Derleme
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Örtük Benlik Saygısı: Doğası, Değerlendirilmesi ve Psikopatolojilerdeki Rolü

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 441 - 461, 30.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.800464

Öz

Bilişsel süreçlerin işleyişine ilişkin ikili süreç yaklaşımları, benliğe yönelik değerlendirmelerin açık ve örtük şekilde ele alınmasının önünü açmıştır. Bu doğrultuda benliğe yönelik tutumların ve benlikle ilişkili uyaranlara gösterilen tepkilerin bireylerin farkındalığının dışında kalan boyutuna odaklanılmıştır. Örtük benlik saygısı olarak adlandırılan bu boyutu ölçmek amacıyla benliğe ilişkin uyaranların sunulduğu pek çok yöntem geliştirilmiştir. Böylelikle genel olarak öz-bildirim yoluyla ölçülen bulgulara dayanan benlik saygısına ilişkin alanyazına, örtük ölçümler temelinde yeni bakış açıları getirilmiştir. Bu derleme çalışması örtük benlik saygısının kavramsal özelliklerine, psikopatolojilerdeki rolüne ve konuya ilişkin ölçme ve değerlendirme yaklaşımlarına ışık tutmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda depresyon, anksiyete, psikoz ve kişilik bozuklukları gibi farklı alanlarda örtük benlik değerlendirmelerinin rolüne odaklanan araştırmaların bir derlemesi sunulmuştur. Ayrıca geleneksel ve ikinci kuşak ölçüm yöntemlerinin güçlü yanları ve sınırlılıkları tartışılmıştır. Sonuç olarak örtük benlik saygısının psikopatolojilerde hem açık benlik saygısı ile ilişkisi bakımından hem de ondan bağımsız şekilde merkezi bir rol oynayabileceği ancak konuya ilişkin araştırmaların bazı alanlarda tutarsız bulgular ortaya koyduğu görülmüştür. Ek olarak ölçüm yöntemlerinin psikometrik özellikler bakımından yeterince güçlü olmadığı ve bu konuda ileri çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Abdel-Khalek AM (2016) Introduction to the psychology of self-esteem. In Self-esteem: perspectives, influences, and improvement strategies (Ed F Holloway):1-23. New York, Nova Science Publisher.
  • Baccus JR, Baldwin MW, Packer DJ (2004) Increasing implicit self-esteem through classical conditioning. Psychol Sci, 15:498-502.
  • Bar-Anan Y, Nosek BA (2014) A comparative investigation of seven indirect attitude measures. Behav Res Methods, 46:668-688.
  • Baumeister RF, Smart L, Boden JM (1996) Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem. Psychol Rev, 103:5-33.
  • Bentall RP, Corcoran R, Howard R, Blackwood N, Kinderman P (2001) Persecutory delusions: a review and theoretical integration. Clin Psychol Rev, 21:1143-1192.
  • Borton JL, Oakes MA, Lengieza M (2017) Fixated on rejection: Attentional blindness following socially rejecting faces in people with defensive self-esteem. Self Identity, 16:62-81.
  • Bos AE, Huijding J, Muris P, Vogel LR, Biesheuvel J (2010) Global, contingent, and implicit self-esteem and psychopathological symptoms in adolescents. Pers Individ Dif, 48:311-316.
  • Bosson JK (2006) Conceptualization, measurement, and functioning of nonconscious self-esteem. In Self-esteem issues and answers: A sourcebook of current perspectives (Ed. MH Kernis):53–59. New York, Psychology Press.
  • Bosson JK, Brown RP, Zeigler-Hill V, Swann WB (2003) Self-enhancement tendencies among people with high explicit self-esteem: The moderating role of implicit self-esteem. Self Identity, 2:169-187.
  • Bosson JK, Lakey CE, Campbell WK, Zeigler‐Hill V, Jordan CH, Kernis MH (2008) Untangling the links between narcissism and self‐esteem: A theoretical and empirical review. Soc Personal Psychol Compass, 2:1415-1439.
  • Bosson JK, Swann Jr WB, Pennebaker JW (2000) Stalking the perfect measure of implicit self-esteem: The blind men and the elephant revisited? J Pers Soc Psychol, 79:631-643.
  • Brown AA, Brunell AB (2017) The “modest mask”? An investigation of vulnerable narcissists' implicit self-esteem. Pers Individ Dif, 119:160-167.
  • Brown JD, Marshall MA (2006) The three faces of self-esteem. In Self-esteem issues and answers: A sourcebook of current perspectives (Ed. MH Kernis):4-9. New York: Psychology Press.
  • Brown RP, Zeigler-Hill V (2004) Narcissism and the non-equivalence of self-esteem measures: A matter of dominance? J Res Pers, 38:585-592.
  • Buhlmann U, Teachman BA, Gerbershagen A, Kikul J, Rief W (2008) Implicit and explicit self-esteem and attractiveness beliefs among individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. Cognit Ther and Res, 32:213-225.
  • Buhlmann U, Teachman BA, Naumann E, Fehlinger T, Rief W (2009) The meaning of beauty: Implicit and explicit self-esteem and attractiveness beliefs in body dysmorphic disorder. J Anxiety Disord, 23:694-702.
  • Buhrmester MD, Blanton H, Swann Jr WB (2011) Implicit self-esteem: Nature, measurement, and a new way forward. J Pers Soc Psychol, 100:365-385.
  • Cai H (2003) Explicit self-esteem, implicit self-esteem, and depression. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 17:331–336.
  • Cai H, Luo YL (2017) The heritability of implicit self-esteem: A twin study. Pers Individ Dif, 119:249-251.
  • Cicero DC, Kerns JG (2011) Is paranoia a defence against or an expression of low self‐esteem? Eur J Pers, 25:326-335.
  • Cockerham E, Stopa L, Bell L, Gregg A (2009) Implicit self-esteem in bulimia nervosa. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 40:265-273.
  • Creemers DH, Scholte R, Engels R, Prinstein M, Wiers RW (2012) Implicit and explicit self-esteem as concurrent predictors of suicidal ideation, depressive symptoms, and loneliness. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 43:638-646.
  • Creemers D, Scholte R, Engels R, Prinstein M, Wiers RW (2013) Damaged self-esteem is associated with internalizing problems. Front Psychol, 4:1-7
  • Cvencek D, Greenwald AG, McLaughlin KA, Meltzoff AN (2020) Early implicit–explicit discrepancies in self-esteem as correlates of childhood depressive symptoms. J Exp Child Psychol, 200:104962.
  • DeHart T, Pelham BW (2007) Fluctuations in state implicit self-esteem in response to daily negative events. J Exp Soc Psychol, 43: 157-165.
  • DeHart T, Pelham BW, Tennen H (2006) What lies beneath: Parenting style and implicit self-esteem. J Exp Soc Psychol, 42: 1-17.
  • Dehart T, Pena R, Tennen H (2013) The development of explicit and implicit self-esteem and their role in psychological adjustment. In Self-esteem (Ed V Zeigler-Hill):99-123. New York, Psychology Press.
  • DeHart T, Tennen H, Armeli S, Todd M, Mohr C (2009) A diary study of implicit self-esteem, interpersonal interactions, and alcohol consumption in college students. J Exp Soc Psychol, 45:720-730.
  • De Houwer J (2003) The extrinsic affective Simon task. Exp Psychol, 50:77–85.
  • De Houwer J, De Bruycker E (2007) The implicit association test outperforms the extrinsic affective Simon task as an implicit measure of inter‐individual differences in attitudes. Br J Soc Psychol, 46:401-421.
  • De Houwer J, Heider N, Spruyt A, Roets A, Hughes S (2015) The relational responding task: toward a new implicit measure of beliefs. Front Psychology, 6:319.
  • De Houwer J, Teige-Mocigemba S, Spruyt A, Moors A (2009) Implicit measures: A normative analysis and review. Psychol Bull, 135:347–368.
  • De Jong PJ, Sportel BE, De Hullu E, Nauta MH (2012) Co-occurrence of social anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescence: Differential links with implicit and explicit self-esteem? Psychol Med, 42:475-484.
  • Dentale F, Vecchione M, Ghezzi V, Spagnolo G, Szemenyei E, Barbaranelli C (2020) Beyond an associative conception of automatic self-evaluations: Applying the relational responding task to measure self-esteem. Psychol Rec, 70:227-242.
  • De Raedt R, Schacht R, Franck E, De Houwer J (2006) Self-esteem and depression revisited: Implicit positive self-esteem in depressed patients? Behav Res Ther, 44:1017-1028.
  • Dijksterhuis AP (2004). I like myself but I don't know why: Enhancing implicit self-esteem by subliminal evaluative conditioning. J Pers Soc Psychol, 86:345-355.
  • Dimaro LV, Roberts NA, Moghaddam NG, Dawson DL, Brown I, Reuber M (2015) Implicit and explicit self-esteem discrepancies in people with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Epilepsy Behav, 46:109-117.
  • Di Pierro R, Mattavelli S, Gallucci M (2016) Narcissistic traits and explicit self-esteem: The moderating role of implicit self-view. Front Psychol, 7:1-9.
  • Dukalski B, Suslow T, Egloff B, Kersting A, Donges US (2019) Implicit and explicit self-concept of neuroticism in borderline personality disorder. Nord J Psychiatry, 73:159-168.
  • Dunham Y, Baron AS, Banaji MR (2007) Children and social groups: A developmental analysis of implicit consistency in Hispanic Americans. Self Identity, 6:238-255.
  • Epstein S (2006) Conscious and unconscious self-esteem from the perspective of cognitive-experiential self-theory. In Self-esteem issues and answers: A sourcebook of current perspectives (Ed. MH Kernis):69-76. New York, Psychology Press.
  • Falk CF, Heine SJ, Yuki M, Takemura K (2009) Why do Westerners self‐enhance more than East Asians? Eur J Pers, 23:183-203.
  • Fazio RH, Olson MA (2003) Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and use. Annu Rev Psychol, 54:297-327.
  • Franck E, De Raedt R, De Houwer J (2007a) Implicit but not explicit self-esteem predicts future depressive symptomatology. Behav Res Ther, 45:2448-2455.
  • Franck E, De Raedt R, De Houwer J (2008) Activation of latent self-schemas as a cognitive vulnerability factor for depression: The potential role of implicit self-esteem. Cogn Emot, 22:1588-1599.
  • Franck E, De Raedt R, Dereu M, Van den Abbeele D (2007b) Implicit and explicit self-esteem in currently depressed individuals with and without suicidal ideation. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 38:75-85.
  • Frankel F, Myatt R (1996) Self-esteem, social competence, and psychopathology in boys without friends. Pers Indiv Dif, 20:401-407.
  • Gawronski B, Bodenhausen GV (2006) Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: an integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change. Psychol Bull, 132:692-731.
  • Gawronski B, Creighton LA (2013) Dual process theories. In Oxford library of psychology. The Oxford handbook of social cognition (Ed DE Carlston):282–312. New York, Oxford University Press.
  • Gawronski B, De Houwer J (2014) Implicit measures in social and personality psychology. In Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (Eds HT Reis, CM Judd):283-310. New York, Cambridge University Press.
  • Gilboa-Schechtman E, Friedman L, Helpman L, Kananov J (2013) Self-evaluations of social rank and affiliation in social anxiety: Explicit and implicit measures. Int J Cogn Ther, 6:208-220.
  • Gilboa-Schechtman E, Keshet H, Livne T, Berger U, Zabag R, Hermesh H et al. (2017) Explicit and implicit self- evaluations in social anxiety disorder. J Abnorm Psychol, 126:285-290
  • Glashouwer KA, Vroling MS, de Jong PJ, Lange WG, de Keijser J (2013) Low implicit self-esteem and dysfunctional automatic associations in social anxiety disorder. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 44:262-270.
  • Golijani-Moghaddam N, Hart A, Dawson DL (2013) The implicit relational assessment procedure: Emerging reliability and validity data. J Contextual Behav Sci, 2:105-119.
  • Greenwald AG, Banaji MR (1995) Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychol Rev, 102:4-27.
  • Greenwald AG, Farnham SD (2000) Using the implicit association test to measure self-esteem and self-concept. J Pers Soc Psychol, 79:1022-1038
  • Greenwald AG, Nosek BA, Banaji MR (2003) Understanding and using the implicit association test: An improved scoring algorithm. J Pers Soc Psychol, 85:197-216
  • Gregg AP, Sedikides C (2010) Narcissistic fragility: Rethinking its links to explicit and implicit self-esteem. Self Identity, 9:142-161.
  • Guillon MS, Crocq MA, Bailey PE (2003) The relationship between self-esteem and psychiatric disorders in adolescents. Eur Psychiatry, 18:59-62.
  • Hayes SC, Barnes-Holmes D, Roche B (2001). Relational frame theory: A post-Skinnerian account of human language and cognition. New York, Plenum Press.
  • Haeffel GJ, Abramson LY, Brazy PC, Shah JY, Teachman BA, Nosek BA (2007) Explicit and implicit cognition: A preliminary test of a dual-process theory of cognitive vulnerability to depression. Behav Res Ther, 45:1155-1167.
  • Heatherton TF, Wyland CL (2003) Assessing self-esteem. In Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measure (Eds SJ Lopez, CR Snyder):219–233. Washington, American Psychological Association.
  • Hiller TS, Steffens MC, Ritter V, Stangier U (2017) On the context dependency of implicit self-esteem in social anxiety disorder. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 57:118-125.
  • Hoorens V (2014) What’s really in a name-letter effect? Name-letter preferences as indirect measures of self-esteem. Eur Rev Soc Psychol, 25:228-262.
  • Izuma K, Kennedy K, Fitzjohn A, Sedikides C, Shibata K (2018) Neural activity in the reward-related brain regions predicts implicit self-esteem: A novel validity test of psychological measures using neuroimaging. J Pers Soc Psychol, 114:343–357.
  • Jones JT, Pelham BW, Mirenberg MC, Hetts JJ (2002) Name letter preferences are not merely mere exposure: Implicit egotism as self-regulation. J Exp Soc Psychol, 38:170-177.
  • Jordan CH, Spencer SJ, Zanna MP, Hoshino-Browne E, Correll J (2003) Secure and defensive high self-esteem. J Pers Soc Psychol, 85:969-978.
  • Karpinski A (2004) Measuring self-esteem using the Implicit Association Test: The role of the other. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 30:22-34.
  • Karpinski A, Hilton JL (2001) Attitudes and the implicit association test. J Pers Soc Psychol, 81:774-788
  • Karpinski A, Steinberg JA (2006) Implicit and explicit self-esteem: Theoretical and methodological refinements. In Self-esteem issues and answers: A sourcebook of current perspectives (Ed. MH Kernis):102-109. New York, Psychology Press
  • Karpinski A, Steinman RB (2006) The single category implicit association test as a measure of implicit social cognition. J Pers Soc Psychol, 91:16-32
  • Kernis MH (2003) Toward a conceptualization of optimal self-esteem. Psychol Inq, 14:1-26.
  • Kesting ML, Lincoln TM (2013) The relevance of self-esteem and self-schemas to persecutory delusions: A systematic review. Compr Psychiatry, 54:766-789.
  • Kesting ML, Mehl S, Rief W, Lindenmeyer J, Lincoln TM (2011) When paranoia fails to enhance self-esteem: explicit and implicit self-esteem and its discrepancy in patients with persecutory delusions compared to depressed and healthy controls. Psychiatry Res, 186:197-202.
  • Kim HS, Moore MT (2019) Symptoms of depression and the discrepancy between implicit and explicit self-esteem. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 63:1-5.
  • Klauer KC, Musch J (2003) Affective priming: Findings and theories. In The psychology of evaluation: Affective processes in cognition and emotion (Eds J Musch, KC Klauer):7- 49. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Koch EJ (2006) Examining the role of self-esteem in psychological functioning and well-being. In Self-esteem issues and answers: A sourcebook of current perspectives (Ed. MH Kernis):260-266. New York, Psychology Press.
  • Koole SL, Pelham BW (2003) On the nature of implicit self-esteem: The case of the name letter effect. In Ontario symposium on personality and social psychology. Motivated social perception: The Ontario symposium, Vol. 9 (Eds. SJ Spencer, S Fein, MP Zanna, JM Olson):93-116. New York, Psychology Press.
  • Krause S, Back MD, Egloff B, Schmukle SC (2011) Reliability of implicit self‐esteem measures revisited. Eur J Pers, 25:239-251.
  • Krause S, Back MD, Egloff B, Schmukle SC (2012) A new reliable and valid tool for measuring implicit self-esteem. Eur J Psychol Assess, 28:87-94.
  • Kuchynka SL, Bosson JK (2018) The psychodynamic mask model of narcissism: Where is it now? In Handbook of trait narcissism (Eds D Hermann, AB Brunell, JD Foster):89-95. Springer, Cham.
  • Kurman J, Rothschild-Yakar L, Angel R, Katz M (2018) How good am I? Implicit and explicit self-esteem as a function of perceived parenting styles among children with ADHD. J Atten DisorD, 22:1207-1217.
  • Lannoy S, Chatard A, Selimbegovic L, Tello N, Van der Linden M, Heeren A et al. (2020) Too good to be cautious: High implicit self-esteem predicts self-reported dangerous mobile phone use. Comput Human Behav, 103:208-213.
  • Lee A, Hankin BL (2009) Insecure attachment, dysfunctional attitudes, and low self-esteem predicting prospective symptoms of depression and anxiety during adolescence. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol, 38:219-231.
  • Lynum LI, Wilberg T, Karterud S (2008) Self‐esteem in patients with borderline and avoidant personality disorders. Scand J PsychoL, 49:469-477.
  • MacKinnon K, Newman-Taylor K, Stopa L (2011) Persecutory delusions and the self: An investigation of implicit and explicit self-esteem. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 42:54-64.
  • Marissen MA, Brouwer ME, Hiemstra AM, Deen ML, Franken IH (2016) A masked negative self-esteem? Implicit and explicit self-esteem in patients with Narcissistic Personality Disorder. Psychiatry Res, 242:28-33.
  • McKay R, Langdon R, Coltheart M (2007) The defensive function of persecutory delusions: an investigation using the Implicit Association Test. Cogn Neuropsychiatry, 12:1-24.
  • Monsonet M, Kwapil TR, Barrantes‐Vidal N (2020) Deconstructing the relationships between self‐esteem and paranoia in early psychosis: An experience sampling study. Br J Clin Psychol [serial online], Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32862467/
  • Moritz S, Werner R, Collani GV (2006) The inferiority complex in paranoia readdressed: A study with the Implicit Association Test. Cogn Neuropsychiatry, 11:402-415.
  • Mota S, Humberg S, Krause, S, Fatfouta R, Geukes K, Schröder-Abé M et al. (2019) Unmasking narcissus: A competitive test of existing hypotheses on (agentic, antagonistic, neurotic, and communal) narcissism and (explicit and implicit) self-esteem across 18 samples. Self Identity, 19:435-455
  • Nosek BA, Banaji MR (2001) The go/no-go association task. Soc Cogn, 19:625- 666.
  • Nosek BA, Hawkins CB, Frazier RS (2011) Implicit social cognition: From measures to mechanisms. Trends Cogn Sci, 15:152- 159.
  • Nuttin Jr JM (1985). Narcissism beyond Gestalt and awareness: The name letter effect. Eur J Soc Psychol, 15:353-361.
  • O’Brien EJ, Bartoletti M, Leitzel JD (2006) Self-esteem, psychopathology, and psychotherapy. In Self-esteem issues and answers: A sourcebook of current perspectives (Ed. MH Kernis):306-315. New York, Psychology Press.
  • Olson MA, Fazio RH (2004) Reducing the influence of extrapersonal associations on the Implicit Association Test: Personalizing the IAT. J Pers Soc Psychol, 86:653-667.
  • Olson MA, Fazio RH, Hermann AD (2007) Reporting tendencies underlie discrepancies between implicit and explicit measures of self-esteem. Psychol Sci, 18:287-291.
  • Orth U, Robins RW, Trzesniewski KH, Maes J, Schmitt M (2009) Low self-esteem is a risk factor for depressive symptoms from young adulthood to old age. J Abnorm Psychol, 118:472-478.
  • Park JY, Ryu V, Ha RY, Lee SJ, Choi WJ, Ha K et al. (2014) Assessment of implicit self-esteem in bipolar manic and euthymic patients using the implicit association test. Compr Psychiatry, 55:557-564.
  • Pavlickova H, Turnbull OH, Bentall RP (2014) Discrepancies between explicit and implicit self‐esteem and their relationship to symptoms of depression and mania. Psychology and Psychother, 87: 311-323.
  • Payne BK, Cheng CM, Govorun O, Stewart BD (2005) An inkblot for attitudes: affect misattribution as implicit measurement. J Pers Soc Psychol, 89:277-293.
  • Payne K, Lundberg K (2014) The affect misattribution procedure: Ten years of evidence on reliability, validity, and mechanisms. Soc Personal Psychol Compass, 8:672-686.
  • Penedo JMG, Krieger T, Koditek MC, Holtforth M (2020) Discrepant negative self-associations as a risk factor for depressive deterioration after outpatient psychotherapy. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 69:101576.
  • Phillips WJ, Hine DW, Thorsteinsson EB (2010) Implicit cognition and depression: A meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev, 30:691-709.
  • Ratliff KA, Oishi S (2013) Gender differences in implicit self-esteem following a romantic partner’s success or failure. J Pers Soc Psychol 105:688-702.
  • Remue J, Hughes S, De Houwer J, De Raedt R (2014) To be or want to be: Disentangling the role of actual versus ideal self in implicit self-esteem. PloS one, 9:108837.
  • Risch AK, Buba A, Birk U, Morina N, Steffens MC, Stangier U (2010) Implicit self-esteem in recurrently depressed patients. J Behav Ther Expl Psychiatry, 41:199-206.
  • Ritter V, Ertel C, Beil K, Steffens MC, Stangier U (2013a) In the presence of social threat: Implicit and explicit self-esteem in social anxiety disorder. Cognit Ther Res, 37:1101-1109.
  • Ritter V, Leichsenring F, Strauss BM, Stangier U (2013b) Changes in implicit and explicit self-esteem following cognitive and psychodynamic therapy in social anxiety disorder. Psychother Res, 23:547-558.
  • Robinson MD, Meier BP (2005) Rotten to the core: Neuroticism and implicit evaluations of the self. Self Identity, 4:361-372.
  • Robinson MD, Mitchell KA, Kirkeby BS, Meier BP (2006) The self as a container: Implications for implicit self-esteem and somatic symptoms. Metaphor and Symb, 21:147-167.
  • Roefs A, Huijding J, Smulders FT, MacLeod CM, de Jong PJ, Wiers RW et al. (2011) Implicit measures of association in psychopathology research. Psychol Bull, 137:149-193.
  • Romero N, Sanchez A, Vázquez C, Valiente C (2016) Explicit self-esteem mediates the relationship between implicit self-esteem and memory biases in major depression. Psychiatry Research, 242:336-344.
  • Rudman LA, Dohn MC, Fairchild K (2007) Implicit self-esteem compensation: automatic threat defense. J Pers Soc Psychol, 93:798-813.
  • Rudolph A, Schröder-Abé M, Schütz A, Gregg AP, Sedikides C (2008) Through a glass, less darkly? Reassessing convergent and discriminant validity in measures of implicit self-esteem. Eur J Psychol Assess, 24:273-281.
  • Rüsch N, Lieb K, Göttler I, Hermann C, Schramm E, Richter H et al. (2007) Shame and implicit self-concept in women with borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry, 164:500-508.
  • Rüsch N, Schulz D, Valerius G, Steil R, Bohus M, Schmahl C (2011) Disgust and implicit self-concept in women with borderline personality disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 261:369-376.
  • Schreiber F, Bohn C, Aderka IM, Stangier U, Steil R (2012) Discrepancies between implicit and explicit self-esteem among adolescents with social anxiety disorder. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 43(4):1074-1081.
  • Schröder‐Abé M, Rudolph A, Wiesner A, Schütz A (2007) Self‐esteem discrepancies and defensive reactions to social feedback. Int J Psychol, 42:174-183.
  • Smeijers D, Vrijsen JN, van Oostrom I, Isaac L, Speckens A, Becker ES et al. (2017). Implicit and explicit self-esteem in remitted depressed patients. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 54:301-306.
  • Smith ER, DeCoster J (2000) Dual-process models in social and cognitive psychology: Conceptual integration and links to underlying memory systems. Pers Soc Psychol Rev, 4:108-131.
  • Sriram N, Greenwald AG (2009) The brief implicit association test. Exp Psychol, 56:283-294.
  • Stapel DA, Blanton H (2004) From seeing to being: Subliminal social comparisons affect implicit and explicit self-evaluations. J Pers Soc Psychol, 87:468-481.
  • Steinberg JA, Karpinski A, Alloy LB (2007) The exploration of implicit aspects of self-esteem in vulnerability–stress models of depression. Self Identity, 6:101-117.
  • Stewart C, Rogers F, Pilch M, Stewart I, Barnes-Holmes Y, Westermann S (2017) The effect of social exclusion on state paranoia and explicit and implicit self-esteem in a non-clinical sample. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 57:62-69.
  • Stieger S, Preyss AV, Voracek M (2012) Romantic jealousy and implicit and explicit self-esteem. Pers Individ Dif, 52:51-55.
  • Tanner RJ, Stopa L, De Houwer J (2006) Implicit views of the self in social anxiety. Behav Res Ther, 44:1397-1409.
  • Teachman BA, Clerkin EM, Cunningham WA, Dreyer-Oren S, Werntz A (2019) Implicit cognition and psychopathology: Looking back and looking forward. Annu Rev Clin Psychol, 15:123-148.
  • Teige S, Schnabel K, Banse R, Asendorpf JB (2004) Assessment of multiple implicit self‐concept dimensions using the Extrinsic Affective Simon Task (EAST). Eur J Pers, 18:495-520.
  • Timko CA, England EL, Herbert JD, Forman EM (2010) The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure as a measure of self-esteem. Psychol Rec, 60:679-698.
  • Trzesniewski KH, Donnelan MB, Robins RW (2013) Development of self-esteem. In Self- esteem (Ed V Zeigler-Hill.):60-79. New York, Psychology Peress.
  • Vahey NA, Barnes-Holmes D, Barnes-Holmes Y, Stewart I (2009) A first test of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure as a measure of self-esteem: Irish prisoner groups and university students. Psychol Rec, 59:371-387.
  • Valiente C, Cantero D, Vázquez C, Sanchez Á, Provencio M, Espinosa, R (2011) Implicit and explicit self-esteem discrepancies in paranoia and depression. J Abnorm Psychol, 120:691-699.
  • van Randenborgh A, Pawelzik M, Quirin M, Kuhl J (2016) Bad roots to grow: Deficient implicit self‐evaluations in chronic depression with an early onset. J Clin Psychol, 72:580-590.
  • van Tuijl LA, de Jong PJ, Sportel BE, de Hullu E, Nauta MH (2014) Implicit and explicit self-esteem and their reciprocal relationship with symptoms of depression and social anxiety: A longitudinal study in adolescents. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 45:113-121.
  • van Tuijl LA, Glashouwer KA, Bockting CL, Tendeiro JN, Penninx BW, de Jong PJ (2016) Implicit and explicit self-esteem in current, remitted, recovered, and comorbid depression and anxiety disorders: The NESDA study. PloS One, 11:1-18.
  • Vater A, Ritter K, Schröder-Abé M, Schütz A, Lammers CH, Bosson JK, Roepke S (2013) When grandiosity and vulnerability collide: Implicit and explicit self-esteem in patients with narcissistic personality disorder. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 44: 37-47.
  • Vater A, Schröder-Abé M, Schütz A, Lammers CH, Roepke S (2010) Discrepancies between explicit and implicit self-esteem are linked to symptom severity in borderline personality disorder. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 41:357-364.
  • Vázquez C, Diez-Alegría C, Hernández-Lloreda M J, Moreno MN (2008) Implicit and explicit self-schema in active deluded, remitted deluded, and depressed patients. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 39:587-599.
  • Wegener I, Geiser F, Alfter S, Mierke J, Imbierowicz K, Kleiman A et al. (2015). Changes of explicitly and implicitly measured self-esteem in the treatment of major depression: evidence for implicit self-esteem compensation. Comp Psychiatry, 58:57-67.
  • Werntz AJ, Steinman SA, Glenn JJ, Nock MK, Teachman BA (2016). Characterizing implicit mental health associations across clinical domains. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 52:17-28.
  • Winter D, Steeb L, Herbert C, Sedikides C, Schmahl C, Bohus M et al. (2018) Lower self-positivity and its association with self-esteem in women with borderline personality disorder. Behav Res Ther, 109:84-93.
  • Zeigler‐Hill V (2006) Discrepancies between implicit and explicit self‐esteem: Implications for narcissism and self‐esteem instability. J Pers, 74:119-144.
  • Zeigler-Hill V (2011) The connections between self-esteem and psychopathology. Journal of Contemp Psychother, 41:157-164.
  • Zeigler-Hill V (2013) The importance of self-esteem. In Self-esteem (Ed V Zeigler-Hill):1-20. New York, Psychology Press.
  • Zeigler-Hill V, Jordan CH (2010) Two faces of self-esteem. In Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications (Ed B Gawrosnki, BK Payne):392-407. New York, Guilford Publications.

Implicit Self-Esteem: Nature, Assessment and Role in Psychopathologies

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 441 - 461, 30.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.800464

Öz

The dual-process models explaining cognitive functioning paved the way for handling explicit and implicit dimensions of self-evaluations. In this direction, the focus has been on implicit self-esteem, which is one important element of unconscious self-evaluations. Many methods have been developed in which self-related stimuli are presented to measure implicit self-esteem. Thus, a new variable that can play a critical role in contexts such as personality, interpersonal relationships, and psychopathology has been defined in the literature on self-esteem, which is generally based on findings measured by self-reporting. The present review aims to shed light on the characteristics of implicit self-esteem, its role in psychopathologies, and traditional and second-generation measurement methods in this field. In this context, a review of studies focusing on the role of implicit self-assessment in different areas such as depression, anxiety, psychosis, and personality disorders is presented. Furthermore, the strengths and limitations of measurement methods are discussed. As a result, it has been observed that implicit self-esteem can play a central role in psychopathologies both in terms of its relation to explicit self-esteem and independently from it, however, studies on the subject have revealed inconsistent findings in some areas. Besides, it was determined that measurement methods are not strong enough in terms of psychometric properties and further studies are needed in this regard.

Kaynakça

  • Abdel-Khalek AM (2016) Introduction to the psychology of self-esteem. In Self-esteem: perspectives, influences, and improvement strategies (Ed F Holloway):1-23. New York, Nova Science Publisher.
  • Baccus JR, Baldwin MW, Packer DJ (2004) Increasing implicit self-esteem through classical conditioning. Psychol Sci, 15:498-502.
  • Bar-Anan Y, Nosek BA (2014) A comparative investigation of seven indirect attitude measures. Behav Res Methods, 46:668-688.
  • Baumeister RF, Smart L, Boden JM (1996) Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem. Psychol Rev, 103:5-33.
  • Bentall RP, Corcoran R, Howard R, Blackwood N, Kinderman P (2001) Persecutory delusions: a review and theoretical integration. Clin Psychol Rev, 21:1143-1192.
  • Borton JL, Oakes MA, Lengieza M (2017) Fixated on rejection: Attentional blindness following socially rejecting faces in people with defensive self-esteem. Self Identity, 16:62-81.
  • Bos AE, Huijding J, Muris P, Vogel LR, Biesheuvel J (2010) Global, contingent, and implicit self-esteem and psychopathological symptoms in adolescents. Pers Individ Dif, 48:311-316.
  • Bosson JK (2006) Conceptualization, measurement, and functioning of nonconscious self-esteem. In Self-esteem issues and answers: A sourcebook of current perspectives (Ed. MH Kernis):53–59. New York, Psychology Press.
  • Bosson JK, Brown RP, Zeigler-Hill V, Swann WB (2003) Self-enhancement tendencies among people with high explicit self-esteem: The moderating role of implicit self-esteem. Self Identity, 2:169-187.
  • Bosson JK, Lakey CE, Campbell WK, Zeigler‐Hill V, Jordan CH, Kernis MH (2008) Untangling the links between narcissism and self‐esteem: A theoretical and empirical review. Soc Personal Psychol Compass, 2:1415-1439.
  • Bosson JK, Swann Jr WB, Pennebaker JW (2000) Stalking the perfect measure of implicit self-esteem: The blind men and the elephant revisited? J Pers Soc Psychol, 79:631-643.
  • Brown AA, Brunell AB (2017) The “modest mask”? An investigation of vulnerable narcissists' implicit self-esteem. Pers Individ Dif, 119:160-167.
  • Brown JD, Marshall MA (2006) The three faces of self-esteem. In Self-esteem issues and answers: A sourcebook of current perspectives (Ed. MH Kernis):4-9. New York: Psychology Press.
  • Brown RP, Zeigler-Hill V (2004) Narcissism and the non-equivalence of self-esteem measures: A matter of dominance? J Res Pers, 38:585-592.
  • Buhlmann U, Teachman BA, Gerbershagen A, Kikul J, Rief W (2008) Implicit and explicit self-esteem and attractiveness beliefs among individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. Cognit Ther and Res, 32:213-225.
  • Buhlmann U, Teachman BA, Naumann E, Fehlinger T, Rief W (2009) The meaning of beauty: Implicit and explicit self-esteem and attractiveness beliefs in body dysmorphic disorder. J Anxiety Disord, 23:694-702.
  • Buhrmester MD, Blanton H, Swann Jr WB (2011) Implicit self-esteem: Nature, measurement, and a new way forward. J Pers Soc Psychol, 100:365-385.
  • Cai H (2003) Explicit self-esteem, implicit self-esteem, and depression. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 17:331–336.
  • Cai H, Luo YL (2017) The heritability of implicit self-esteem: A twin study. Pers Individ Dif, 119:249-251.
  • Cicero DC, Kerns JG (2011) Is paranoia a defence against or an expression of low self‐esteem? Eur J Pers, 25:326-335.
  • Cockerham E, Stopa L, Bell L, Gregg A (2009) Implicit self-esteem in bulimia nervosa. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 40:265-273.
  • Creemers DH, Scholte R, Engels R, Prinstein M, Wiers RW (2012) Implicit and explicit self-esteem as concurrent predictors of suicidal ideation, depressive symptoms, and loneliness. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 43:638-646.
  • Creemers D, Scholte R, Engels R, Prinstein M, Wiers RW (2013) Damaged self-esteem is associated with internalizing problems. Front Psychol, 4:1-7
  • Cvencek D, Greenwald AG, McLaughlin KA, Meltzoff AN (2020) Early implicit–explicit discrepancies in self-esteem as correlates of childhood depressive symptoms. J Exp Child Psychol, 200:104962.
  • DeHart T, Pelham BW (2007) Fluctuations in state implicit self-esteem in response to daily negative events. J Exp Soc Psychol, 43: 157-165.
  • DeHart T, Pelham BW, Tennen H (2006) What lies beneath: Parenting style and implicit self-esteem. J Exp Soc Psychol, 42: 1-17.
  • Dehart T, Pena R, Tennen H (2013) The development of explicit and implicit self-esteem and their role in psychological adjustment. In Self-esteem (Ed V Zeigler-Hill):99-123. New York, Psychology Press.
  • DeHart T, Tennen H, Armeli S, Todd M, Mohr C (2009) A diary study of implicit self-esteem, interpersonal interactions, and alcohol consumption in college students. J Exp Soc Psychol, 45:720-730.
  • De Houwer J (2003) The extrinsic affective Simon task. Exp Psychol, 50:77–85.
  • De Houwer J, De Bruycker E (2007) The implicit association test outperforms the extrinsic affective Simon task as an implicit measure of inter‐individual differences in attitudes. Br J Soc Psychol, 46:401-421.
  • De Houwer J, Heider N, Spruyt A, Roets A, Hughes S (2015) The relational responding task: toward a new implicit measure of beliefs. Front Psychology, 6:319.
  • De Houwer J, Teige-Mocigemba S, Spruyt A, Moors A (2009) Implicit measures: A normative analysis and review. Psychol Bull, 135:347–368.
  • De Jong PJ, Sportel BE, De Hullu E, Nauta MH (2012) Co-occurrence of social anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescence: Differential links with implicit and explicit self-esteem? Psychol Med, 42:475-484.
  • Dentale F, Vecchione M, Ghezzi V, Spagnolo G, Szemenyei E, Barbaranelli C (2020) Beyond an associative conception of automatic self-evaluations: Applying the relational responding task to measure self-esteem. Psychol Rec, 70:227-242.
  • De Raedt R, Schacht R, Franck E, De Houwer J (2006) Self-esteem and depression revisited: Implicit positive self-esteem in depressed patients? Behav Res Ther, 44:1017-1028.
  • Dijksterhuis AP (2004). I like myself but I don't know why: Enhancing implicit self-esteem by subliminal evaluative conditioning. J Pers Soc Psychol, 86:345-355.
  • Dimaro LV, Roberts NA, Moghaddam NG, Dawson DL, Brown I, Reuber M (2015) Implicit and explicit self-esteem discrepancies in people with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Epilepsy Behav, 46:109-117.
  • Di Pierro R, Mattavelli S, Gallucci M (2016) Narcissistic traits and explicit self-esteem: The moderating role of implicit self-view. Front Psychol, 7:1-9.
  • Dukalski B, Suslow T, Egloff B, Kersting A, Donges US (2019) Implicit and explicit self-concept of neuroticism in borderline personality disorder. Nord J Psychiatry, 73:159-168.
  • Dunham Y, Baron AS, Banaji MR (2007) Children and social groups: A developmental analysis of implicit consistency in Hispanic Americans. Self Identity, 6:238-255.
  • Epstein S (2006) Conscious and unconscious self-esteem from the perspective of cognitive-experiential self-theory. In Self-esteem issues and answers: A sourcebook of current perspectives (Ed. MH Kernis):69-76. New York, Psychology Press.
  • Falk CF, Heine SJ, Yuki M, Takemura K (2009) Why do Westerners self‐enhance more than East Asians? Eur J Pers, 23:183-203.
  • Fazio RH, Olson MA (2003) Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and use. Annu Rev Psychol, 54:297-327.
  • Franck E, De Raedt R, De Houwer J (2007a) Implicit but not explicit self-esteem predicts future depressive symptomatology. Behav Res Ther, 45:2448-2455.
  • Franck E, De Raedt R, De Houwer J (2008) Activation of latent self-schemas as a cognitive vulnerability factor for depression: The potential role of implicit self-esteem. Cogn Emot, 22:1588-1599.
  • Franck E, De Raedt R, Dereu M, Van den Abbeele D (2007b) Implicit and explicit self-esteem in currently depressed individuals with and without suicidal ideation. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 38:75-85.
  • Frankel F, Myatt R (1996) Self-esteem, social competence, and psychopathology in boys without friends. Pers Indiv Dif, 20:401-407.
  • Gawronski B, Bodenhausen GV (2006) Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: an integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change. Psychol Bull, 132:692-731.
  • Gawronski B, Creighton LA (2013) Dual process theories. In Oxford library of psychology. The Oxford handbook of social cognition (Ed DE Carlston):282–312. New York, Oxford University Press.
  • Gawronski B, De Houwer J (2014) Implicit measures in social and personality psychology. In Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (Eds HT Reis, CM Judd):283-310. New York, Cambridge University Press.
  • Gilboa-Schechtman E, Friedman L, Helpman L, Kananov J (2013) Self-evaluations of social rank and affiliation in social anxiety: Explicit and implicit measures. Int J Cogn Ther, 6:208-220.
  • Gilboa-Schechtman E, Keshet H, Livne T, Berger U, Zabag R, Hermesh H et al. (2017) Explicit and implicit self- evaluations in social anxiety disorder. J Abnorm Psychol, 126:285-290
  • Glashouwer KA, Vroling MS, de Jong PJ, Lange WG, de Keijser J (2013) Low implicit self-esteem and dysfunctional automatic associations in social anxiety disorder. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 44:262-270.
  • Golijani-Moghaddam N, Hart A, Dawson DL (2013) The implicit relational assessment procedure: Emerging reliability and validity data. J Contextual Behav Sci, 2:105-119.
  • Greenwald AG, Banaji MR (1995) Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychol Rev, 102:4-27.
  • Greenwald AG, Farnham SD (2000) Using the implicit association test to measure self-esteem and self-concept. J Pers Soc Psychol, 79:1022-1038
  • Greenwald AG, Nosek BA, Banaji MR (2003) Understanding and using the implicit association test: An improved scoring algorithm. J Pers Soc Psychol, 85:197-216
  • Gregg AP, Sedikides C (2010) Narcissistic fragility: Rethinking its links to explicit and implicit self-esteem. Self Identity, 9:142-161.
  • Guillon MS, Crocq MA, Bailey PE (2003) The relationship between self-esteem and psychiatric disorders in adolescents. Eur Psychiatry, 18:59-62.
  • Hayes SC, Barnes-Holmes D, Roche B (2001). Relational frame theory: A post-Skinnerian account of human language and cognition. New York, Plenum Press.
  • Haeffel GJ, Abramson LY, Brazy PC, Shah JY, Teachman BA, Nosek BA (2007) Explicit and implicit cognition: A preliminary test of a dual-process theory of cognitive vulnerability to depression. Behav Res Ther, 45:1155-1167.
  • Heatherton TF, Wyland CL (2003) Assessing self-esteem. In Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measure (Eds SJ Lopez, CR Snyder):219–233. Washington, American Psychological Association.
  • Hiller TS, Steffens MC, Ritter V, Stangier U (2017) On the context dependency of implicit self-esteem in social anxiety disorder. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 57:118-125.
  • Hoorens V (2014) What’s really in a name-letter effect? Name-letter preferences as indirect measures of self-esteem. Eur Rev Soc Psychol, 25:228-262.
  • Izuma K, Kennedy K, Fitzjohn A, Sedikides C, Shibata K (2018) Neural activity in the reward-related brain regions predicts implicit self-esteem: A novel validity test of psychological measures using neuroimaging. J Pers Soc Psychol, 114:343–357.
  • Jones JT, Pelham BW, Mirenberg MC, Hetts JJ (2002) Name letter preferences are not merely mere exposure: Implicit egotism as self-regulation. J Exp Soc Psychol, 38:170-177.
  • Jordan CH, Spencer SJ, Zanna MP, Hoshino-Browne E, Correll J (2003) Secure and defensive high self-esteem. J Pers Soc Psychol, 85:969-978.
  • Karpinski A (2004) Measuring self-esteem using the Implicit Association Test: The role of the other. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 30:22-34.
  • Karpinski A, Hilton JL (2001) Attitudes and the implicit association test. J Pers Soc Psychol, 81:774-788
  • Karpinski A, Steinberg JA (2006) Implicit and explicit self-esteem: Theoretical and methodological refinements. In Self-esteem issues and answers: A sourcebook of current perspectives (Ed. MH Kernis):102-109. New York, Psychology Press
  • Karpinski A, Steinman RB (2006) The single category implicit association test as a measure of implicit social cognition. J Pers Soc Psychol, 91:16-32
  • Kernis MH (2003) Toward a conceptualization of optimal self-esteem. Psychol Inq, 14:1-26.
  • Kesting ML, Lincoln TM (2013) The relevance of self-esteem and self-schemas to persecutory delusions: A systematic review. Compr Psychiatry, 54:766-789.
  • Kesting ML, Mehl S, Rief W, Lindenmeyer J, Lincoln TM (2011) When paranoia fails to enhance self-esteem: explicit and implicit self-esteem and its discrepancy in patients with persecutory delusions compared to depressed and healthy controls. Psychiatry Res, 186:197-202.
  • Kim HS, Moore MT (2019) Symptoms of depression and the discrepancy between implicit and explicit self-esteem. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 63:1-5.
  • Klauer KC, Musch J (2003) Affective priming: Findings and theories. In The psychology of evaluation: Affective processes in cognition and emotion (Eds J Musch, KC Klauer):7- 49. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Koch EJ (2006) Examining the role of self-esteem in psychological functioning and well-being. In Self-esteem issues and answers: A sourcebook of current perspectives (Ed. MH Kernis):260-266. New York, Psychology Press.
  • Koole SL, Pelham BW (2003) On the nature of implicit self-esteem: The case of the name letter effect. In Ontario symposium on personality and social psychology. Motivated social perception: The Ontario symposium, Vol. 9 (Eds. SJ Spencer, S Fein, MP Zanna, JM Olson):93-116. New York, Psychology Press.
  • Krause S, Back MD, Egloff B, Schmukle SC (2011) Reliability of implicit self‐esteem measures revisited. Eur J Pers, 25:239-251.
  • Krause S, Back MD, Egloff B, Schmukle SC (2012) A new reliable and valid tool for measuring implicit self-esteem. Eur J Psychol Assess, 28:87-94.
  • Kuchynka SL, Bosson JK (2018) The psychodynamic mask model of narcissism: Where is it now? In Handbook of trait narcissism (Eds D Hermann, AB Brunell, JD Foster):89-95. Springer, Cham.
  • Kurman J, Rothschild-Yakar L, Angel R, Katz M (2018) How good am I? Implicit and explicit self-esteem as a function of perceived parenting styles among children with ADHD. J Atten DisorD, 22:1207-1217.
  • Lannoy S, Chatard A, Selimbegovic L, Tello N, Van der Linden M, Heeren A et al. (2020) Too good to be cautious: High implicit self-esteem predicts self-reported dangerous mobile phone use. Comput Human Behav, 103:208-213.
  • Lee A, Hankin BL (2009) Insecure attachment, dysfunctional attitudes, and low self-esteem predicting prospective symptoms of depression and anxiety during adolescence. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol, 38:219-231.
  • Lynum LI, Wilberg T, Karterud S (2008) Self‐esteem in patients with borderline and avoidant personality disorders. Scand J PsychoL, 49:469-477.
  • MacKinnon K, Newman-Taylor K, Stopa L (2011) Persecutory delusions and the self: An investigation of implicit and explicit self-esteem. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 42:54-64.
  • Marissen MA, Brouwer ME, Hiemstra AM, Deen ML, Franken IH (2016) A masked negative self-esteem? Implicit and explicit self-esteem in patients with Narcissistic Personality Disorder. Psychiatry Res, 242:28-33.
  • McKay R, Langdon R, Coltheart M (2007) The defensive function of persecutory delusions: an investigation using the Implicit Association Test. Cogn Neuropsychiatry, 12:1-24.
  • Monsonet M, Kwapil TR, Barrantes‐Vidal N (2020) Deconstructing the relationships between self‐esteem and paranoia in early psychosis: An experience sampling study. Br J Clin Psychol [serial online], Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32862467/
  • Moritz S, Werner R, Collani GV (2006) The inferiority complex in paranoia readdressed: A study with the Implicit Association Test. Cogn Neuropsychiatry, 11:402-415.
  • Mota S, Humberg S, Krause, S, Fatfouta R, Geukes K, Schröder-Abé M et al. (2019) Unmasking narcissus: A competitive test of existing hypotheses on (agentic, antagonistic, neurotic, and communal) narcissism and (explicit and implicit) self-esteem across 18 samples. Self Identity, 19:435-455
  • Nosek BA, Banaji MR (2001) The go/no-go association task. Soc Cogn, 19:625- 666.
  • Nosek BA, Hawkins CB, Frazier RS (2011) Implicit social cognition: From measures to mechanisms. Trends Cogn Sci, 15:152- 159.
  • Nuttin Jr JM (1985). Narcissism beyond Gestalt and awareness: The name letter effect. Eur J Soc Psychol, 15:353-361.
  • O’Brien EJ, Bartoletti M, Leitzel JD (2006) Self-esteem, psychopathology, and psychotherapy. In Self-esteem issues and answers: A sourcebook of current perspectives (Ed. MH Kernis):306-315. New York, Psychology Press.
  • Olson MA, Fazio RH (2004) Reducing the influence of extrapersonal associations on the Implicit Association Test: Personalizing the IAT. J Pers Soc Psychol, 86:653-667.
  • Olson MA, Fazio RH, Hermann AD (2007) Reporting tendencies underlie discrepancies between implicit and explicit measures of self-esteem. Psychol Sci, 18:287-291.
  • Orth U, Robins RW, Trzesniewski KH, Maes J, Schmitt M (2009) Low self-esteem is a risk factor for depressive symptoms from young adulthood to old age. J Abnorm Psychol, 118:472-478.
  • Park JY, Ryu V, Ha RY, Lee SJ, Choi WJ, Ha K et al. (2014) Assessment of implicit self-esteem in bipolar manic and euthymic patients using the implicit association test. Compr Psychiatry, 55:557-564.
  • Pavlickova H, Turnbull OH, Bentall RP (2014) Discrepancies between explicit and implicit self‐esteem and their relationship to symptoms of depression and mania. Psychology and Psychother, 87: 311-323.
  • Payne BK, Cheng CM, Govorun O, Stewart BD (2005) An inkblot for attitudes: affect misattribution as implicit measurement. J Pers Soc Psychol, 89:277-293.
  • Payne K, Lundberg K (2014) The affect misattribution procedure: Ten years of evidence on reliability, validity, and mechanisms. Soc Personal Psychol Compass, 8:672-686.
  • Penedo JMG, Krieger T, Koditek MC, Holtforth M (2020) Discrepant negative self-associations as a risk factor for depressive deterioration after outpatient psychotherapy. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 69:101576.
  • Phillips WJ, Hine DW, Thorsteinsson EB (2010) Implicit cognition and depression: A meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev, 30:691-709.
  • Ratliff KA, Oishi S (2013) Gender differences in implicit self-esteem following a romantic partner’s success or failure. J Pers Soc Psychol 105:688-702.
  • Remue J, Hughes S, De Houwer J, De Raedt R (2014) To be or want to be: Disentangling the role of actual versus ideal self in implicit self-esteem. PloS one, 9:108837.
  • Risch AK, Buba A, Birk U, Morina N, Steffens MC, Stangier U (2010) Implicit self-esteem in recurrently depressed patients. J Behav Ther Expl Psychiatry, 41:199-206.
  • Ritter V, Ertel C, Beil K, Steffens MC, Stangier U (2013a) In the presence of social threat: Implicit and explicit self-esteem in social anxiety disorder. Cognit Ther Res, 37:1101-1109.
  • Ritter V, Leichsenring F, Strauss BM, Stangier U (2013b) Changes in implicit and explicit self-esteem following cognitive and psychodynamic therapy in social anxiety disorder. Psychother Res, 23:547-558.
  • Robinson MD, Meier BP (2005) Rotten to the core: Neuroticism and implicit evaluations of the self. Self Identity, 4:361-372.
  • Robinson MD, Mitchell KA, Kirkeby BS, Meier BP (2006) The self as a container: Implications for implicit self-esteem and somatic symptoms. Metaphor and Symb, 21:147-167.
  • Roefs A, Huijding J, Smulders FT, MacLeod CM, de Jong PJ, Wiers RW et al. (2011) Implicit measures of association in psychopathology research. Psychol Bull, 137:149-193.
  • Romero N, Sanchez A, Vázquez C, Valiente C (2016) Explicit self-esteem mediates the relationship between implicit self-esteem and memory biases in major depression. Psychiatry Research, 242:336-344.
  • Rudman LA, Dohn MC, Fairchild K (2007) Implicit self-esteem compensation: automatic threat defense. J Pers Soc Psychol, 93:798-813.
  • Rudolph A, Schröder-Abé M, Schütz A, Gregg AP, Sedikides C (2008) Through a glass, less darkly? Reassessing convergent and discriminant validity in measures of implicit self-esteem. Eur J Psychol Assess, 24:273-281.
  • Rüsch N, Lieb K, Göttler I, Hermann C, Schramm E, Richter H et al. (2007) Shame and implicit self-concept in women with borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry, 164:500-508.
  • Rüsch N, Schulz D, Valerius G, Steil R, Bohus M, Schmahl C (2011) Disgust and implicit self-concept in women with borderline personality disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 261:369-376.
  • Schreiber F, Bohn C, Aderka IM, Stangier U, Steil R (2012) Discrepancies between implicit and explicit self-esteem among adolescents with social anxiety disorder. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 43(4):1074-1081.
  • Schröder‐Abé M, Rudolph A, Wiesner A, Schütz A (2007) Self‐esteem discrepancies and defensive reactions to social feedback. Int J Psychol, 42:174-183.
  • Smeijers D, Vrijsen JN, van Oostrom I, Isaac L, Speckens A, Becker ES et al. (2017). Implicit and explicit self-esteem in remitted depressed patients. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 54:301-306.
  • Smith ER, DeCoster J (2000) Dual-process models in social and cognitive psychology: Conceptual integration and links to underlying memory systems. Pers Soc Psychol Rev, 4:108-131.
  • Sriram N, Greenwald AG (2009) The brief implicit association test. Exp Psychol, 56:283-294.
  • Stapel DA, Blanton H (2004) From seeing to being: Subliminal social comparisons affect implicit and explicit self-evaluations. J Pers Soc Psychol, 87:468-481.
  • Steinberg JA, Karpinski A, Alloy LB (2007) The exploration of implicit aspects of self-esteem in vulnerability–stress models of depression. Self Identity, 6:101-117.
  • Stewart C, Rogers F, Pilch M, Stewart I, Barnes-Holmes Y, Westermann S (2017) The effect of social exclusion on state paranoia and explicit and implicit self-esteem in a non-clinical sample. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 57:62-69.
  • Stieger S, Preyss AV, Voracek M (2012) Romantic jealousy and implicit and explicit self-esteem. Pers Individ Dif, 52:51-55.
  • Tanner RJ, Stopa L, De Houwer J (2006) Implicit views of the self in social anxiety. Behav Res Ther, 44:1397-1409.
  • Teachman BA, Clerkin EM, Cunningham WA, Dreyer-Oren S, Werntz A (2019) Implicit cognition and psychopathology: Looking back and looking forward. Annu Rev Clin Psychol, 15:123-148.
  • Teige S, Schnabel K, Banse R, Asendorpf JB (2004) Assessment of multiple implicit self‐concept dimensions using the Extrinsic Affective Simon Task (EAST). Eur J Pers, 18:495-520.
  • Timko CA, England EL, Herbert JD, Forman EM (2010) The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure as a measure of self-esteem. Psychol Rec, 60:679-698.
  • Trzesniewski KH, Donnelan MB, Robins RW (2013) Development of self-esteem. In Self- esteem (Ed V Zeigler-Hill.):60-79. New York, Psychology Peress.
  • Vahey NA, Barnes-Holmes D, Barnes-Holmes Y, Stewart I (2009) A first test of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure as a measure of self-esteem: Irish prisoner groups and university students. Psychol Rec, 59:371-387.
  • Valiente C, Cantero D, Vázquez C, Sanchez Á, Provencio M, Espinosa, R (2011) Implicit and explicit self-esteem discrepancies in paranoia and depression. J Abnorm Psychol, 120:691-699.
  • van Randenborgh A, Pawelzik M, Quirin M, Kuhl J (2016) Bad roots to grow: Deficient implicit self‐evaluations in chronic depression with an early onset. J Clin Psychol, 72:580-590.
  • van Tuijl LA, de Jong PJ, Sportel BE, de Hullu E, Nauta MH (2014) Implicit and explicit self-esteem and their reciprocal relationship with symptoms of depression and social anxiety: A longitudinal study in adolescents. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 45:113-121.
  • van Tuijl LA, Glashouwer KA, Bockting CL, Tendeiro JN, Penninx BW, de Jong PJ (2016) Implicit and explicit self-esteem in current, remitted, recovered, and comorbid depression and anxiety disorders: The NESDA study. PloS One, 11:1-18.
  • Vater A, Ritter K, Schröder-Abé M, Schütz A, Lammers CH, Bosson JK, Roepke S (2013) When grandiosity and vulnerability collide: Implicit and explicit self-esteem in patients with narcissistic personality disorder. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 44: 37-47.
  • Vater A, Schröder-Abé M, Schütz A, Lammers CH, Roepke S (2010) Discrepancies between explicit and implicit self-esteem are linked to symptom severity in borderline personality disorder. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 41:357-364.
  • Vázquez C, Diez-Alegría C, Hernández-Lloreda M J, Moreno MN (2008) Implicit and explicit self-schema in active deluded, remitted deluded, and depressed patients. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 39:587-599.
  • Wegener I, Geiser F, Alfter S, Mierke J, Imbierowicz K, Kleiman A et al. (2015). Changes of explicitly and implicitly measured self-esteem in the treatment of major depression: evidence for implicit self-esteem compensation. Comp Psychiatry, 58:57-67.
  • Werntz AJ, Steinman SA, Glenn JJ, Nock MK, Teachman BA (2016). Characterizing implicit mental health associations across clinical domains. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 52:17-28.
  • Winter D, Steeb L, Herbert C, Sedikides C, Schmahl C, Bohus M et al. (2018) Lower self-positivity and its association with self-esteem in women with borderline personality disorder. Behav Res Ther, 109:84-93.
  • Zeigler‐Hill V (2006) Discrepancies between implicit and explicit self‐esteem: Implications for narcissism and self‐esteem instability. J Pers, 74:119-144.
  • Zeigler-Hill V (2011) The connections between self-esteem and psychopathology. Journal of Contemp Psychother, 41:157-164.
  • Zeigler-Hill V (2013) The importance of self-esteem. In Self-esteem (Ed V Zeigler-Hill):1-20. New York, Psychology Press.
  • Zeigler-Hill V, Jordan CH (2010) Two faces of self-esteem. In Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications (Ed B Gawrosnki, BK Payne):392-407. New York, Guilford Publications.
Toplam 146 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Psikiyatri, Klinik Psikoloji, Uygulamalı ve Gelişimsel Psikoloji
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Ahmet Hamdi İmamoğlu 0000-0002-2176-7775

Yıldız Bilge 0000-0003-2315-0055

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2021
Kabul Tarihi 17 Kasım 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

AMA İmamoğlu AH, Bilge Y. Örtük Benlik Saygısı: Doğası, Değerlendirilmesi ve Psikopatolojilerdeki Rolü. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Eylül 2021;13(3):441-461. doi:10.18863/pgy.800464

Creative Commons Lisansı
Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar Creative Commons Atıf-Gayriticari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.