Empathy as a Determinant of Pro-Social and Antisocial Behaviors: Theoretical Foundations, Measurement Methods, and Behavioral Outcomes

Abstract

Empathy is the ability to understand the feelings and thoughts of others and to react to them appropriately. Therefore, it has an important role in strengthening interpersonal relationships and supporting social cohesion. Cognitive empathy involves understanding another person's point of view, while emotional empathy involves experiencing what they feel. In this study, the definition of empathy, its components, measurement methods and its relationship with pro-social and antisocial behaviours are discussed. Empathy is measured by self-report scales, behavioural methods and neuroimaging techniques. Empathy affects pro-social and antisocial behaviours both directly and indirectly through biopsychosocial (personality traits, emotion regulation skills) and biological factors. On the other hand, the strength of this relationship may differ depending on demographic factors -such as age, gender-. The use of different measurement techniques together in the studies and more experimental and longitudinal studies as a method can be listed as points that will strengthen future studies. In addition, the close relationship between empathy and these behaviours emphasises the importance of multidisciplinary studies involving different fields such as sociology, psychology and economics.

Keywords

• Empathy
• pro-social behaviour
• antisocial behaviour
• measurement methods
• demographical factors
• biological factors

Toplum Yanlısı ve Antisosyal Davranışların Belirleyicisi Olarak Empati: Kuramsal Temeller, Ölçüm Yöntemleri ve Davranışsal Sonuçlar

Öz

Empati, başkalarının duygu ve düşüncelerini anlama ve bunlara uygun şekilde tepki verme yeteneğidir. Bu nedenle bireyler arası ilişkileri güçlendirme ve sosyal uyumu destekleme konusunda önemli bir role sahiptir. Bilişsel empati, başkasının bakış açısını anlamayı; duygusal empati ise onun hissettiklerini deneyimlemeyi içerir. Bu çalışmada empatinin tanımı, bileşenleri, ölçüm yöntemleri ve toplum yanlısı ile antisosyal davranışlarla olan ilişkisi ele alınmaktadır. Empatinin ölçümü öz-bildirim ölçekleri, davranışsal yöntemler ve nörogörüntüleme teknikleri ile gerçekleştirilmektedir. Empati toplum yanlısı ve antisosyal davranışlara hem direkt hem de biyopsikososyal (kişilik özellikleri, duygu düzenleme becerileri gibi) ve biyolojik etmenler aracılığıyla dolaylı olarak etki etmektedir. Diğer taraftan demografik etkenlere (yaş, cinsiyet gibi) bağlı olarak bu ilişkinin gücü farklılaşabilmektedir. Araştırmalarda farklı ölçüm tekniklerin bir arada kullanılması; yöntem olarak deneysel ve boylamsal çalıșmalara daha çok yer verilmesi gelecek çalışmaları güçlendirecek noktalar olarak sıralanabilir. Ayrıca empatinin bu davranışlarla olan yakın ilişkisi sosyoloji, psikoloji ve ekonomi gibi farklı alanların dahil olacağı multidisipliner çalışmaların önemine vurgu yapmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Empati
• toplum yanlısı davranış
• antisosyal davranış
• ölçüm yöntemleri
• demografik etmenler
• biyolojik etmenler

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