Vardiyalı Çalışma Bozukluğu ve Vardiyalı Çalışmanın Ruhsal ve Bedensel Etkileri

Öz

Tüm dünyada vardiyalı çalışmanın yükselen yaygınlığı nedeniyle vardiyalı olarak çalışan kişilerin ve ailelerinin düzensiz yaşam tarzları ve ritimlerle ilişkisi araştırılmaktadır. Vardiyalı çalışmanın fiziksel ve ruhsal sağlığa etkisi, son yıllarda çok önemli bir araştırma alanıdır. Vardiyalı olarak çalışanlarda tıbbi komplikasyonların başlaması ve sürekliliği, çalışma ritimleri ile sirkadiyen saat arasındaki bozulmuş senkronizasyonu içermektedir. Bu bağlamda, uyku-uyanıklık bozuklukları, gastrointestinal problemler ve kardiyovasküler hastalıkların risk artışını gösteren çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Sirkadiyen ritim uyku bozukluğu olarak bilinen vardiyalı çalışma bozukluğunun gerçek sıklığı, ruhsal ve bedensel etkileri ve tedavisi ile ilgili çok az bilgi vardır. Vardiyalı çalışma bozukluğu, iş programıyla ilişkili uykusuzluk ve / veya aşırı uykululuk halini içerir. Bu derlemenin amacı vardiyalı çalışmanın bedensel ve ruhsal etkilerinden bahsederek vardiyalı çalışma tipi uyku bozukluğunun kliniği ve tedavi yöntemleri hakkında bilgi sunmaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Vardiyalı çalışma,sirkadiyen ritim,uykusuzluk,aşırı uyku

Shift Work Disorder and Mental and Physical Effects of Shift Work

Abstract

With the growing prevalence of shift work all over the the world, the relationship between the daily lives of irregular lifestyles and rhythms is being investigated for those working as shift workers and their families. The effect of shift work on physical and mental health is a very important field of research in recent years. The onset and persistence of medical complications in shift workers includes impaired synchronization between work schedule rhythms and circadian clock. In this context, studies have been carried out showing the increased risk of sleep-wake disorders, gastrointestinal problems, and cardiovascular diseases. There is little information about the actual frequency, effect on health and treatment of shift work disorder, known as circadian rhythm sleep disorder. Shift work disorder includes insomnia and/or excessive sleepiness related with the work schedule. The aim of this rewiev, mentioning about the physical and mental effects of shift work, and to provide information about the diagnosis, clinic and treatment methods of shift-work disorder.

Keywords

• Shift work,circadian rhythm,insomnia,excessive sleep

Kaynakça

1. Abbott SM, Reid KJ, Zee PC (2015) Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am, 38:805-823.
2. Akerstedt T (1988) Sleepiness as a consequence of shift work. Sleep, 11:17-34.
3. Akerstedt T(2003) Shift work and disturbed sleep/wakefulness. Occup Med (Lond), 53:89-94.
4. Akerstedt T, Wright KP (2009) Sleep loss and fatigue in shift work and shift work disorder. Sleep Med Clin, 4:257-271.
5. Akıncı E, Orhan FE (2016) Sirkadiyen ritim uyku bozuklukları. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar-Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 8:178-189.
6. APA (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association.
7. Axelsson J, Lowden A, Kecklund G (2006) Recovery after shift work: relation to coronary risk factors in women. Chronobiol Int, 23:1115-1124.
8. Barger LK, Cade BE, Ayas NT, Cronin JW, Rosner B, Speizer FE (2005) Extended work shifts and the risk of motor vehicle crashes among interns. N Engl J Med, 352:125-134.

9. Berger A, Hobbs B (2005) Impact of shift work on the health and safety of nurses and patients. Clin J Oncol Nurs, 10:465-471.
10. Blachowicz E, Letizia M (2006) The challenges of shift work. Medsurg Nursing, 15: 274-280.
11. Carrier J, Fernandez-Bolanos M, Robillard R, Dumont M, Paquet J, Selmaoui B et al. (2007) Effects of caffeine are more marked on daytime recovery sleep than on nocturnal sleep. Neuropsychopharmacology, 32:964-972.
12. Cole RJ, Loving RT, Kripke DF (1990) Psychiatric aspects of shiftwork. Occup Med, 5:301-314.
13. Costa G (2010) Shift work and health: current problems and preventive actions. Saf Health Work, 1:112-123.
14. Crowley SJ, Lee C, Tseng CY, Fogg LF, Eastman CI (2004) Complete or partial circadian re-entrainment improves performance, alertness, and mood during night-shift work. Sleep, 27:1077-1087.
15. Czeisler CA, Walsh JK, Roth T, Hughes RJ, Wright KP, Kingsbury L et al. (2005) Modafinil for excessive sleepiness associated with shift-work sleep disorder. N Engl J Med, 353:476-486.
16. Davis S, Mirick DK (2006) Circadian disruption, shift work and the risk of cancer: a summary of the evidence and studies in Seattle. Cancer Causes Control, 17:539-545.
17. DeMoss C, Mcgrail M, Haus E, Crain L, Asche S (2004) Health and performance factors in health care shift workers. J Occup Environ Med, 46:1278-1281.
18. Dijk DJ, Czeisler CA (1994) Paradoxical timing of the circadian rhythm of sleep propensity serves to consolidate sleep and wakefulness in humans. Neurosci Lett, 166:63-68.
19. Drake CL, Roehrs T, Richardson G, Walsh JK, Roth T (2004) Shift work sleep disorder: prevalence and consequences beyond that of symptomatic day workers. Sleep, 27:1453-1462.
20. Drake CL, Wright Jr KP (2011) Shift work, shift work disorder, and jet lag. In Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. 5th ed. (Eds MH Kryger, T Roth, WC Dement):784-798. Philadelphia, Saunders.
21. Faraut B, Boudjeltia KZ, Vanhamme L, Kerkhofs M (2012) Immune, inflammatory and cardiovascular consequences of sleep restriction and recovery. Sleep Med Rev, 16:137-149.
22. Frost P, Kolstad HA, Bonde JP (2009) Shift work and the risk of ischemic heart disease: a systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence. Scand J Work Environ Health, 35:163-179.
23. Garbarino S, Beelke M, Costa G, Violani C, Lucidi F, Ferrillo F et al. (2002) Brain function and effects of shift work: implications for clinical neuropharmacology. Neuropsychobiology, 45:50-56.
24. Garbarino S, Mascialino B, Penco MA, Squarcia S, De Carli F, Nobili L et al. (2004) Professional shift-work drivers who adopt prophylactic naps can reduce the risk of car accidents during night work. Sleep, 27:1295-1302.
25. Gumenyuk V, Belcher R, Drake CL, Roth T (2015) Differential sleep, sleepiness, and neurophysiology in the insomnia phenotypes of shift work disorder. Sleep, 38:119-126.
26. Hansen J (2001) Increased breast cancer risk among women who work predominantly at night. Epidemiology, 12:74-77.
27. Härmä M, Sallinen M, Ranta R, Mutanen P, Müller K (2002) The effect of an irregular shift system on sleepiness at work in train drivers and railway traffic controllers. J Sleep Res, 11:141-151.
28. Haus EL, Smolensky MH (2013) Shift work and cancer risk: potential mechanistic roles of circadian disruption, light at night and sleep deprivation. Sleep Med Rev, 17:273-284.
29. İncir G (1998) Vardiya çalışması ve kronobiyolojik araştırmalar. Verimlilik Dergisi, 1:59-72.
30. Karlsson B, Knutsson A, Lindahl B (2001) Is there an association between shift work and having a metabolic syndrome? Results from a population based study of 27,485 people. Occup Environ Med, 58:747-752.
31. Lennernäs M, Hambraeus L, Åkerstedt T (1994) Nutrient intake in day and shift workers. Work Stress, 8:332-342.
32. Lieberman JA (2007) Update on the safety considerations in the management of insomnia with hypnotics: incorporating modified-release formulations into primary care. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry, 9:25-31.
33. Lin YC, Hsiao TJ, Chen PC (2009) Persistent rotating shift-work exposure accelerates development of metabolic syndrome among middle-aged female employees: a five-year follow-up. Chronobiol Int, 26:740-755.
34. Markwald RR, Lee-Chiong TL, Burke TM, Snider JA, Wright Jr KP (2010) Effects of the melatonin MT-1/MT-2 agonist ramelteon on daytime body temperature and sleep. Sleep, 33: 825-831.
35. Meijman T, van der Meer O, van Dormolen M (1993) The after-effects of night work on short-term memory performance. Ergonomics, 36:37-42.
36. Morgenthaler TI, Lee-Chiong T, Alessi C, Friedman L, Aurora RN, Boehlecke B et al. (2007) Practice parameters for the clinical evaluation and treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders. an American Academy of Sleep Medicine report. Sleep, 30:1445-1459.
37. Morikawa Y, Nakagawa H, Miura K, Soyama Y, Ishizaki M, Kido T et al. (2005) Shift work and the risk of diabetes mellitus among Japanese male factory workers. Scand J Work Environ Health, 31:179-183.
38. Mullington JM, Haack M, Toth M, Serrador JM, Meier-Ewert HK (2009) Cardiovascular, inflammatory, and metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation. Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 51:294-302.
39. Ohayon MM, Lemoine P, Arnaud-Briant V, Dreyfus M (2002) Prevalence and consequences of sleep disorders in a shift worker population. J Psychosom Res, 53:577-583.
40. Özdemir PG, Selvi Y, Özkol H, Aydın A, Tülüce Y, Boysan M et al. (2013) The influence of shift work on cognitive functions and oxidative stres Psychiatry Res, 30:1219-1225.
41. Pati AK, Chandrawshi A, Reinberg A (2002) Shift work: consequence and management. Curr Sci, 81:32-47.
42. Persson, M, Martensson, J (2006) Situations influencing habits in diet and exercise among nurses working night shift. J Nurs Manag, 14:414-423.
43. Rogers A, Hwang W, Scott L, Aiken L, Dinges D (2004) The working hours of hospital staff nurses and patient safety. Health Aff (Millwood), 23:202-212.
44. Ruggiero JS, Pezzino JM (2006) Nurses' perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages of their shift and work schedules. J Nurs Adm, 36:450-453.
45. Sack RL, Auckley D, Auger RR, Carskadon MA, Wright KP Jr, Vitiello MV et al. (2007) Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: part I, basic principles, shift work and jet lag disorders. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine review. Sleep, 30:1460-1483.
46. Santhi N, Horowitz T, Duffy JF, Czeisler CA (2007) Acute sleep deprivation and circadian misalignment associ-ated with transition onto the first night of work impairs visual selective attention. PLoS ONE, 2:e1233.
47. Sarıcaoğlu F, Akıncı SB, Gözaçan A, Güner B, Rezaki M, Aypar Ü (2005) Gece ve gündüz vardiya çalışmasının bir grup anestezi asistanının dikkat ve anksiyete düzeyleri üzerine etkisi. Turk Psikiyatri Derg, 16:106-112.
48. Scheer FA, Hilton MF, Mantzoros CS, Shea SA (2009) Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 106:4453-4458.
49. Schernhammer ES, Laden F, Speizer FE, Willett WC, Hunter DJ, Kawachi I et al. (2003) Night-shift work and risk of colorectal cancer in the Nurses’ Health Study. J Natl Cancer Inst, 95:825-828.
50. Schweitzer PK, Randazzo AC, Stone K, Erman M, Walsh JK (2006) Laboratory and field studies of naps and caffeine as practical countermeasures for sleepwake problems associated with night work. Sleep, 29:39-50.
51. Scott AJ, Monk TH, Brink LL (1997) Shiftwork as a risk factor for depression: a pilot study. Int J Occup Environ Health, 2:2-9.
52. Selvi Y, Gulec M, Agargun MY, Besiroglu L (2007) Mood changes after sleep deprivation in morningness–eveningness chronotypes in healthy individuals. J Sleep Res, 16:241-244.
53. Selvi Y, Özdemir PG, Özdemir O, Aydın A, Beşiroğlu L (2010) Sağlık çalışanlarında vardiyalı çalışma sisteminin sebep olduğu genel ruhsal belirtiler ve yaşam kalitesi üzerine etkisi. Dusunen Adam, 23:238-243.
54. Sharifian A, Farahani S, Pasalar P, Gharavi M, Aminian O (2005) Shift work as an oxidative stressor. J Circadian Rhythm, 3:15.
55. Skene DJ, Arendt J (2006) Human circadian rhythms: physiological and therapeutic relevance of light and melatonin. Ann Clin Biochem, 43:344-353.
56. Smith MR, Fogg LF, Eastman CI (2009) A compromise circadian phase position for permanent night work improves mood, fatigue, and performance. Sleep, 32:1481-1489.
57. Smith-Coggins R, Howard SK, Mac DT, Wang C, Kwan S, Rosekind MR et al. (2006) Improving alertness and performance in emergency department physicians and nurses: the use of planned naps. Ann Emerg Med, 48:596-604.
58. Sönmez S, Ursavaş A, Uzaslan E, Ediger D, Karadağ M, Gözü RO et al. (2010) Vardiyalı çalışan hemşirelerde horlama, uyku bozuklukları ve iş kazaları. Türk Toraks Dergisi, 11:105-108.
59. Stevens RG, Blask DE, Brainard GC, Hansen J, Lockley SW, Provencio I et al. (2007) Meeting report: the role of environmental lighting and circadian disruption in cancer and other diseases. Environ Health Perspect, 115:1357-1362.
60. Suwazono Y, Dochi M, Oishi M, Tanaka K, Kobayashi E, Sakata K (2009) Shiftwork and impaired glucose metabolism: a 14-year cohort study on 7104 male workers. Chronobiol Int, 26:926-941.
61. Torsvall L, Åkerstedt T, Gillander K, Knutsson A (1989) Sleep on the night shift: 24-hour EEG monitoring of spontaneous sleep/wake behavior. Psychophysiology, 26:352-358.
62. Ulas T, Buyukhatipoglu H, Kirhan I, Dal MS, Eren MA, Hazar A et al. (2012) The effect of day and night shifts on oxidative stress and anxiety symptoms of the nurses. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 16:594-599.
63. Ursavaş A (2014) Yeni Uyku Bozuklukları Sınıflaması (ICSD-3) uykuda solunum bozukluklarında neler değişti? Güncel Göğüs Hastalıkları Serisi, 2:139-151.
64. Weibel L, Spiegel, K, Follenius M, Ehrhart J, Brandenberger G (1996) Internal dissociation of the circadian markers of the cortisol rhythm in night workers. Am J Physiol, 270:608-613.
65. Wright Jr KP, Rogers NL (2007) Endogenous versus exogenous effects of melatonin. In: Melatonin: from molecules to therapy (Eds SR Pandi-Perumal, DP Cardiali DP). Hauppauge, NY, Nova Science Publishers.
66. Wright KP Jr, Bogan RK, Wyatt JK (2013) Shift work and the assessment and management of shift work disorder (SWD). Sleep Med Rev 17:41-54.
67. Wyatt JK, Cajochen C, Ritz-De Cecco A, Czeisler CA, Dijk DJ (2004) Low-dose repeated caffeine administration for circadian-phaseedependent performance degradation during extended wakefulness. Sleep, 27:374-381.
68. Zucconi M, Ferri R (2014) Assessment of sleep disorders and diagnostic procedures 1. Classification of sleep disorders. In Sleep Medicine Textbook (Eds C Bassetti, Z Dogas, P Peigneux):95-110. Regensburg, European Sleep Research Society.