Child Abuse Cognitions Scale: Parents Form

Abstract

Parents can have certain misbeliefs, misconceptions or cognitions related to child abuse within the framework of cultural norms and family dynamics. These cognitions can lead to unhealthy communication in the family and deterioration of the child's mental structure. In order to raise a healthy family and society, it is necessary to determine the cognitions of parents regarding child abuse. In this direction, this study sets out to develop a measurement tool that measures the cognition of parents about child abuse. The study group of the research consists of 794 parents residing in Siirt. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis studies were carried out in order to ensure construct validity during the scale development. According to the exploratory factor analysis, it was seen that the three-dimensional structure of the scale explained 50.36% of the total variance. The model fit of the scale was tested, and it was concluded that the fit indices were at an acceptable level according to the confirmatory factor analysis. Within the scope of the reliability studies of the scale, it was seen that the internal consistency, split half reliability and test-retest reliability coefficients of the whole scale were high. In order to test the criterion-related validity of the scale, it was determined that there was a moderate and high level of relationship between the Childhood Sexual Abuse Myths Scale, and the Child Negligence and Abuse Awareness Scales. A total of 18 items and sub-dimensions of the three-factor structure were determined as cognitions related to child neglect, cognitions related to the act of abuse, and cognitions related to coping with abuse. In line with the results obtained, it can be said that the scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool.

Keywords

• Child abuse
• cognitions
• scale development
• parents

Çocuk İstismarına İlişkin Bilişler Ölçeği: Ebeveyn Formu

Öz

Kültürel normlar ve aile içi dinamikler çerçevesinde ebeveynlerin çocuk istismarına ilişkin bir takım yanlış inanışları veya bilişleri bulunabilmektedir. Bu bilişler aile ortamında sağlıksız iletişime, çocuğun ruhsal yapısının bozulmasına yol açabilmektedir. Sağlıklı bir aile ve toplum yetiştirmek için ebeveynlerin çocuk istismarına ilişkin bilişlerinin belirlenmesine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda çalışmada ebeveynlerin çocuk istismarına ilişkin bilişlerini ölçen bir ölçme aracı geliştirmektir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu Siirt ilinde ikamet eden 794 ebeveyn oluşturmaktadır. Ölçek geliştirme sürecinde yapı geçerliliğini sağlamak amacıyla açımlayıcı faktör analizi ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi çalışmaları yürütülmüştür. Açımlayıcı faktör analizine göre ölçek üç boyutlu yapının toplam varyansın % 50.36’sını açıkladığı görülmüştür. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizine göre ölçeğin model uyumu test edilmiş ve uyum indekslerinin kabul edilebilir düzeyde olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Ölçeğin güvenirlik çalışmaları kapsamında tüm ölçeğin iç tutarlılık, iki yarı güvenirliği ve test-tekrar test güvenirlik katsayılarının yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Ölçeğin ölçüt bağlantılı geçerliliğini test etmek üzere Çocukların Cinsel İstismarına İlişkin Mitler Ölçeği, Çocuk İhmali ve İstismarı Farkındalık Ölçekleri arasındaki ilişkilerinde orta ve yüksek düzeyde bir ilişkiye sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Toplam 18 madde ve üç faktörlü yapının alt boyutları çocuk ihmaline ilişkin bilişler, istismar eylemine ilişkin bilişler ve istismarla başa çıkmaya ilişkin bilişler şeklinde belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar doğrultusunda ölçeğin geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu söylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çocuk istismarı
• bilişler
• ölçek geliştirme
• ebeveynler

Kaynakça

1. Aktu, Y, Dilekmen, M (2019) Psychological processes of physically abusive parents, a grounded theory study. 21. International Psychological Counseling and Guidance Congress, 24-27 October 2019 Antalya, Türkiye. Congress Full Text Book pages: 48–54.
2. Altıntop, AA (2019) Legal dimension. In Child abuse in all its dimensions 2: Prevention and rehabilitation, 2nd ed.. (Ed. O. Polat): 215–232. Ankara, Seçkin.
3. Alzoubi, FA, Ali, RA, Flah, IH, Alnatour, A (2018) Mothers’ knowledge and perception about child sexual abuse in Jordan. Child Abuse Negl, 75, 149–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHIABU.2017.06.006
4. Azar, ST, Weinzierl, KM (2005) Child maltreatment and childhood injury research: A cognitive behavioral approach. J Pediatr Psychol., 30(7), 598–614. https://academic.oup.com/jpepsy/article/30/7/598/930034
5. Beckerman, M, van Berkel, SR, Mesman, J, Alink, LRA (2018) Negative parental attributions mediate associations between risk factors and dysfunctional parenting: A replication and extension. Child Abuse Negl, 81(May), 249–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.05.001
6. Büyüköztürk, Ş (2011) Manual of data analysis for social sciences, 14th ed. Ankara, Pegem Akademi.
7. Büyüköztürk, Ş, Kılıç Çakmak, E, Akgün, ÖE, Karadeniz Ş, Demirel F (2018) Scientific research methods, 24th ed. Ankara, Pegem Akademi.
8. Camilo, C, Garrido, MV, Calheiros, MM (2020) The social information processing model in child physical abuse and neglect: A meta-analytic review. Child Abuse Negl, 108(August), 104666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104666

9. Çeçen, AR (2007) Child sexual abuse: Frequency, effects and school-based prevention methods. International Journal of Human Sciences, 1, 1–17.
10. Celiloğlu, B (2018) Examining the validity and reliability studies of child abuse and neglect awareness scales and the awareness levels of pre-school teacher candidates (Master's thesis). Konya, Necmettin Erbakan University.
11. Chung, G, Lanier, P, Wong, PYJ (2020) Mediating effects of parental stress on harsh parenting and parent-child relationship during Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in Singapore. J Fam Violence, 1–12.
12. Çokluk, Ö, Şekercioğlu, G, Büyüköztürk, Ş (2018) Applications of multivariate statistics SPSS and LISREL for social sciences, 5th ed. Ankara, Pegem Akademi.
13. Cromer, LD, Goldsmith, RE (2010) Socio-cultural issues and child sexual abuse: Child sexual abuse myths: Attitudes, beliefs, and individual differences. J Child Sex Abus, 19(6), 618–647. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2010.522493
14. Ferragut, M, Rueda, P, Cerezo, MV, Ortiz-Tallo, M (2020) What do we know about child sexual Abuse? myths and truths in Spain. J Interpers Violence, May. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520918579
15. Fontes, LA (2005) Child abuse and culture: Working with diverse families. New York, Guilford Press.
16. Fontes, L. A, Plumer, CA (2011) Cultural issues in child sexual abuse intervention and prevention. In Handbook of child sexual abuse (Ed. P. Goodyear-Brown): 487–508). John Wiley & Sons.
17. Fontes, LA, Plummer, C (2010) Cultural issues in disclosures of child sexual abuse. J Child Sex Abus, 19(5), 491–518. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2010.512520
18. Fraenkel, JR, Wallen, NE, Hyun, HH (2012) How to design and evaluate research in education, 8th ed. McGraw-Hill.
19. Francis, KJ, Wolfe, DA (2008) Cognitive and emotional differences between abusive and non-abusive fathers. Child Abuse Negl, 32(12), 1127–1137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.05.007
20. Gonzalez, C, Morawska, A, Haslam, DM (2021) A model of intention to participate in parenting interventions: The role of parent cognitions and behaviors. Behav Ther, 52(3), 761–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2020.09.006
21. Güler, N, Uzun, S, Boztaş, Z, Aydoğan, S (2002) Emotional and physical abuse/neglect behavior applied to children by their mothers and the factors affecting it. Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine, 24(3), 128–134.
22. Güneş, A (2019) Privacy training for courtesy and grace, 47th ed. (Ed. A. T. Ayman). İstanbul, Timaş.
23. Haskett, ME, Smith SS, Grant, R, Ward, CS, Robinson, C (2003) Child-related cognitions and affective functioning of physically abusive and comparison parents. Child Abuse Negl, 27(6), 663–686. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(03)00103-0
24. Johnston, C, Park, JL, Miller, NV (2018) Parental cognitions: Relations to parenting and child behavior. In Handbook of Parenting and Child Development Across the Lifespan. (Eds. M. R. Sanders A. Morawska): 395-414. Berlin, Springer.
25. Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç (2005) Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context: Implications for self and family. J Cross Cult Psychol, 36(4), 403–422. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022105275959
26. Kara Doruk, S (2012) Physical and emotional abuse and neglect of the children of mothers with children aged 0-14 (Master's thesis). Kayseri, Erciyes Üniversitesi.
27. Kline, P (2014) An easy guide to factor analysis, 6th ed. London, Routledge.
28. Koçtürk, N, Kızıldağ, S (2018) Developing the scale of myths about childhood sexual abuse: A study of validity and reliability. Adıyaman University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 30, 778–808. https://doi.org/10.14520/adyusbd.406626
29. Ligiéro, DP, Fassinger, R, McCauley, M, Moore, J, Lyytinen, N (2009) Childhood sexual abuse, culture, and coping: A qualitative study of latinas. Psychol Women Q, 33(1), 67–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.01475.x
30. Mammen, O, Kolko, D, Pilkonis, P (2003) Parental cognitions and satisfaction: Relationship to aggressive parental behavior in child physical abuse. Child Maltreat, 8(4), 288–301. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559503257112
31. McMahon S (2007) Understanding community-specific rape myths. Affilia, 22(4), 357–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109907306331
32. Milner, JS (2003) Invited commentary social information processing in high-risk and physically abusive parents. Child Abuse Negl, 27(1), 7-20. https://doi: 10.1016/s0145-2134(02)00506-9.
33. Miragoli, S, Balzarotti, S, Camisasca, E, Di Blasio, P (2018) Parents’ perception of child behavior, parenting stress, and child abuse potential: Individual and partner influences. Child Abuse Negl, 84(July), 146–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.07.034
34. Oakley, L, Kinmond, K, Humphreys, J, Dioum, M (2017) Practitioner and communities’ awareness of CALFB: Child abuse linked to faith or belief. Child Abuse Negl, 72(August), 276–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.08.024
35. Pallant, J (2011) SPSS Surrival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for Windows, 3rd ed. New York, McGraw-Hill.
36. Pedneault, A (2019) Public (mis)perceptions of individuals who sexually abuse children and the implications thereof. In Child abuse and neglect : Forensic issues in evidence, impact and management (Eds. I. Bryce, Y.
37. Robinson, W. Petherick): 419–434. Massachusetts, Elsevier Academic Press.
38. Polat, O (2018) Child Abuse Report in Turkey-2 Press Summary. 1–40.
39. Polat, O (2019) Child abuse research. Child abuse in all its dimensions 2: Prevention and rehabilitation, 2nd ed. (Ed. O. Polat): 263–280. Ankara, Seçkin.
40. Professional Development Service for Teachers (2017). Stay safe programme. PDST. Available from: http://www.staysafe.ie/PDFs/Parents/Stay-Safe-Parents-Guide.pdf
41. Rodriguez, CM (2010) Personal contextual characteristics and cognitions: Predicting child abuse potential and disciplinary style. J Interpers Violence, 25(2), 315–335. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509334391
42. Ross, SM (1996) Risk of physical abuse to children of spouse abusing parents. Child Abuse Negl, 20(7), 589–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(96)00046-4
43. Rueda, P, Ferragut, M, Cerezo, MV, Ortiz-Tallo, M (2021) Knowledge and myths about child sexual abuse in Mexican women. J Interpers Violence, April. 0886260521993927. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260521993927
44. Sargın, A (2012) A mechanism for combating violence against women and supporting women victims of violence for public institutions and women's non-governmental organisations. Ankara, GAP.
45. Satir, V (2016) Basic family therapy (Çev. Ed. S. Yeniçeri). İstanbul, Beyaz.
46. Seçer, İ (2015) Psychological test development and adaptation process: SPSS and LISREL applications. Ankara, Anı yayıncılık.
47. Sigel, IE, McGillicuddy-De Lisi, AV (2019) Parent beliefs are cognitions: The dynamic belief systems model. In Handbook of Parenting, 2nd ed. (Ed. M. H. Bornstein, Vol. 3): 485–508. New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
48. Song, S, Hotang, W (2018) Study on the relationship among parents’ cognition on China anti-domestic violence, attitude of beating children and frequency of beating children. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 6(1), 173–178. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2018.060117
49. Timraz, SM (2018). Arabic women’s experience of childhood sexual abuse : A mixed-methods study. (Doctoral Dissertation). Michigan, USA, Wayne State University- Available from: https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations
50. Turkish Statistical Institute (2016) Children arriving or brought to the security unit, 2015. Ankara, TUİK. Available from: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten
51. Turkish Statistical Institute (2017) Children arriving or brought to the security unit, 2016. Ankara, TUİK. Available from: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten
52. Turkish Statistical Institute (2018) Children arriving or brought to the security unit, 2017. Ankara, TUİK. Available from: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten
53. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (2012) Care guide for children who are victims of sexual abuse. New York, International Rescue Committee. Available from: www.gbvresponders.org.
54. World Health Organization (2016) Child maltreatment. Geneva, WHO.
55. Yıldırım, A, Şimşek, H (2018) Qualitative research methods in the social sciences, 11th ed. Ankara, Seçkin.