70.
  • Möhring, K.; Naumann, E.; Reifenscheid, M.; Wenz, A.; Rettig, T.; Krieger, U.; Blom, A. G. (2021). The COVID-19 pandemic and subjective well-being: longitudinal evidence on satisfaction with work and family. European Societies, 23(1), 601-617.
  • Moretti, A.; Menna, F.; Aulicino, M.; Paoletta, M.; Liguori, S.; Iolascon, G. (2020). Characterization of home working population during COVID-19 emergency: a cross-sectional analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17), 6284-6296.
  • Platts, K.; Breckon, J.; Marshall, E. (2022). Enforced homeworking under lockdown and its impact on employee wellbeing: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 199-212.
  • Raišienė, A. G.; Rapuano, V.; Varkulevičiūtė, K.; Stachová, K. (2020). Working from home—Who is happy? A survey of Lithuania’s employees during the COVID-19 quarantine period. Sustainability, 12(13), 5332-5353.
  • Schifano, S.; Clark, A. E.; Greiff, S.; Vögele, C.; d'Ambrosio, C. (2021). Well-being and working from home during COVID-19. Information Technology & People, 36(5), 1851-1869.
  • Senik, C. (2009). Direct evidence on income comparisons and their welfare effects. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 72(1), 408-424.
  • Senik, C.; Clark, A. E.; d’Ambrosio, C.; Lepinteur, A.; Schröder, C. (2024). Teleworking and life satisfaction during COVID-19: the importance of family structure. Journal of Population Economics, 37(1), 8-32.
  • Shao, Q. (2022). Does less working time improve life satisfaction? Evidence from European Social Survey. Health Economics Review, 12(1), 50-68.
  • Šimunić, A.; Fartek, M.; Antonio, A. A.; Garraio, C.; Jørgensen, K. M. (2024). Singles-friendly work cultures and work-life balance during the COVID-19 pandemic: A study across four European countries. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 1-28.https://doi.org/10.1080/15555240.2024.2305900
  • Stutzer, A. (2004). The role of income aspirations in individual happiness. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 54(1), 89-109.
  • Stutzer, A.; Frey, B. S. (2006). Does marriage make people happy, or do happy people get married?. The Journal of Socioeconomics, 35(2), 326-347.
  • Tao, Y., Petrović, A.; van Ham, M. (2023). Working from home and subjective wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of pre-COVID-19 commuting distance and mode choices. Journal of Transport Geography, 112, 103690.
  • Turan, N. (2018). Çalışma mutluluğu: kavram ve kapsam. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(1), 169-212.
  • Turan, N. (2019a). Bir kamu üniversitesi personelinin çalışma mutluluğunu etkileyen faktörler: Nitel araştırma örneği. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, (60), 187-205.
  • Turan, N. (2019b). Akış Deneyimi Üzerine Genel Bir Literatür Taraması. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (37), 181-199.
  • Turan, N. (2020). Çalışma mutluluğu düzeyi ve algısı: Özel sektör avukatları üzerine bir araştırma. İş ve İnsan Dergisi, 7(1), 89-104.
  • Turan, N. (2022). Akademisyenlerin çalışma mutluluğu düzeyleri ve etkileyen faktörler üzerine araştırma: Bir kamu üniversitesi örneği. Yükseköğretim Dergisi, 12(3), 450-459.
  • Tušl, M.; Brauchli, R.; Kerksieck, P.; Bauer, G. F. (2021). Impact of the COVID-19 crisis on work and private life, mental well-being and self-rated health in German and Swiss employees: a cross-sectional online survey. BMC Public Health, 21, 741-756.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mikroekonomik Teori
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Keziban Altun Erdoğdu 0000-0002-7724-4973

Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Eylül 2024
Kabul Tarihi 12 Aralık 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Altun Erdoğdu, K. (2024). COVID-19 Pandemisi Sürecinde Çalışma Hayatı ve Mutluluk: Avrupa Ülkeleri Üzerine Ampirik Bir Analiz. Politik Ekonomik Kuram, 8(4), 1408-1427. https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1558659

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