Cinsiyet Temelli Zulme Karşı Uluslararası Hukukta ve Türk Hukukunda Sağlanan Koruma Statüleri

Öz

1951 tarihli Mültecilerin Hukuki Statüsüne Dair Cenevre Sözleşmesi uluslararası hukuk çerçevesinde şekillenen uluslararası koruma rejiminin bağlayıcı temel kaynağını oluşturmaktadır. Bu nitelik, Sözleşme’ye cinsiyet temelli zulme karşı başvurulacak ilk kaynak olma özelliğini kazandırmakta; mülteci statüsü, cinsiyet temelli zulüm karşısında bireye uluslararası koruma sunan temel araç olmaya devam etmektedir. Ancak 1951 tarihli Cenevre Sözleşmesi’nde öngörülen ölçütlerin normatif temelde genişletilmemiş olması, bireylerin temel hak ve özgürlüklerini güvence altına alan insan hakları sözleşmelerinin nihayetinde özel bir koruma statüsü öngörmemesi, özellikle cinsiyet temelli zulüm karşında mülteci tanımının dışında kalan bireyler için öngörülen ve bu niteliği itibariyle tamamlayıcı olarak adlandırılan statülerin varlığını gerekli kılmıştır. Çalışmada ise bu doğrultuda cinsiyet temelli zulme karşı, uluslararası hukukta ve Türk hukukunda sağlanan koruma statülerine odaklanılmaktadır. Bu kapsamda 1951 tarihli Cenevre Sözleşmesi, 1967 tarihli Mültecilerin Hukuki Statüsüne İlişkin Protokol, Sözleşme ve Protokol’ün uygulanmasına yön vermesi sebebiyle BMMYK uygulamaları ve tamamlayıcı koruma statüsüne yer vermesi sebebiyle Avrupa Birliği Vasıflandırma Direktifi (2011/95/EU) ve Türk mevzuatı çerçevesinde öngörülen koruma rejimleri bakımından değerlendirilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• 1951 tarihli Mültecilerin Hukuki Statüsüne Dair Cenevre Sözleşmesi
• Cinsiyet Temelli Zulüm
• Mülteci
• Tamamlayıcı Koruma
• Geçici Koruma

Protection Statuses Provided Under International and Turkish Law Against Gender-Based Persecution

Öz

The 1951 Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees constitutes a fundamental binding source within the international protection regime under international law. This qualification makes the Convention the primary legal framework for addressing gender-based persecution, and the refugee status remains the main instrument offering international protection to individuals subjected to such persecution. However, the fact that the criteria stipulated in the Geneva Convention of 1951 have not been expanded normatively and that human rights conventions guaranteeing fundamental rights and freedoms do not specifically establish a distinct protection status has led to the creation of complementary/ subsidiary protection statuses. These are particularly relevant for individuals who fall outside the formal definition of a refugee yet still face gender-based persecution. This study focuses on the protection statuses provided under international law and Turkish law in cases of gender-based persecution. It specifically evaluates the 1951 Geneva Convention, the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, UNHCR practises guiding the implementation of these instruments, and the European Union Qualification Directive (2011/95/EU), which includes complementary protection. These legal frameworks are assessed in the context of Turkish legislation, providing a comprehensive overview of the protection regimes in place.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• The 1951 Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
• Gender-based Persecution
• Refugee
• Complementary Protection
• Temporary Protection

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