Türkiyede Turizm Sektöründe Su Ayak İzi Hesaplaması: Bir Girdi-Çıktı Modeli Analizi

Öz

Dünya nüfusunun artması ve küresel ekonominin hızla gelişmesiyle birlikte suya olan talep sürekli artmakta; su kaynakları, su kirliliği ve su kıtlığı küresel gündemde ciddi sorunlar haline gelmektedir. Günümüzde turizm, ihracat artışının en önemli beş kaynağından biri haline gelmiştir ve COVID-19 pandemisi haricinde ülkeye gelen turist sayısı her geçen yıl artmaya devam etmektedir. Turizmin dünya çapında ekonomik büyüme sağlaması ve istihdam yaratması potansiyeline rağmen, çevre üzerinde giderek artan bir baskı oluşturduğu da bilinen bir gerçektir. Başka bir deyişle, her ölçekte turizm önemli ölçüde su tüketen bir sektördür ve tatlı su kaynakları üzerinde ciddi baskılar yaratmış ve turizm destinasyonlarında suyla ilgili bazı sorunlara yol açmıştır. Bu çalışma, Girdi-çıktı analizini kullanarak Türkiye'deki turizmin su ayak izini modellemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Turizmde su ayak izi, yerli ve yabancı turistler tarafından tüketilen mal ve hizmetler için gereken su miktarını ifade etmektedir. Ampirik analizde kullanılan veri tabanı, Global Ticaret Analiz Projesi (GTAP) platformundan elde edilen Türkiye'nin 2014 yılı girdi-çıktı tablolarından oluşmaktadır. Tarım, sanayi ve hizmet sektörlerine ilişkin temel ulusal istatistiklerin yanı sıra, su verileri de Girdi-Çıktı tablolarına dayanmaktadır. Sonuçlar, 2014 yılında Türkiye'de turizm su ayak izinin yıllık yaklaşık 3,31 km³ ve turist başına günlük yaklaşık 8,1 m³ olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu çalışma ayrıca, uluslararası turizm gelirlerinde yüzde onluk bir artış senaryosuna dayalı olarak, 2015 yılına ilişkin turizm kaynaklı su tüketimi projeksiyonunu da içermektedir. Bu senaryoda, su tüketimindeki en büyük artışın turizm sektöründe gerçekleştiği belirlendi. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'de turizmin sürdürülebilirliğine katkıda bulunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Su ayak izi
• Kaynak verimliliği
• Sürdürülebilir Turizm
• Girdi-çıktı tabloları
• Türkiye

Calculating the Water Footprint in Turkish Tourism: An Input-Output Model Analysis

Öz

With the growth of the world population and the rapid development of the global economy, the demand for water is constantly rising; water resources, water pollution, and water scarcity are becoming serious issues on the global agenda. Today, tourism has become one of the five most significant sources of export growth, and—with the exception of the COVID-19 pandemic—the number of tourist arrivals continues to rise year after year. Despite tourism’s potential to ensure economic  growth and create jobs worldwide, it is well known that it also places increasing pressure on the environment. In other words, on all scales, tourism is a significant water consuming industry and has put strong pressures on freshwater resources and caused some water related problems in the destinations. It aims to model the water footprint of tourism in Türkiye using input-output (IO) analysis. The water footprint in tourism refers to the amount of water required for goods and services consumed by foreign and domestic tourists. The database used in the empirical analysis consists of Türkiye's input-output tables for the year 2014, obtained from the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) platform. In addition to basic national statistics regarding the agriculture, industry, and service sectors, the water data is based on Input-Output tables. The results show that in 2014, tourism water footprint in Türkiye was approximately 3.31 km³ per year, and approximately 8.1 m³ per tourist per day. This study also includes a projection of water consumption related to tourism for the year 2015, based on a scenario of a ten percent increase in international tourism revenues. In this scenario, it was determined that the greatest increase in water consumption occurred in the tourism sector. This study contributes to the sustainability of tourism in Türkiye.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Water footprint
• Resource efficiency
• Sustainable Tourism
• Input-Output Tables
• Türkiye

Kaynakça

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