Risk and Consequences of Child Abuse in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Öz

Awareness about child physical and emotional abuse –as well as sexual abuse- is increasing day by day. It is stated that the physical or emotional harm given to a child can result in serious psychological problems both in short and long terms. In addition to this, it is known that, the traditional discipline styles, especially applied in developing countries, can be physically and emotionally harmful and sometimes abusive. The stress level of the parent determines the parent’s choice of discipline style and psychopathologies such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder seem to be riskfull for physical and emotional abuse because they increase the stress level of parents. This paper will review the literature related to the probability of exposure to physically or emotionally abusive discipline styles for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and also the literarture related to the consequences of these abusive discipline styles on these children.

 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Child abuse, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, risk

Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğunda Risk ve Sonuçları Açısından Çocuk İstismarına Bir Bakış

Öz

Çocuğa karşı yapılan cinsel istismara yönelik ilginin yanında, duygusal ve fiziksel istismarın önemiyle de ilgili farkındalık gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Çocuğa verilen duygusal ve fiziksel zararın hem kısa dönemde hem de uzun dönemde ciddi düzeydeki psikolojik sorunlara yol açabildiği belirtilmektedir. Bununla birlikte özellikle gelişmekte olan toplumlarda kullanılan geleneksel disiplin yöntemlerinin duygusal ve fiziksel açıdan zarar verici, zaman zaman istismar niteliği taşıyan davranışları içerdiği bilinmektedir. Ebeveynin stres düzeyi disiplin yöntemleriyle ilgili seçimini belirler ve dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu gibi psikopatolojiler ebeveynlerin stres düzeyini arttırdığı fiziksel-duygusal istismar açısından risk oluşturmaktadır. Bu yazıda dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu olan çocukların fiziksel ve duygusal istismara uğrama yönünden ne ölçüde risk altında oldukları ve sözü geçen şiddet içerikli disiplin yöntemlerinden ne yönde etkilendikleri ile ilgili yazın gözden geçirilmiş-tir.

 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çocuk istismarı, dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu, risk

Kaynakça

1. Ağırtan CA, Akar T, Akbaş S, Akdur R, Evinç G, Foto Özdemir D et al. (2009) Identifying the strongest link can make a difference. Child Abuse Negl, 33:247-255.
2. APA (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association.
3. Bailey HN, DeOliveira CA, Wolfe VV, Evans EM, Hartwick C (2012) The impact of childhood maltreatment history on parenting: A comparison of maltreatment types and assessment methods. Child Abuse Negl, 36:236-246.
4. Baldry AC (2007) "It does affect me": disruptive behaviors in preadolescents directly and indirectly abused at home. Eur Psychol, 12(Suppl.1):29-35.
5. Belsky J (1980) Child maltreatment: an ecological integration. Am Psychol, 35:320-335.
6. Berger LM (2005) Income, family characteristics, and physical violence toward children. Child Abuse Negl, 29:107-133.
7. Bradley JDD, Golden CJ (2001) Biological contributions to the presentation and understanding of Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder: a review. Clin Psychol Rev, 21:907-929.
8. Briscoe-Smith AM, Hinshaw SP (2006) Linkages between child abuse and attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in girls: behavioral and social correlates. Child Abuse Negl, 30: 1239-1255.

9. Brown J, Cohen P, Johnson JG, Salzinger SA (1998) Longitudinal analysis of risk factors for child maltreatment: findings of a 17- year prospective study of officially recorded and self-reported child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse Negl, 22:1065-1078.
10. Bronfenbrenner U (1977) Toward an experimental ecology of human development. Am Psychol, 32:513-530.
11. Broman-Fulks JJ, Ruggiero KJ, Hanson RF, Smith DW, Resnick HS, Kilpatrick DG et al. (2007) Sexual assault and disclosure in relation to adolescent mental health: results from the national survey of adolescents. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol, 36:260-266.
12. Cyr CA, Euser EM, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Van IJzendoorn MH (2010) Attachment insecurity and disorganisation in maltreating and high-risk families: A series of meta-analyses. Dev Psychopathol, 22(Suppl.1):87-108.
13. Cuhadaroglu Cetin F, Akdemir D, Tuzun Z, Cak HT, Senses Dinc G, Taşğın Cop E et al. (2013) Identity status and attachment in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Turk J Pediatr, 55:190-197.
14. Çak HT, Şenses Dinç G, Tuzun Z, Evinç ŞG, Çöp E, Çuhadaroğlu Çetin F (2013) Comorbidity and continuity attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from childhood to adolescence in Turkey. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord, 5:353-360.
15. De Bellis M, Hooper S, Woolley D, Shenk C (2009) Demographic, maltreatment, and neurobiological correlates of PTSD symptoms in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Psychol, 11:1–8.
16. De Sanctis VA, Nomura Y, Newcorn JH, Halperin JM (2012) Childhood maltreatment and conduct disorder: Independent predictors of criminal outcomes in ADHD youth. Child Abuse Negl, 36:782-789
17. Dubowitz H, Kim J, Black MM, Weisbart C, Semiatin J, Magder LS (2011) Identifying children at high risk for a child maltreatment report. Child Abuse Negl, 35:96–104.
18. Duric NS, Elgen I (2011) Characteristics of Norwegian children suffering from ADHD symptoms: ADHD and primary health care, Psychiatr Res, 188:402–405.
19. Eliott JM, Tong CK, Tan PMEH (1997) Attitude of the Singapore public to actions suggesting child abuse. Child Abuse Negl, 21:445- 464.
20. Evinç ŞG (2004) Maternal personality characteristics, affective state, and psychopathology in relation to children’s attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and comorbid symptoms (Uzmanlık tezi). Ankara, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi.
21. Evinç ŞG, Gencoz T (2007) Dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu tanısı konulan çocukların WISC-R profilleri: karşılaştırmalı bir çalışma. Turk Psikiyatr Derg, 18(Suppl. 2):109-117.
22. Evinç ŞG, Gençöz T, Foto-Özdemir D, Akdemir D, Karadağ F, Ünal F (2014) Child maltreatment and associated factors among children with ADHD: a comparative study. Turk J Pediatr, 56:11-22.
23. Faraone SV, Biederman J, Mick E (2006) The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of follow-up studies. Psychol Med, 36:159–165.
24. Foto-Özdemir D, Özmert E, Balseven-Odabaşı A, Evinç ŞG, Tekşam Ö, Gökler B et al. (2012) The analysis of child abuse and neglect cases assessed by a multidisciplinary study group between 2005–2008. Turk J Pediatr, 54:333-343.
25. Ford JD, Racussin R, Ellis C, Daviss W, Reiser J, Fleischer A, Thomas J (2000) Child maltreatment, other trauma exposure, and posttraumatic symptomatology among young children with oppositional defiant and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders. Child Maltreat, 5:205-217.
26. Hemenway D, Solnick S, Carter J (1994) Child rearing violence. Child Abuse Negl, 18:1011-1020.
27. Holden GW (2002) Perspectives on the effects of corporal punishment: Comment on Gershoff (2002) Psychol Bull, 128: 590-595.
28. Hunter WM, Jain D, Sadowski LS, Sanhueza AI (2000) Risk factors for severe child discipline practices in rural India. J Pediatr Psychol, 25:435-447.
29. Kaplan SJ, Pelcovitz D, Labruna V (1999) Child and adolescent abuse and neglect research: a review of the past 10 years. Part 1: physical and emotional abuse and neglect. J Am Acad Child Psy, 38(Suppl.10): 1214-1222.
30. Kent A, Waller G (2000) Childhood emotional abuse and eating psychopathology. Clin Psychol Rev, 20(Suppl. 7):887-903.
31. Kiive E, Kurrikoff T, Mäestu J, Harro J (2010) Effect of α2A - adrenoceptor C-1291G genotype and maltreatment on hyperactivity and inattention in adolescents. Progr. Neuro-Psychoph, 34: 219–224.
32. Kočovská E, Puckering C, Follan M, Smillie M, Gorski C, Barnes J et al. (2012) Neurodevelopmental problems in maltreated children referred with indiscriminate friendliness. Res Dev Disabil, 33:1560-1565.
33. MacKenzie MJ, Nicklas E, Brooks-Gunn J, Waldfogel J (2011) Who spanks infants and toddlers? evidence from the fragile families and child well-being study. Children Youth Serv Rev, 33:1364-1373.
34. Margolin G, Gordis E (2000) The effects of family and community violence on children. Annu Rev Psychol, 51:445-479.
35. McConnell D, Feldman M, Aunos M, Prasad NG (2011) Parental cognitive impairment and child maltreatment in Canada. Child Abuse Negl, 35:621-632.
36. McElroy EM, Rodriguez CM (2008) Mothers of children with externalizing behavior problems: cognitive risk factors for abuse potential and discipline style and practices. Child Abuse Negl, 32:774-784.
37. Pinderhughes EE, Dodge KA, Bates JE (2000) Discipline responses: influences of parents’ socioeconomic status, ethnicity, beliefs about parenting, stress, and cognitive-emotional processes. J Fam Psychol, 14:380-400.
38. Sackett LA, Saunders DG (1999) The impact of different forms of psychological abuse on battered women. Violence Victims, 14:105-117.
39. Semiz UB, Cengiz FF, Oner O (2012) Yetişkin dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu ve örselenme. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni, 22(Suppl. 1):29.
40. Simsek-Orhon F, Ulukol B, Bingoler B, Baskan-Gulnar S (2006) Attitudes of Turkish parents, pediatric residents, and medical students to ward child disciplinary practices. Child Abuse Negl, 30:1081–1092.
41. Sonuga-Barke EJS, Lasky-Su J, Neale BM, Oades R, Chen W, Franke B et al. (2008) Does parental expressed emotion moderate genetic effects in ADHD? an exploration using a genome wide association scan. Am J Med Genet (Neuropsychiatr Genet), 147:1359–1368.
42. Soysal AŞ, Bayoğlu UB, Gücüyener K (2011) Dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu ile örtülü fiziksel istismar ve ihmal. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi, 54:148-153.
43. Sullivan PM, Knutson JF (2000) Maltreatment and disabilities: A population-based epidemiological study. Child Abuse Negl, 24: 1257–1274.
44. Uslu R, Kapçı EG, Yıldırım R Oney E (2010) Sociodemographic characteristics of Turkish parents in relation to their recognition of emotional maltreatment. Child Abuse Negl, 34:345-353.
45. Uzun Ö, Foto Özdemir D, Evinç ŞG, Karadağ F, Akdemir D (2012) Cinsel istismar ve sonuçlarıyla ilgili etkenler. 22. Ulusal Çocuk ve Ergen Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Kongresi “Büyümek” (24-27.04.2012, Bolu), Bildiri Özet Kitabı, s. 69, 2012, Bolu.
46. Van Harmelen AL, De Jong PJ, Glashouwer KA, Spinhoven P, Penninx BW, Elzinga BM (2010) Child abuse and negative explicit and automatic self-associations: the cognitive scars of emotional maltreatment. Behav Res Ther, 48:486-494.
47. Vittrup B, Holden GW, Buck J (2006) Attitudes predict the use of physical punishment: A prospective study of the emergence of disciplinary practices. Pediatrics, 117: 2055-2064.
48. WHO (1999). Report of the Consultation on Child Abuse Prevention. Geneva, World Health Organization.
49. Yehuda R, Spertus IL, Golier JA (2001) Relationship between childhood traumatic experiences and PTSD in adults. Review of Psychiatry, 20(1):117-158.
50. Ş. Gülin Sevinç, Psikolog Dr., Hacettepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Çocuk Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları ABD,
51. Ankara; Dilşat Foto-Özdemir, Yrd. Doç. Dr., Hacettepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Çocuk Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalık- ları ABD, Ankara.