Nomofobi: Ayırıcı Tanı ve Tedavisi

Yıl 2020, , 131 - 142, 31.03.2020

Ece Tathan Bekaroğlu , Tuğba Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.528897

Cited By: 13

Öz

Gelişen iletişim teknolojileri cep telefonlarının da gelişmesine ve birçok fonksiyonu yerine getirmesine olanak sağlamıştır. Yaygın ve sık olarak kullanılan cep telefonları, insanlarda bazı davranış ve duygu bozukluklarına yol açabilmektedir. Nomofobi de bu bozukluklardan biridir ve insanların cep telefonlarından uzak kalma korkusu olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Nomofobi çeşitli demografik değişkenler (genç yaş), kişilik özellikleri (dışa dönüklük), duygular (gelişmeleri kaçırma korkusu) ve ihtiyaçlar (dokunsal ihtiyaç) ile ilişkili bulunmuştur. Klinik psikoloji açısından nomofobinin kökenlerinde depresyon, kaygı ve stresin etkisini araştırılmıştır. Nomofobinin tanı ölçütleri geliştirilmiş ve bir psikiyatrik tanı olarak DSM-5’e kabul edilmesi için öneriler geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada nomofobi; ayrılık kaygısı, obsesif kompülsif bozukluk, panik bozukluk, dürtü kontrol bozukluğu ve bağımlılık gibi ruhsal rahatsızlıklarla ayırıcı tanı ölçütleri açısından karşılaştırılmıştır. Nomofobinin trafikte ve günlük hayatta kişinin fiziksel sağlığı açısından riskli yönleri olmasının yanı sıra, psikolojik sağlığı da olumsuz olarak etkilediği bilinmektedir. Stresi artırdığı, depresyon ve kaygı bozuklukları ile ilişkili olduğu, insomniaya sebep olabildiği ifade edildiği gibi, genç yetişkin grubun akademik başarısını da olumsuz yönde etkilediği bilinmektedir. Nomofobinin tedavisinde bilişsel davranışçı tedavi müdahalelerinin ve varoluşçu psikoterapi yaklaşımının etkili olduğu belirtilebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Nomofobi, DSM-5, kaygı bozuklukları, ayırıcı tanı, tedavi

Nomophobia: Differential Diagnosis and Treatment

Öz

Developing communication technologies have enabled mobile phones to develop and perform many functions. Common and frequently used mobile phones can cause some behaviors and emotions in humans. Nomophobia is one of these disorders and is called fear of people being away from mobile phones. Nomophobia was found to be related with some demographic variables (young age), personality characteristics (extraversion), emotions (fear of missing out), and needs (need for touch). From a clinical psychology viewpoint, depression, anxiety and stress were examined in the etiology of nomophobia. Diagnostic criteria for nomophobia were developed and nomophobia was proposed to be included in psychiatric disorders in DSM-5. In this study, nomophobia and a range of psychological disorders such as separation anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic disorder, impulse control disorders and addictions were compared in terms of differential diagnosis criteria. In addition to being risky in terms of physical health of the person, nomophobia negatively affects psychological health. Nomophobia increases stress and it is associated with depression and anxiety disorders. Moreover, it can cause insomnia and it adversely affects the academic success of the young adult group. Cognitive behavioral treatment interventions and existential psychotherapy approaches are known to be effective in the treatment of nomophobia.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Nomophobia, DSM-5, anxiety disorders, differential diagnosis, therapy

Kaynakça

• Al-Khlaiwi T ve Meo SA. (2004). Association of mobile phone radiation with fatigue, headache, dizziness, tension and sleep disturbance in Saudi population. Saudi Med J, 25:732-736.
• Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği (2014) DSM-5 Tanı Ölçütleri Başvuru Elkitabı. (Çeviri Ed. E Köroğlu). Ankara: Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
• Argumosa-Villar L, Boada-Grau J, Vigil-Colet A. (2017). Exploratory investigation of theoretical predictors of nomophobia using the Mobile Phone Involvement Questionnaire (MPIQ). J Adolesc, 56: 127-135. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.02.003.
• Aydın H. (2018). Sosyal medyadaki gelişmeleri kaçırma korkusunun (FoMO) içgüdüel alımlara etkisinin öz belirleme kuramı ile açıklaması. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 17. Özel Sayısı, 415-426.
• Barratt ES (1994) Impulsiveness and aggression. In Violence and Mental Disorder: Developments in Risk Assessment. (Eds J Monahan, HJ Steadman):61-79. Chicago IL US: University of Chicago Press.
• Beck AT (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. Guilford press.
• Bianchi A. ve Phillips JG. (2005) Psychological predictors of problem mobile phone use. Cyberpsychol Behav, 8: 39-51. doi.10.1089/cpb.2005.8.39
• Bragazzi, N. L., Del Puente, G. (2014). A proposal for including nomophobia in the new DSM-V. Psychol Res Behav Manag, 7:155-160.doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S41386
• BTK (2018) Türkiye elektronik haberleşme sektörü 2018 yılı 2. çeyrek pazar verileri raporu. https://www.btk.gov.tr/uploads/pages/pazar-verileri/2018- 2ceyrekraporu.pdf (10 Şubat 2019’da ulaşıldı).
• Cain J ve Malcom DR (2018) An assessment of students’ psychological attachment to smartphones at two colleges of pharmacy. https://www.ajpe.org/doi/abs/10.5688/ajpe7136 (06 Şubat 2019’da ulaşıldı).
• Cazzulino F, Burke RV, Muller V, Arbogast H, Upperman JS. (2014). Cell phones and young drivers: a systematic review regarding the association between psychological factors and prevention. Traffic Inj Prev, 15(3):234-242. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2013.822075
• Clayton RB, Leshner G, Almond A. (2015). The extended iSelf: the impact of iPhone separation on cognition, emotion, and physiology. J Comput Mediat Commun, 20:119- 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12109
• Cüceloğlu D. (2016). İnsan ve davranışı. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
• Dixit S, Shukla H, Bhagwat AK, Bindal A, Goyal A, Zaidi AK, Shrivastava A. (2010). A study evaluate mobile phone dependence among students of a medical college and associated hospital of central India. Indian J Community Med, 35(2):339-341. doi: 10.4103/0970- 0218.66878
• Dannon PN. (2002). Kleptomania: An impulse control disorder? Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract, 6(1): 3-7. doi: 10.1080/136515002753489353
• Dell’Osso B, Altamura AC, Allen A, Marazziti D, Hollander E. (2006). Epidemiologic and clinical updates on impulse control disorders: A critical review. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 256(8):464-475.
• Du YS, Jiang W, Vance A. (2010). Longer term effect of randomized, controlled group cognitive behavioural therapy for Internet addiction in adolescent students in Shanghai. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 44(2):129-134. doi: 10.3109/00048670903282725
• Duke É, Montag C. (2017). Smartphone addiction, daily interruptions and self-reported productivity. Addict Behav Rep, 6:90-95. doi: 10.1016/j.abrep.2017.07.002
• Elhai JD, Dvorak RD, Levine JC, Hall B J. (2017). Problematic smartphone use: A conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. J Affect Disord, 207:251-259. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.030
• Elhai JD, Levine JC, Dvorak RD, Hall B J. (2016). Fear of missing out, need for touch, anxiety and depression are related to problematic smartphone use. Comput Human Behav, 63:509-516. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.079
• Farber PD, Khavari KA, Douglass FM. (1980). A factor analytic study of reasons for drinking:Empirical validation of positive and negative reinforcement dimensions. J Consult Clin Psychol, 48(6):780. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.48.6.780
• Gezgin DM, Çakır D. (2016). Analysis of nomofobic behaviors of adolescents regarding various factors. J Human Sci, 13(2):2504-2519. doi: https://doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v13i2.3797
• Gezgin DM, Şumuer E, Arslan O, Yıldırım S. (2017). Nomophobia prevalence among pre- service teachers: a case of Trakya university. Trakya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1), 86-95.
• Gökçearslan Ş, Mumcu FK, Haşlaman T, ve Çevik YD. (2016). Modelling smartphone addiction: The role of smartphone usage, self-regulation, general self-efficacy and cyberloafing in university students. Comput Human Behav, 63:639-649. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.091
• Harwood J, Dooley JJ, Scott AJ, Joiner R. (2014). Constantly connected: The effects of smart-devices on mental health. Comput Human Behav, 34:267-272. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.006
• Hong FY, Chiu SI, Huang DH. (2012). A model of the relationship between psychological characteristics, mobile phone addiction and use of mobile phones by Taiwanese university female students. Comput in Human Behav, 28(6):2152–2159.
• İnal EE, Demirci K, Çetintürk A, Akgönül M, Savaş, S. (2015). Effects of smartphone overuse on hand function, pinch strength, and the median nerve. Muscle Nerve, 52(2):183-188. doi: 10.1002/mus.24695
• Kardefelt-Winther D. (2014). A conceptual and methodological critique of internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory internet use. Comput in Human Behav, 31:351-354. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.059
• Kim E, Cho I., Kim EJ. (2017). Structural equation model of smartphone addiction based on adult attachment theory: mediating effects of loneliness and depression. Asian Nurs Res, 11(2):92-97. doi: 10.1016/j.anr.2017.05.002
• King ALS, Valença AM, Nardi AE. (2010). Nomophobia: the mobile phone in panic disorder with agoraphobia: reducing phobias or worsening of dependence? Cogn Behav Neurol, 23(1):52-54. doi: 10.1097/WNN.0b013e3181b7eabc
• King ALS, Valença AM, Silva AC, Sancassiani F, Machado S, Nardi AE. (2014). “Nomophobia”: Impact of cell phone use interfering with symptoms and emotions of individuals with panic disorder compared with a control group. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health, 10:28-35. doi: 10.2174/1745017901410010028
• Kuss DJ, Harkin L, Kanjo E, Billieux J. (2018). Problematic smartphone use: Investigating contemporary experiences using a convergent design. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 15(1):pii: E142. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15010142.
• Lemola S, Perkinson-Gloor N, Brand S, Dewald-Kaufmann JF, Grob, A. (2015). Adolescents’ electronic media use at night, sleep disturbance, and depressive symptoms in the smartphone age. J Youth Adolesc, 44(2), 405-418.doi: 10.1007/s10964- 014-0176-x
• Mangot AG, Murthy VS, Kshirsagar SV, Deshmukh, AH, Tembe DV. (2018). Prevalence and pattern of phantom ringing and phantom vibration among medical interns and their relationship with smartphone use and perceived stress. Indian J Psychol Med, 40(5): 440- 445. doi: 10.4103/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_141_18
• Montag C, Walla P. (2016). Carpe diem instead of losing your social mind: Beyond digital addiction and why we all suffer from digital overuse. Cogent Psychol, 3(1), 1-9. doi: 10.1080/23311908.2016.1157281
• Orzack MH, Voluse AC, Wolf D, Hennen J. (2006). An ongoing study of group treatment for men involved in problematic internet-enabled sexual behavior. CyberPsychol Behav, 9(3):348-360. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2006.9.348
• Öst LG. (1989). One-session treatment for specific phobias. Behav Res Ther, 27(1):1-7. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(89)90113-7
• Öst LG, Havnen A, Hansen B, Kvale G. (2015). Cognitive behavioral treatments of obsessive–compulsive disorder. A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published 1993–2014. Clin Psychol Rev, 40:156-169. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.06.003
• Przybylski AK, Murayama K, DeHaan CR, Gladwell V. (2013). Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Comput Human Behav, 29(4):1841-1848. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.014
• Samaha M, Hawi NS. (2016). Relationships among smartphone addiction, stress, academic performance, and satisfaction with life. Comput Human Behav, 57:321-325. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.045
• Savaşır I, Soygüt G, Barışkın E. (2009). Bilişsel davranışçı terapiler. Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği.
• Schwebel DC, Stavrinos D, Byington KW, Davis T, O’Neal EE, De Jong D. (2012). Distraction and pedestrian safety: how talking on the phone, texting, and listening to music impact crossing the street. Accid Anal Prev, 45:266-271. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2011.07.011 Shan Z, Deng G, Li J, Li Y, Zhang Y, Zhao Q. (2013). Correlational analysis of neck/shoulder pain and low back pain with the use of digital products, physical activity and psychological status among adolescents in Shanghai. Plos One, 8(10), e78109, 1-10. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078109
• Siddiqui M, Ali AZ. (2015). Addictive cell phone usage: The relationship between impulsiveness and behavioral addiction. Pak J Psychol, 46(2):53-67.
• Straube T, Glauer M, Dilger S, Mentzel HJ, Miltner, WH. (2006). Effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy on brain activation in specific phobia. Neuroimage, 29(1):125-135. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.07.007
• Şar AH, Işıklar A. (2012). Adaptation of problem mobile phone use scale to Turkish. Journal of Human Sciences, 9(2):264-275.
• Tarsha AA. (2016). The role of existential therapy in the prevention of social media-driven anxiety. Existential Analysis: Journal of the Society for Existential Analysis, 27(2): 382-388.
• Thomée S, Härenstam A, Hagberg M. (2011). Mobile phone use and stress, sleep disturbances, and symptoms of depression among young adults: A prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health, 11(66):1-11. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-66
• Thompson LL, Rivara FP, Ayyagari RC, Ebel BE. (2013). Impact of social and technological distraction on pedestrian crossing behaviour: an observational study. Inj Prev, 19(4):232-237. doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2012-040601
• Toda M, Monden K, Kubo K, Morimoto K. (2006). Mobile phone dependence and health-related lifestyle of university students. Soc Behav Pers, 34:1277–1284. doi:10.2224/sbp.2006.34.10.1277
• TÜİK (2016). Hanehalkı Bilişim Teknolojileri Kullanım Araştırması. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=21779 (10 Şubat 2019’da ulaşıldı).
• van den Eijnden RJ, Meerkerk GJ, Vermulst AA, Spijkerman R, Engels RC. (2008). Online communication, compulsive internet use, and psychosocial well-being among adolescents: A longitudinal study. Dev Psychol, 44(3):655-665.
• Wolniewicz CA, Tiamiyu MF, Weeks JW, Elhai JD. (2018). Problematic smartphone use and relations with negative affect, fear of missing out, and fear of negative and positive evaluation. Psychiatry Res, 262:618-623. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.058
• Xie Y, Szeto G, Dai J. (2017). Prevalence and risk factors associated with musculoskeletal complaints among users of mobile handheld devices: A systematic review. Appl Ergon, 59:132-142. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2016.08.020
• Yalom, I. (2001). Varoluşçu psikoterapi. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi.
• Yasan Ak N, Yıldırım S. (2018). Nomophobia among undergraduate students: The case of a Turkish state university. International Journal on New Trends in Education and Their Implications, 9(4):11-20.
• Yen CF, Tang TC, Yen JY, Lin HC, Huang CF, Liu SC, Ko CH. (2009). Symptoms of problematic cellular phone use, functional impairment and its association with depression among adolescents in Southern Taiwan. J Adolesc, 32(4):863-873. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.10.006
• Yıldırım C, Şumuer E, Adnan M, Yıldırım SA. (2016). Growing fear prevalence of nomophobia among Turkish college students. Information Development, 32:1322-1331.
• Yıldız Durak, H. (2018). Investigation of nomophobia and smartphone addiction predictors among adolescents in Turkey: Demographic variables and academic performance. Soc Sci J.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0362331918301289 (10 Şubat 2019’da ulaşıldı). doi: 10.1016/j.soscij.2018.09.003
• Yogesh S, Abha S, Priyanka S. (2014). Short communication mobile usage and sleep patterns among medical students. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 58(1):100-103.
• Young KS. (2007). Cognitive behavior therapy with Internet addicts: treatment outcomes and implications. CyberPsychol Behav, 10(5): 671-679. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2007.9971
• Young KS. (2011). CBT-IA: The first treatment model for internet addiction. J Cogn Psychother, 25(4), 304-312