Improving The Performance of Enhanced Flooded Batteries With Carbon Nano Tubes

Öz

Enhanced Flooded Batteries (EFBs) are becoming increasingly important for start-stop and micro-hybrid electric vehicles due to their cost efficiency and ability to withstand frequent charge-discharge cycles. In this study, carbon nanotube (CNT) additives were incorporated into both the negative active material (NAM) and positive active material (PAM) to evaluate their effects on electrochemical performance. Four different battery recipes were designed, including a standard formulation and three CNT-based variations. The batteries were characterized according to EN 50342-1 and EN 50342-6 standards, with specific emphasis on cold cranking amperes (CCA), charge acceptance (CA), capacity (C20), and endurance under partial state-of-charge (PSoC) conditions. Experimental results demonstrated that Recipe 2, in which CNT was added to both NAM and PAM, delivered the most significant improvements, showing higher CCA retention over 60 days, superior dynamic charge acceptance, and extended cycle life compared to standard batteries. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed the beneficial effect of CNT addition on the morphological stability of both plates, reducing sulfation and enhancing conductivity. These findings highlight the potential of CNT-enhanced EFBs to meet the demanding requirements of micro-hybrid vehicles, offering both technological innovation and industrial competitiveness.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Lead-acid battery
• Enhanced Flooded Battery (EFB)
• Carbon nanotubes (CNT)
• Negative active material (NAM)
• Positive active material (PAM)
• Micro hybrid electric vehicle (MHEV)
• Start–stop system
• Cycle life

Karbon Nano Tüp Katkı Maddeleri ile Güçlendirilmiş Sulu Akülerin Performansının İyileştirilmesi

Öz

Start-stop ve mikro hibrit elektrikli araçlarda düşük maliyetli ve sık şarj-deşarj döngülerine dayanıklı yapıları nedeniyle güçlendirilmiş sulu aküler (EFB) giderek daha önemli hale gelmektedir. Bu çalışmada, karbon nanotüp (CNT) katkılarının elektrokimyasal performans üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmek amacıyla, negatif aktif malzeme (NAM) ve pozitif aktif malzeme (PAM) içerisine CNT ilave edilmiştir. Standart formülasyon ve üç farklı CNT bazlı varyasyonu içeren dört farklı akü reçetesi tasarlanmıştır. Aküler EN 50342-1 ve EN 50342-6 standartlarına göre test edilmiş; soğuk marş akımı (CCA), şarj kabulü (CA), kapasite (C20) ve kısmi şarj durumu (PSoC) koşullarındaki dayanım incelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, hem NAM hem de PAM’a CNT ilave edilen Reçete 2’nin en yüksek iyileştirmeleri sağladığını göstermiştir. Bu tasarım, 60 gün boyunca CCA değerinin daha iyi korunması, üstün dinamik şarj kabulü ve standart akülere kıyasla daha uzun çevrim ömrü sunmuştur. Taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) analizleri, CNT katkısının her iki plakada da morfolojik stabiliteyi artırarak sülfatlaşmayı azalttığını ve iletkenliği iyileştirdiğini doğrulamaktadır. Bu bulgular, CNT katkılı EFB’lerin mikro hibrit araçların zorlu gereksinimlerini karşılamada güçlü bir aday olduğunu ve hem teknolojik yenilik hem de endüstriyel rekabet açısından önemli fırsatlar sunduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kurşun-asit akü
• Güçlendirilmiş sulu akü (EFB)
• Karbon nanotüp (CNT)
• Negatif aktif malzeme (NAM)
• Pozitif aktif malzeme (PAM)
• Mikro hibrit elektrikli araç (MHEV
• Start–stop sistemi
• Çevrim ömrü

Destekleyen Kurum

Abdulkadir Özcan Otomotiv Lastik Sanayi ve Tic.A.Ş., Ako Akü Fabrikası, Türkiye

Etik Beyan

Bu makalenin yazarları çalışmalarında kullandıkları materyal ve yöntemlerin etik kurul izni ve/veya yasal- özel bir izin gerektirmediğini beyan ederler.

Teşekkür

Bu çalışmanın gerçekleştirilmesinde değerli katkılarını sunan Abdulkadir Özcan Otomotiv Lastik Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş., Ako Akü Fabrikası (Türkiye)’na ve tüm çalışanlarına içten teşekkürlerimizi sunarız. Araştırmanın yürütülmesi sırasında sağladıkları teknik destek, üretim süreçlerindeki iş birliği ve test aşamalarında gösterdikleri özverili katkılar bu çalışmanın başarıyla tamamlanmasına büyük ölçüde olanak sağlamıştır. Bilimsel ilerlemeye verdikleri önem ve mühendislik mükemmeliyetine yönelik yaklaşımları için özellikle minnettarız.

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