Yetişkinliğe Geçiş Döneminde Anneye Bağlanma Ve Özerk Eylemde Bulunmanın Kişilik Özellikleri Üzerindeki Etkisi

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3, 136 - 147, 01.01.2017

Hasan Atak

Öz

Literatürde anneye bağlanma, özerk eylemde bulunma ve kişilik özelliklerinin ilişkisini inceleyen bir araştırma bulunmamaktadır. Bu değişkenleri birlikte bir model içinde ele almak, bu üç değişkenin ilişkilerinin yönü ve gücü hakkında bilgi vereceği gibi, ilgili literatüre de katkı sağlayabilir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, anneye bağlanma ve özerk eylemde bulunmanın kişilik özellikleri üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektir. Bu betimsel ve nedensel karşılaştırmalı araştırmada, katılımcılar Kırıkkale Üniversitesi’nde öğrenim gören öğrencilerden oluşmaktadır. Araştırma grubunda 19-26 yaş arası 276’sı % 52,4 kadın, 224’ü % 47,6 erkek olmak üzere toplam 508 öğrenci yer almıştır. Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 22,6 Ss: ±2,8 ’dır. Araştırmada, Anneye Bağlanma Ölçeği, Çok Yönlü Eylemli Kişilik Ölçeği ve On Maddeli Kişilik Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Veriler analiz edilirken frekans ve yüzde analizi ve path modeli analizi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular yetişkinliğe geçiş döneminde, anneye bağlanma ve özerk eylemde bulunmanın kişilik özelliklerini yordadığını ve özerk eylemde bulunmanın anneye bağlanma ile kişilik özellikleri arasında aracılık rolünün olduğunu göstermiştir. Anneye sağlıklı bağlanma yumuşakbaşlılık, duygusal açıdan dengeli olma ve özerk eylemde bulunma puanlarını artırırken; dışadönüklük, azaltmaktadır. Kişinin özerk eylemde bulunması ise, sorumluluğu, duygusal açıdan dengeliliği, deneyime açıklığı ve dışadönüklüğü azaltırken; yumuşak başlılığı artırmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın bulgularının genel olarak ilgili literatürle uyumlu olduğu; ancak bazı bulguların literatürle uyumlu olmadığı ifade edilebilir ve bu farklılıklar Türk kültüründen kaynaklanıyor gibi görünmektedir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Anneye bağlanma Özerk eylemde bulunma Kişilik Beş-faktör kuramı

The Effects Of Maternal Bonding, And Agency On Personality Traits In The Process Of Transition To Adulthood

Öz

In the literature, there have been no researches examine the relationship agency. Handling together these variables in a model may provide the direction and power of the relationships of these three variables; may contribute to the literature, too. The main purpose of this study was to examine the effects of bond to mother and agency on personality traits. In this descriptive and causal comparative study, participants were composed of students who are studying at the University of Kirikkale. Participants were between the ages of 19-26 and 276 52.4% of them were women, 224 47.6% of them were male, for a total of 508 students. The average age of the participants was 22.6 SD: ± 2.8 . In this research, Maternal Bonding Inventory, Multi-Measure Agentic Personality Scale, and Ten-Item Personality Inventory were used to gather data. In data analysis frequency and percentage analysis and path model analysis were utilized. The findings showed that bond to mother and agency predicted personality traits in the period of transition to adulthood, and agency had a mediating effect between bond to mother and personality traits. Healthy maternal bonding increased the points of emotional stability, agreeableness and agency; however, it decreased the points of openness to experience, conscientiousness, and extraversion. Agency also increased the points of agreeableness, while it decreased the points of emotional stability, openness to experience, conscientiousness, and extraversion. It can be emphasized that the findings of this study, in general, were compatible with the literature; however, some of the findings did not comply with the literature and these differences seem to root in the Turkish culture.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Maternal bonding Agency Personality Five-factor theory

Kaynakça

• Ainsworth, M.S. (1997). The personal origins of attachment theory. An interview with Mary Salter Ainsworth. Interview by Peter L. Rudnytsky. Psychoanal Study Child; 52: 386-405.
• Allen, J.P., Moore, C.M., Kuperminc, G. & Bell, K. (1998). Attachment and adolescent psychosocial functioning. Child Development; 69: 1406-1419.
• Amato, P. R. (1986). Family resources and the development of child competence. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48, 47-56.
• Aslan, S. (2008). Kişilik, huy ve psikopatoloji. RCHP, 2, 1-2.
• Atak, H. (2010).Yetişkinliğe geçişte eylemlilik ve kimlik biçimlenmesi: bireyleşme sürecindeki iki gelişimsel kaynak. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi. Ankara Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
• Atak, H. (2013). On-maddeli kişilik ölçeği’nin Türk kültürü’ne uyarlanması. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi. 50, 312-319.
• Atak, H. & Çok, F. (2007). Emerging adulthood and perceived adulthood in Turkey, 3rd Conference on Emerging Adulthood, Tucson, AZ, USA, 15-16 February 2007.
• Atak, H., Kapci, E. G. & Çok, F. (2013). Evaluation of the Turkish Version of the Multi- Measure Agentic Personality Scale. Düşünen Adam; 26(1): 36-45.
• Atkinson, R. L., Atkinson, R. C., Smith, E. E., Bem, D. J. & Nolen Hoeksema, S.(1999). Psikolojiye giriş. (A. Yavuz, Çev.). İstanbul: Arkadaş Yayınları.
• Bandura, A. (1995). Exercise of personal and collective efficacy in changing societies. In A. Bandura (Ed.), Self-Efficacy In Changing Societies. (pp. 1-45). New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Berzonsky, M. D. (2003). The structure of identity: Commentary on Jane Kroger’s view of identity status transition. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 3 (3), 231- 345.
• Bishop, S. ve Ingersoll, G. (1989). Effects of marital confl ict and family structure on the self- concepts of pre-and early adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 18, 25-28.
• Broody, G. H. ve Schaefer, D. (1982). Contributions of parents and pers to children’s moral socializations. Developmental Review, 2, 31-75.
• Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment. Attachment and loss,1.(3rd ed). New York: Basic Books.
• Branje, S. J. T., Lieshout, C.F. M. V., & Gerrıs J. R. M. (2007). Big five personality development in adolescence and adulthood.European Journal Of Personality. 21: 45–62.
• Bretherton, I. (2000). The origins of attachment theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. In Attachment Theory: Social, Developmental and Clinical Perspectives. S. Goldberg, R. Muir, J. Kerr, (Eds.). 45-84. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press.
• Buri, J. (1991). Parental authority questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57, 1, 110- 119.
• Bush, S. I., Ballard, M. E., & Fromouw, W. (1995). Attributional style, depressive features and self-esteem: Adult children of alcoholic and nonalcoholic parents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24, 177-185.
• Calhoun, J. F. & Acocella, J. R. (1990). Psychology of adjustment and human relationships. New York: McGraw- Hill Publishing Company.
• Chubb, N.H. & Fertman, C.I. (1997). Adolescent self-esteem and locus of control: A longitudional study of gender and age differences. Adolescence, Spring 97,32,125, 113-126.
• Coopersmith, S. (1974). The Antecedents of Self-Esteem. San Fransisco: W.H. Freeman and Company.
• Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1980). Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 668- 678.
• Côté, J. E. (1997). An empirical test of the identity capital model. Journal of Adolescence, 20, 421-437.
• Côté, J. E. (2002). The role of identity capital in the transition to adulthood: The individualization thesis examined. Journal of Youth Studies, 5(2), 117-134.
• Côté, J. E., & Schwartz, S. J. (2002). Comparing psychological and sociological approaches to identity: Identity status, identity capital, and the individualization process. Journal of Adolescence, 25, 571-586.
• Diener, E., & Lucas, R. E. (1999). Personality and subjective well-being. In D. Kahneman,E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (213-229). New York: Russell Sage.
• Emirbayer, M., & Mische, A. (1998). What is agency? American Journal of Sociology, 103, 962- 1023.
• Francis, L. J., & Katz, Y. J. (2000). Internal consistency reliability and validity of the Hebrew translation of the Oxford Happiness Inventory. Psychological Reports, 87, 193-196.
• Furnham, A., & Cheng, H. (1999). Personality as predictor of mental health and happinessin the East and West. Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 395-403.
• Gerslma, C., Emmelkamp, P.M.G., & Arrindell, W.A. (2000). Anxiety, depression and perception of early parenting: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 251-277.
• Gosling, S.D., Rentfrow, P.J. & Swann ,W.B. Jr. (2003). A very brief measure of the big five personality domains. J Res in Pers, 37, 504-528.
• Grotevant, H., D. and Cooper, C. (1985). Patterns of interaction in family relationships and the development of identity formation in adolescence. Child Development, 56, 415-428.
• Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1996). Özerk-İlişkisel benlik: Yeni bir sentez. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 11, 36-44.
• Kapçı, E. G. ve Küçüker, S. (2006). Anababaya bağlanma ölçeği: Türk üniversite öğrencilerinde psikometrik özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesi. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 17(4), 286- 295.
• Kennedy, J. H. (1999). Romantic attachment style and ego identity, attributional style, and family of origin in first-year college students. College Student Journal. 33 (2), 171-181.
• Kenny, D.A., Kashy, D.A. & Bolger, N. (1998) Data analysis in social psychology. D Gilbert, S Fiske, G Lindzey (Ed). The Handbook of Social Psychology (Volume 1) (Sayfalar 233-65). 4. Baskı. Boston, MA McGraw-Hill.
• Kenny, E.M. & Gallagher, L.A. (2002). Instrumental and social/relational correlates of perceived maternal and paternal attachment in adolescence. J Adolesc, 25, 203–219.
• Khaleque, A. & Rohner, R P. (2002). Perceived parental acceptance rejection and psychological adjustment: A meta analysis of cross- culturel and intra culturel studies. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 54-64.
• Kim, K. & Rohner, R. P. (2002). Parental warmth, control, and involvement in schooling: Predicting academic achievement among Korean American adolescents. Journal of Cross- Cultural Psychology, 33, 127-140.
• Kimmel, D.C. & Weiner, I.B. (1985). Adolescence: A developmental transition. USA: Joney Wiley Sons Inc.
• Kroger, J. (1998). Adolescence as a second separation-ındividuation process: Critical review of an object relations approach. In E. Skoe and A. von der Lippe (Eds.), Personality Development in Adolescence: A Cross National Life-Span Perspective. London: Routledge.
• Kuperminc, G.P., Allen, J.P. & Arthur, M.W. (1996). Autonomy, relatedness and male adolescent delinquency: toward a multi-dimensional view of social competence. J Adolesc Res, 11, 397- 420.
• McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (2003). Personality in adulthood. New York: The Guilford Press; 48-63.
• McCrae, R.R. & Costa P.T.(1998). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and obsevers. J Pers and Soc Psy, 52, 81-90.
• Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L.B. (1979). A parental bonding instrument. Journal of Medical Psychology, 52:1-10.
• Reich, W. A. & Seigel, H. ( 2002 ). Attachmnet, ego identity development and exploratory interest in university students. Journal of Social Psychology, 5, 125-134.
• Rohner, R. P. (1975). They love me, they love me not: A worldwide study of the effects of parental acceptance and rejection. New Haven, CT: HRAF Press.
• Rohner, R. P. (2004). The parental acceptance and rejection syndrome: Universal correlates of perceived rejection. American Psychologist, 59, 830-840.
• Rohner, R.P.& Rohner, E.C.(1980). Ancetedens and consequences of parental rejection: A theory of emotional abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 4, 189-198.
• Schwartz, S. J. (2005). A new identity for identity research: Recommendations for expanding and refocusing the identity literature. Journal of Adolescent Research, 20, 293-308.
• Wilson, K., & Gullone, E. (1999). The relationship between personality and affect over the lifespan. Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 1141-1156.