Eğitim Düzeyi ve Ar-Ge Harcamalarının Bölgesel Gelir Seviyesi ile İlişkisi: Türkiye Düzey Bir Bölgelerine Yönelik Bir Uygulama
Yıl 2021,
, 12 - 30, 27.06.2021
Ayşe Tuncer
,
Mohammed Algoni
Öz
Bu çalışma Türkiye'deki bölgesel ekonomik büyümede eğitim ve Ar-Ge’ye yönelik gerçekleştirilen harcamaların etkisini ölçmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla, 2010-2019 döneminin bölgesel eğitim düzeyi ve Ar-Ge harcamalarının bölgesel milli gelire olan etkisini analiz etmek için panel sabit etkiler yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Sabit etki modelinin sonuçlarına göre, eğitim ve Ar-Ge harcamaları Türkiye düzey bir (TR1) bölgelerinde bölgesel kişi başına GSYİH'yi olumlu şekilde etkilemektedir. Türkiye düzey bir bölgelerine yönelik bölgesel büyüme oranlarının arttırılmasında uygulanacak olan politikalarda eğitim ve Ar-Ge’ye yönelik harcamaların arttırılması, ulusal hedeflere ulaşmada önemli rol oynamaktadır.
Kaynakça
- Akinwale, vd, (2012). Understanding the Nexus of R&D, Innovation and Economic Growth in Nigeria, International Business Research, 5(11), s.187-196.
- Asteriou, D. (2011). Applied Econometrics, Second Edition, London, Macmillan Publishers Limited.
- Audretsch, D. ve Feldman, M. (1996). R-D Spillovers and the Geography of Innovation and Production. American Economic Review. 86. 630-40.
- Baltagi, Badi. H., (2005). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., West Sussex, England.
- Baransano vd., (2016), Analysis of Factors Affecting Regional Development Disparity in the Province of West Papua, Journal of Economics and Development Studies June 2016, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 115-128 ISSN: 2334-2382 (Print), 2334-2390, https://doi.org/10.15640/jeds.v4n2a10.
- Baykul, A . (2018)., “Bölgesel Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerinde Ar-Ge Faaliyetlerinin Etkileri: Türkiye’de Düzey I Bölgelerinde Ampirik Bir İnceleme”, Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7 (2), 143-154.
- Bengoa, M. vd. (2017), Do R & D activities matter for productivity? A regional spatial approach assessing the role of human and social capital, Economic Modelling 60 (2017) 448–461, www.elsevier.com/locate/econmod.
- Bilbao,O, & Rodríguez.P, Andrés. (2004). From R&D to Innovation and Economic Growth in the EU. Growth and Change. 35. https://www.researchgate.net.
- Čadil ve Petkovová (2010), Human Capital, R&D And Growth- Some Empirical Findings, The 8 th International Days of Statistics and Economics, Prague, September 11-13, 2014.
- Canton, vd, 2005. Human Capital, R&D and Competition in Macroeconomic Analysis, (indirdim).
- Capello, R., Caragliu, A., & Nijkamp, P. (2009). Territorial Capital And Regional Growth: Increasing Returns İn Cognitive Knowledge Use. TI Discussion Papers, Series; No. 09-059/3). Tinbergen Instituut (TI). http://www.tinbergen.nl/ti-publications/discussion-papers.php?paper=1499
- Crespo, J., Foster, N., & Stehrer, R. (2010). The Determinants Of Regional Economic Growth By Quantile. Regional Studies, 45(6), 809-826. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343401003713456.
- Demir, O., Üzümcü, A. ve Duran, S. (2006). İçsel Büyümede İçselleşme Süreçleri: Türkiye Örneği. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F Dergisi. 21(1): 27-46.
- Doğrul, A (2015). "Ekonomik Büyümede Eğitim Harcamalarının Etkisi: Panel Veri Analizi",Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Kütahya.
- Elena Pelinescu.(2015), The İmpact Of Human Capital On Economic Growth, Procedia Economics and Finance, 22 ( 2015 ) 184 – 190, t www.sciencedirect.com.
- Ercan, Y. Nihal (2002), “İçsel Büyüme Teorisi: Genel Bir Bakış”, Planlama Dergisi, Özel Sayı, DPT’nin Kuruluşunun 42. Yılı, ss. 129-138
- Fagerberg, J.(1995), “Is There a Large-Country Advantage in High-Tech?” Working Paper 526, Oslo, NUPI. Erişim: http://www.sv.uio.no/tik/InnoWP/archive/wpno526-1995.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 20.01.2014.
- Freeman, 2004, The Development of Social Network Analysis: A Study in the Sociology of Science, Linton C. Freeman. Empirical Press, Vancouver, BC (2004). Social Networks, 27. 377–384. 10.1016/j.socnet.2005.06.004.
- Green, W.h.,(2003), Econometric Analysis, Fifth Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
- Griffith, Rachel & Redding, Stephen & Reenen, John. (2000). Mapping the Two Faces of R&D: Productivity Growth in a Panel of OECD Industries, Review of Economics and Statistics. 86. 10.2139/ssrn.229400. http://doi.org/10.1162/0034653043125194
- Harris, R. ve Moffat, J (2011). “R&D, Innovation and Exporting”, SERC Discussion Paper 73, Erişim:
- Hausman, J. (1978). Specification Tests in Econometrics. Econometrica, 46, 1251 -1271.
- İğdeli, A. (2019). “Ar-Ge ve Eğitim Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği”, Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(3): 2517-2538.
- J. Rees, “Technology and Regional Development: Theory Revisited”, B. Johansson, C. Karlsson ve R. R. Stough, Theories of Endogenous Regional Growth: Lessons for Regional Policies, Springer: New York, 2001, s.97.
- Khan, J & Rehman, N. (2013). The Significance of Research And Development For Economic Growth: The Case of Pakistan. City University Research Journal. 3. 2013.
- Korkmaz, S. (2010). Türkiye’de Ar-Ge Yatırımları Ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin Var Modeli İle Analizi. Journal of Yaşar University, 5 (20), 3320-3330. Retrieved from http://www.dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jyasar/issue/19132/203021.
- Krugman, P., & Wells, R. (2011). Makroiktisat (İkinci Baskı). (F. Oğuz, M. Arslan, K. Akkemik, & K. Göksal, Çev.) Palme Yayıncılık, Ankara.
- Liao, L. vd. (2018), The Impact of Educational Investment on Sustainable Economic Growth in Guangdong, China: A Cointegration and Causality Analysis, Sustainability 2019, 11, 766; doi:10.3390/su11030766, www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability.
- Liberto, j. (2008), Education and Italian regional development, Economics of Education Review 27 (2008) 94–107, www.sciencedırect.com.
- Mellander, C. Ve Florida R., (2012). The Rise of Skills: Human Capital, the Creative Class and Regional Development. Handbook of Regional Science, 10.1007/978-3-642-23430-9_18.
- Nicola G. Vd. (2013). "Human Capital and Regional Development," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 128(1), pages 105-164. http://www.nber.org/papers/w17158.
- Öztürk, F. (2016)., “Education and Income Relationship in Turkey”, The Economics and Finance Letters. 3. 8-12. 10.18488/journal.29/2016.3.1/29.1.8.12.
- Ramesh C. (2020), Interplays among R&D spending, patent and income growth: new empirical evidence from the panel of countries and groups, Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2020) 9:18, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-020-00130-8.
- Salvekar, S. (2020). R&D Expenditure and Economic Performance: A German Panel Analysis., http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-49791.
- Seyidoğlu, H. (2013). Ululsrarası İktisat 18. Baskı, İstanbul, Beta Yayıncılık.
- Soytas, U. ve Sari, R. (2006). Income and Education in Turkey: A Multivariate Analysis. Education Economics. 14. 181-196. 10.1080/09645290600622921.
- Szarowská, I., (2017). Does Public R&D Expenditure Matter For Economic Growth?, GMM approach. Journal of International Studies, 10(2), 90-103. doi:10.14254/2071-8330.2017/10-2/6
- Şen, A. (2004) Sürdürülebilir Bölgesel Gelişme Yaklaşımı: İzmir Örneği, (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi SBE. Genel İktisat Anabilim Dalı, İzmir, 2004, s.65.
- Vernon ürün döngüleri Niğde Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 2011, Cilt: 4, Sayı: 2, s. 11-28. 11
- Vogel, J. (2012). The Two Faces of R&D and Human Capital: Evidence from Western European Regions.” Department of Economics Discussion Paper Series. University of Oxford. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2f167c30-24a9-452e-9087-cc1201cf899a.
- Woo, A. vd. (2017), The Impact of Education and R&D Investment on Regional Economic Growth, Sustainability 2017, 9, 676; doi:10.3390/su9050676, www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability.
- Xu, Y ve Li, A. (2020), The Relationship Between İnnovative Human Capital And İnterprovincial Economic Growth Based On Panel Data Model And Spatial Econometrics, Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 365 (2020) 112381, www.elsevier.com/locate/cam.
Relation of Education Level and R&D Expenditures on Regional Income Level: An Application for a Regional Level in Turkey
Yıl 2021,
, 12 - 30, 27.06.2021
Ayşe Tuncer
,
Mohammed Algoni
Öz
This study aims to measure the impact of spending on education and R & D performed in regional economic growth in Turkey. For this purpose, the panel fixed effects method was used to analyze the regional education rate and the effect of R&D expenditures on regional national income for the period 2010-2019. According to the results of the fixed effects model, training and R & D expenditure level of Turkey (TR1) in the regional per-person GDP it affects positively. education policy which will be implemented in the regional growth rate for Turkey in increasing and improving the level of spending for R & D plays an important role in achieving national goals.
Kaynakça
- Akinwale, vd, (2012). Understanding the Nexus of R&D, Innovation and Economic Growth in Nigeria, International Business Research, 5(11), s.187-196.
- Asteriou, D. (2011). Applied Econometrics, Second Edition, London, Macmillan Publishers Limited.
- Audretsch, D. ve Feldman, M. (1996). R-D Spillovers and the Geography of Innovation and Production. American Economic Review. 86. 630-40.
- Baltagi, Badi. H., (2005). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., West Sussex, England.
- Baransano vd., (2016), Analysis of Factors Affecting Regional Development Disparity in the Province of West Papua, Journal of Economics and Development Studies June 2016, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 115-128 ISSN: 2334-2382 (Print), 2334-2390, https://doi.org/10.15640/jeds.v4n2a10.
- Baykul, A . (2018)., “Bölgesel Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerinde Ar-Ge Faaliyetlerinin Etkileri: Türkiye’de Düzey I Bölgelerinde Ampirik Bir İnceleme”, Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7 (2), 143-154.
- Bengoa, M. vd. (2017), Do R & D activities matter for productivity? A regional spatial approach assessing the role of human and social capital, Economic Modelling 60 (2017) 448–461, www.elsevier.com/locate/econmod.
- Bilbao,O, & Rodríguez.P, Andrés. (2004). From R&D to Innovation and Economic Growth in the EU. Growth and Change. 35. https://www.researchgate.net.
- Čadil ve Petkovová (2010), Human Capital, R&D And Growth- Some Empirical Findings, The 8 th International Days of Statistics and Economics, Prague, September 11-13, 2014.
- Canton, vd, 2005. Human Capital, R&D and Competition in Macroeconomic Analysis, (indirdim).
- Capello, R., Caragliu, A., & Nijkamp, P. (2009). Territorial Capital And Regional Growth: Increasing Returns İn Cognitive Knowledge Use. TI Discussion Papers, Series; No. 09-059/3). Tinbergen Instituut (TI). http://www.tinbergen.nl/ti-publications/discussion-papers.php?paper=1499
- Crespo, J., Foster, N., & Stehrer, R. (2010). The Determinants Of Regional Economic Growth By Quantile. Regional Studies, 45(6), 809-826. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343401003713456.
- Demir, O., Üzümcü, A. ve Duran, S. (2006). İçsel Büyümede İçselleşme Süreçleri: Türkiye Örneği. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F Dergisi. 21(1): 27-46.
- Doğrul, A (2015). "Ekonomik Büyümede Eğitim Harcamalarının Etkisi: Panel Veri Analizi",Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Kütahya.
- Elena Pelinescu.(2015), The İmpact Of Human Capital On Economic Growth, Procedia Economics and Finance, 22 ( 2015 ) 184 – 190, t www.sciencedirect.com.
- Ercan, Y. Nihal (2002), “İçsel Büyüme Teorisi: Genel Bir Bakış”, Planlama Dergisi, Özel Sayı, DPT’nin Kuruluşunun 42. Yılı, ss. 129-138
- Fagerberg, J.(1995), “Is There a Large-Country Advantage in High-Tech?” Working Paper 526, Oslo, NUPI. Erişim: http://www.sv.uio.no/tik/InnoWP/archive/wpno526-1995.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 20.01.2014.
- Freeman, 2004, The Development of Social Network Analysis: A Study in the Sociology of Science, Linton C. Freeman. Empirical Press, Vancouver, BC (2004). Social Networks, 27. 377–384. 10.1016/j.socnet.2005.06.004.
- Green, W.h.,(2003), Econometric Analysis, Fifth Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
- Griffith, Rachel & Redding, Stephen & Reenen, John. (2000). Mapping the Two Faces of R&D: Productivity Growth in a Panel of OECD Industries, Review of Economics and Statistics. 86. 10.2139/ssrn.229400. http://doi.org/10.1162/0034653043125194
- Harris, R. ve Moffat, J (2011). “R&D, Innovation and Exporting”, SERC Discussion Paper 73, Erişim:
- Hausman, J. (1978). Specification Tests in Econometrics. Econometrica, 46, 1251 -1271.
- İğdeli, A. (2019). “Ar-Ge ve Eğitim Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği”, Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(3): 2517-2538.
- J. Rees, “Technology and Regional Development: Theory Revisited”, B. Johansson, C. Karlsson ve R. R. Stough, Theories of Endogenous Regional Growth: Lessons for Regional Policies, Springer: New York, 2001, s.97.
- Khan, J & Rehman, N. (2013). The Significance of Research And Development For Economic Growth: The Case of Pakistan. City University Research Journal. 3. 2013.
- Korkmaz, S. (2010). Türkiye’de Ar-Ge Yatırımları Ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin Var Modeli İle Analizi. Journal of Yaşar University, 5 (20), 3320-3330. Retrieved from http://www.dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jyasar/issue/19132/203021.
- Krugman, P., & Wells, R. (2011). Makroiktisat (İkinci Baskı). (F. Oğuz, M. Arslan, K. Akkemik, & K. Göksal, Çev.) Palme Yayıncılık, Ankara.
- Liao, L. vd. (2018), The Impact of Educational Investment on Sustainable Economic Growth in Guangdong, China: A Cointegration and Causality Analysis, Sustainability 2019, 11, 766; doi:10.3390/su11030766, www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability.
- Liberto, j. (2008), Education and Italian regional development, Economics of Education Review 27 (2008) 94–107, www.sciencedırect.com.
- Mellander, C. Ve Florida R., (2012). The Rise of Skills: Human Capital, the Creative Class and Regional Development. Handbook of Regional Science, 10.1007/978-3-642-23430-9_18.
- Nicola G. Vd. (2013). "Human Capital and Regional Development," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 128(1), pages 105-164. http://www.nber.org/papers/w17158.
- Öztürk, F. (2016)., “Education and Income Relationship in Turkey”, The Economics and Finance Letters. 3. 8-12. 10.18488/journal.29/2016.3.1/29.1.8.12.
- Ramesh C. (2020), Interplays among R&D spending, patent and income growth: new empirical evidence from the panel of countries and groups, Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2020) 9:18, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-020-00130-8.
- Salvekar, S. (2020). R&D Expenditure and Economic Performance: A German Panel Analysis., http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-49791.
- Seyidoğlu, H. (2013). Ululsrarası İktisat 18. Baskı, İstanbul, Beta Yayıncılık.
- Soytas, U. ve Sari, R. (2006). Income and Education in Turkey: A Multivariate Analysis. Education Economics. 14. 181-196. 10.1080/09645290600622921.
- Szarowská, I., (2017). Does Public R&D Expenditure Matter For Economic Growth?, GMM approach. Journal of International Studies, 10(2), 90-103. doi:10.14254/2071-8330.2017/10-2/6
- Şen, A. (2004) Sürdürülebilir Bölgesel Gelişme Yaklaşımı: İzmir Örneği, (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi SBE. Genel İktisat Anabilim Dalı, İzmir, 2004, s.65.
- Vernon ürün döngüleri Niğde Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 2011, Cilt: 4, Sayı: 2, s. 11-28. 11
- Vogel, J. (2012). The Two Faces of R&D and Human Capital: Evidence from Western European Regions.” Department of Economics Discussion Paper Series. University of Oxford. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2f167c30-24a9-452e-9087-cc1201cf899a.
- Woo, A. vd. (2017), The Impact of Education and R&D Investment on Regional Economic Growth, Sustainability 2017, 9, 676; doi:10.3390/su9050676, www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability.
- Xu, Y ve Li, A. (2020), The Relationship Between İnnovative Human Capital And İnterprovincial Economic Growth Based On Panel Data Model And Spatial Econometrics, Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 365 (2020) 112381, www.elsevier.com/locate/cam.