Nesiller Arası Travma: Kuramsal Temelleri, Aktarım Mekanizmaları, Etkileri ve Müdahale Yaklaşımları

Öz

Nesiller arası travma; travmatik deneyimlerin çeşitli mekanizmalar aracılığıyla nesiller boyunca aktarıldığı, sosyal, kültürel ve biyolojik düzeylerde işleyen çok katmanlı bir süreç olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Soykırım-lar, savaşlar, zorunlu göç ve aile içi şiddet gibi makro ve mikro düzeydeki travmatik deneyimlerin, sonraki nesiller üzerindeki görünür ve gizil etkileri, geniş bir literatürle desteklenmektedir. Araştırmacıların geliş-tirdiği farklı kuramsal modeller ve yaklaşımlar, nesiller arası travmanın çok boyutlu yapısını kavrayabilme-miz açısından önemli bir zemin sunmaktadır. Bu modeller ve çerçeveler, nesiller arası travmanın psikolojik, sosyokültürel ve biyolojik düzeylerde nasıl işlediğini anlamamıza yardımcı olmaktadır. Literatürdeki çalış-malardan yola çıkarak, bu çalışmada, nesiller arası travmanın kapsamı, aktarım yolları, psikolojik sonuçları ve müdahale yaklaşımları gözden geçirilmiş ve Türkçe literatürdeki bütüncül çerçeve eksikliğinin giderilme-si amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda nesiller arası travmanın yalnızca bireysel psikolojik etkilerle sınırlı kalma-dığı; toplumsal, kültürel ve biyolojik düzeylerde de çok yönlü sonuçlar doğurduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Ayrıca, travmatik aktarımın yalnızca kırılganlık ve psikopatolojiye yol açmadığı, uygun sosyal destek, işlev-sel aile dinamikleri ve kültürel aidiyet gibi koruyucu faktörler sayesinde dayanıklılığın da nesiller boyunca aktarılabildiği vurgulanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• nesiller arası travma
• psikolojik travma
• derleme

Intergenerational Trauma: Conceptual Frameworks, Mechanisms of Transmission, Impacts and Intervention Approaches

Abstract

Intergenerational trauma is defined as the process of transferring traumatic experiences across generations through various mechanisms; it is considered as a multi-layered transfer process that operates at social, cultural and biological levels. The visible and latent effects of macro and micro traumatic experiences such as genocides, wars, forced migration and domestic violence on subsequent generations are supported by a wide literature. The different theoretical models and explanatory frameworks developed by researchers provide an important basis for understanding the multi dimensional structure of intergenerational trauma. These models and frameworks help us understand how intergenerational trauma operates at psychological, sociocultural and biological levels. Based on the studies in the literature, this study reviewed the scope of intergenerational trauma, transmission paths, psychological consequences and intervention approaches, and aimed to eliminate the lack of a holistic framework in the Turkish literature. In this context, it has been demonstrated that intergenerational trauma is not limited to individual psychological effects; it also produces multifaceted results at social, cultural and biological levels. In addition, it has been emphasized that traumatic transmission does not only lead to fragility and psychopathology, but also that resilience can be transmitted across generations thanks to protective factors such as appropriate social support, functional family dynamics and cultural belonging.

Keywords

• intergenerational trauma
• psychological trauma
• review

Kaynakça

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