A Review on Mentalization and its Relationship Between Psychopatology, Emotional Regulation, Aggression And Violence

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 200 - 208, 28.07.2019

Nesrin Duman

Öz

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), violence, an important reason of death and injury, is an international public health problem. It is important to explore what leads to violent behaviors in order to prevent violence and crime. Reasons of committing crime and prevention of criminal behavior have inspired several studies around the world and the emergence of a large number of theories. Mentalization is the one of the most important concepts which is asserted to explain violence and aggression. Mentalization takes a crucial place in psychological wellbeing and social existence, in regard of living with other people and maintaining healthy interpersonal relationships. In recent years, many researches on aggression and violence, emotion regulation, mentalization-based intervention and therapy programs in the treatment of personality disorders took attention to the importance of mentalization. In this review, it is aimed to examine the role and importance of mentalization in terms of relationship among psychopathology, emotion regulation, aggression and violent behavior

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mentalization, psychopathology, emotion regulation, agression, violence

MENTALİZASYON VE MENTALİZASYONUN PSİKOPATOLOJİ, DUYGUDURUM DÜZENLEME, SALDIRGANLIK VE ŞİDDET İLİŞKİSİ ÜZERİNE BİR DERLEME

Öz

Dünya
Sağlık Örgütü’ne göre ölüm ve sakatlanmalarda önemli bir sebep olan şiddet,
uluslararası bir toplum sağlığı problemidir. Şiddeti ve toplumsal çerçevede
bakıldığında şiddetin sonucu olan suçlu davranışı önlemede, bu davranışa neyin
öncülük ettiğini belirlemek önemlidir. İnsanların neden suç işlediği ve suçlu
davranışın nasıl önleneceği, dünya genelinde birçok çalışmanın yapılmasına ve
fazla sayıda teorilerin ortaya çıkmasına yol açmıştır. Mentalizasyon da, şiddet
ve saldırganlık üzerine ileri sürülen nedenlerden önemli bir tanesidir.
Mentalizasyon, yaşamımızı idame etmede, psikolojik sağlığımızda ve sosyal bir
varlık olan insanın, diğer insanlarla bir arada yaşayabilmesinde, insan
ilişkilerini sağlıklı bir şekilde sürdürebilmesinde çok önemli bir yerde durmaktadır.
Bu kavram son dönemlerde saldırganlık ve şiddet üzerine yapılan çalışmalarda,
duygudurum düzenlemesi konusundaki araştırmalarda, kişilik bozukluklarının
sağaltımında mentalizasyon destekli müdahale ve terapi programlarının
oluşturulmasında önemle vurgulanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada mentalizasyonun
psikopatoloji, duygudurum düzenleme, saldırganlık ve şiddet davranışı
arasındaki ilişkideki aracı rolünün incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mentalizasyon, psikopatoloji, duygudurum düzenleme, saldırganlık, şiddet

Kaynakça

• Adshead, G. (2004). Three degrees of security: attachment in forensic institutions. In a matter of security: the application of attachment theory to forensic psychiatry and psychotherapy (eds F Pfäfflin, G Adshead): 147–66. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. [Adobe Digital Editions sürümü]. http://www.al-edu.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/PfafflinAdshead-eds-A-Matter-of-Security-The-Application-of-Attachment-Theory-to-Forensic-Psychiatry-and-Psychothera.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Allen, J. G. (2014). What is mentalizing ve why do it with. [YouTube Video]. (Erişim tarihi: 2017, Mart 30). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLT7ieO3hTkvet=318s adresinden erişildi.
• Allen, J., Fonagy, P. ve Bateman, A. (2013). Klinik uygulamada zihinselleştirme. (S. Yelkener, Çev.). İstanbul: Psikoterapi Enstitüsü Eğitim Yayınları 37.
• Astington, J. W., Harris, P. L., Olson, D. R. (eds.). (1988). Developing Theories of Mind. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. https://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/comm/steen/cogweb/Abstracts/DevelopingTheories_88.html adresinden erişildi.
• Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. ve van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2009). The first 10000 adult attachment interviews: distribution of adult attachment representations in clinical and non-clinical groups. Attachment and Human Development, 11 (3):223–63. doi: 10.1080/14616730902814762.
• Baron-Cohen, S. (2001). Theory of mind in normal development and autism. Prisme, (34):174-83. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238603356_ Theory_of_Mind_in_normal_development_and_autism adresinden erişildi.
• Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1986). Mechanical, behavioural and Intentional understanding of picture stories in autistic children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 4: 113–125. doi:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1986.tb01003.x
• Bateman, A. & Fonagy, P. (Eds.). (2012). Handbook of mentalizing in mental health practice. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Pub.
• Bateman, A. & Fonagy, P. (2010). Mentalization based therapy for borderline personality disorder. World Psychiatry, (9) 1:11-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2816926/ adresinden erişildi.
• Beeghly, M. & Cicchetti, D. (1994). Child maltreatment, attachment, and the self system: emergence of an internal statelexicon in toddlers at high social risk. Development and Psychology, 6:5-30. doi: 10.1017/S095457940000585X
• Beeney, J. E., Stepp, S. D., Hallquist, M. N., Scott, L. N., Wright, A. G., Ellison, W. D., Nolf, K. A., & Pilkonis, P. A. (2015). Attachment and social cognition in borderline personality disorder: Specificity in relation to antisocial and avoidant personality disorders. Personality Disorders, Jul; 6 (3):207-15. doi: 10.1037/per0000110.
• Bleiberg, E. (2001) Treating personality disorders in children and adolescents: a relational approach. NY: The Guilford Press.
• Brüne, M. (2005). Theory of mind in schizophrenia: a review of the literature. Schizophr Bull (2005) 31 (1):21-42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbi002
• Bowlby, J. (1960). Separation anxiety: a critical review of the literature. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1(4):251–69. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1960.tb01999.x
• Choi-Khain, L. W., & Gunderson, J. G. (2008). Mentalization: ontogeny, assessment, and application in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165 (9), 1127-1135. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07081360.
• Cracco, E., Van Durme, K., & Braet, C. (2015). Validation of the FEEL-KJ: An instrument to measure emotion regulation strategies in children and adolescents. PLoS ONE, 10 (12): e0137080. doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0144324.
• Czaja, J., Rief, W., & Hilbert, A. (2009). Emotion regulation and binge eating in children. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 42 (4):356-62. doi:10.1002 /eat.20630.
• Dolan, M., & Fullam, R. (2004). Theory of mind and mentalizing ability in antisocial personality disorders with and without psychopathy. Psychological Medicine, 2004 Aug; 34 (6):1093-102.
• Duman, N. (2018a). Çalışan Yetişkinlerdeki Bilişsel Çarpıtma Düzeyi Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Journal of Strategic Research in Social Science, 8(3):1-10. Doi: 10.26579/jocress-8.3.1
• Duman, N. (2018b). Duygusal istismarı anlamak. Ankara: Gece Kitaplığı.
• Duman, N. (2018c). Peri masalları ve çizgi animasyon filmlerindeki zihin durumlarının incelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Adli Tıp Enstitüsü.
• Duman, N. (2009). Hakkında denetimli serbestlik tedbiri verilmiş olan uyuşturucu madde kullanan hükümlülerde psikosomatik düşünce biçiminin Rorschach testi ile incelenmesi. Yüksek lisans tezi, İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Adli Tıp Enstitüsü.
• Duman, N., & Oral, G. (2018). Peri masalları ve çizgi animasyon filmlerindeki zihin durumlarının incelenmesi. Yaşam Becerileri Psikoloji Dergisi, 2(3), 113-26. Doi: 10.31461/ybpd.427936
• Duman, N., & Oral, G. (2018b). Esrar kullananlarda psikosomatik düşünce biçiminin Rorschach testi ile incelenmesi. Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 19 (43): 1-13.
• Dyer, J. R., Shatz, M., & Wellman, H. M. (2000). Young children’s storybooks as a source of mental state information. Cognitive Development, 15 (1):17-37. doi:10.1016 /S0885-2014(00)00017-4.
• Ensink, K., Normandin, L., Target, M., Fonagy, P., Sabourin, S., & Berthelot, N. (2015). Mentalization in children and mothers in the context of trauma: An initial study of the validity of the Child Reflective Functioning Scale. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 33: 203–217. doi: 10.1111/bjdp.12074
• Fonagy, P. (2015). Peter Fonagy, Anna Freud Centre Chief Executive: What is Mentalization? Interview. [YouTube Video]. (Erişim tarihi: 2017, Mart 30). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OHw2QumRPrQvet=449s adresinden erişildi.
• Fonagy, P. (2004). Attachment theory and psychoanalysis. London UK: H. Karnac (Books) Ltd. [Adobe Digital Editions sürümü]. http://library.bilgi.edu.tr/ adresinden erişildi.
• Fonagy, P. & Bateman, A. (2008). The development of borderline personality disorder – a mentalizing model. Journal of Personality Disorders, 22:4–21
• Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E. L., & Target, M. (2004). Affect regulation, mentalization, and the development of the self. London: KARNAC Books.
• Fonagy, P. &Target, M. (1998). Mentalization and the changing aims of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 8:87-114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/ 10481889809539235.
• Fonagy, P., & Target, M. (1997). Attachment and reflective function: their role in self-organization. Development and Psychopathology, 9 (4), 679-700. Erişim adresi: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Attachment-and-reflective-function-their-role-in-s-Fonagy-Target/52a1866d18027f8b8b6f0ff551b26cf368043838.
• Fonagy, P., Target, M., Steele, H. & Steele, M. (1998). Reflective functioning manual for application to adult attachment interview. Version 5. http://www.mentalizacion.com.ar/images/notas/Reflective%20Functioning%20Manual.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Fonagy P., & Luyten P. A. (2009). Developmental, mentalization-based approach to the understanding and treatment of borderline personality disorder. Developmental Psychopatholgy. 21 (4):1355–81. doi: 10.1017/S0954579409990198.
• Frye, D. & Moore, C. (1991). Children's theories of mind: Mental states and social understanding. Hillsdale, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
• Happé, F. G. E. & Frith, U. (1996). Theory of mind and social impairment in children with conduct disorder. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9:105-123. doi:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1996.tb00713.x.
• Hawkes, L. (2011). With you and me in mind: Mentalization and transactional analysis. Transactional Analysis Journal, 41(3), 230-240. doi:10.1177/036215371 104100305.
• Hoermann, S., Zupanick, C.E. & Dombeck, M. (2013). Attachment Theory Expanded: Mentalization. https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/attachment-theory-expanded-mentalization/ adresinden erişildi.
• Hughes, C., & Dunn, J. (1998). Understanding mind and emotion: Longitudinal assosiations with mental-state talk between young friends. Developmental Psychology, 34 (5):1026-1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.34.5.1026.
• Marty, P. (1998). Zihinselleştirme ve psikosomatik. (A. E. Yavuz Sever, Çev.).İstanbul: Bağlam Yayıncılık.
• McElwain, N. L., Booth-LaForce, C., & Wu, X. (2011). Infant-mother attachment and children's friendship quality: Maternal mental-state talk as an intervening mechanism. Developmental Psychology, 47 (5):1295-1311. doi:10.1037 /a0024094.
• Möller, C., Falkenström, F., Holmqvist Larsson, M., ve Holmqvist, R. (2014). Mentalising in young offenders. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 31 (1):84-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0035555
• Navarro-Haro, M., Wessman, I., Botella, C., & Garcia-Palacios, A. (2015). The role of emotion regulation strategies and dissociation in non-suicidal self-injury for women with borderline personality disorder and comorbid eating disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 63:123-130. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.09.001.
• Newbury-Helps, J. (2011). Are difficulties in mentalizing associated with severity of antisocial personality disorder? (D.Clin.Psy. thesis). http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1330849/1/DClinPsy%20thesis%20final%2014th%20Sept2011%20John%20Helps.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Oral, G. (2017). Doktora ders notları (Yayınlanmamış). İstanbul Üniversitesi Adli Tıp Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
• Pfäfflin, F., & Adshead, G. (Eds).(2004). A matter of security: the application of attachment theory to forensic psychiatry and psychotherapy. UK: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
• Polat, O. (2016). Şiddet. Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi, 22 (1):15-34. Erişim adresi: http://dergipark.gov.tr/maruhad/issue/27591/290653
• Rogers, E. C. (2013). Children and elephants: a study of mentalization, empathy and attitudes towards conservation of participants of an elephant-based environmental intervention in West Africa. CUNY Academic Works. Erişim adresi: http://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/1755 adresinden erişildi.
• Schneider-Rosen, K. & Cicchetti, D. (1991). Early self-knowledge and emotional development: Visual self-recognition and affective reactions to mirror self-images in maltreated and non-maltreated toddlers. Developmental Psychology, 27 (3):471-478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.27.3.471
• Schore, A. N. (2002). Advances in neuropsychoanalysis, attachment theory, and trauma research: Implications for self psychology. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 22:433–484. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07351692209348996
• Sharp, C., Fonagy, P. & Goodyer, I. M. (Eds.). (2008). Social cognition and developmental psychopathology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/med/9780198569183.001.0001
• Shatz M. (1994). A Toddler's Life: Becoming a Person. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
• Specht, P. M. (2016). Psychotherapy with children and early adolescents from a mentalization perspective.(Doctoral thesis). www.theses.ulaval.ca/2016/32464/32464.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Sutton, J., Reeves, M., & Keogh, E. (2000). Disruptive behaviour, avoidance of responsibility and theory of mind. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 18:1-11. doi: 10.1348/026151000165517.
• Tager-Flushberg, H. (1992). Autistic children's talk about psychological states: Deficits in the early acqusition of a theory of mind. Child Development, 63 (1):161-172.
• Tice, D. M., Bratslavsky E., ve Baumeister, R. F. (2001). Emotional distress regulation takes precedence over impulse control: if you feel bad, do it! Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80 (1):53-67. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.80.1.53.
• Thompson, M. & Tuch, R. (2014). The stories we tell ourselves. New York: Routledge.
• Velotti, P., Garofalo, C., D'Aguanno, M., Petrocchi, C., Popolo, R., Salvatore, G., & Dimaggio, G. (2016). Mindfulness moderates the relationship between aggression and antisocial personality disorder traits: preliminary investigation with an offender sample. Comprehensive Psychiatry, (64):38-45. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.08.004
• Wellman, H. M., Phillips, A. T., & Rodriguez, T. (2000). Young children's understanding of perception, desire, and emotion. Child Development, 71 (4):895-912. doi:10.1111 /1467-8624.00198.
• Winnicott, D. (1971). Playing and Reality. USA: Tavistock Publications Ltd.
• Yakeley J. & Williams A. (2014). Antisocial personality disorder: new directions. Advanced Psychiatry Treatments, 20 (2):132-43. doi: 10.1192/apt.bp.113.011205
• Young, J. C. & Widom, C. S. (2014). Long-term effects of child abuse an neglect on emotion processing in adulthood. Child Abuse ve Neglect, 38:1369-81. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.03.008