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Çocuk Merkezli Afet Risk Yönetimi: Çocuklar İçin Değil Çocuklarla Birlikte

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 205 - 223, 16.07.2025

Öz

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı afetlerle mücadelede çocukların yerini tartışmaktır. Bundan önce çalışma, “doğal afet” nitelemesine itirazla yola çıkmaktadır. Çünkü özellikle son elli yıldır akademisyenlerin savunduğu şekliyle afetlerde doğal olan bir şey yoktur. Aksine doğa olayları büyük oranda toplumların kırılganlığı, sosyal ve yapısal güvenlik zafiyetleri ve yanlış anlaşılan ya da yanlış yönetilen riskler nedeniyle afetlere yol açmaktadır. Afetlerin bu yapısal niteliği, bunlarla karşı karşıya kalan farklı grupların ve toplumsal kategorilerin farklı şekillerde etkilenmelerine neden olmaktadır. Çocuklar afetlerde en kırılgan grupların başında gelmektedir. Bu durum büyük oranda çocukların yetişkinlere göre eksik, onlara bağımlı ve ikincil toplumsal konumlarından kaynaklanmaktadır.
Bir yandan çocuk hakları sözleşmesinin çocukları hak sahibi bireyler olarak konumlandırması ve bilgi edinme ve katılım haklarını tanımlaması bir yandan da afetlere hazırlıklı olmak konusunda toplumdaki tüm bireylerin etkin katılımının gerektiğinin anlaşılması çocukların afetlerle mücadele planlamalarında yer almalarına olanak vermektedir. Bu açıdan çalışmada, yeni bir kavram olmakla birlikte giderek yaygınlaşmakta olan çocuk merkezli afet risk yönetimine dair çok sayıda örneğe yer verilmektedir. Bu yaklaşım sadece çocukları ve ihtiyaçlarını merkeze almakla sınırlı değil ama hazırlık, kurtarma, acil yardım, rehabilitasyon ve iyileştirme aşamalarının planlaması, uygulanması ve değerlendirilmesinde çocukların etkin katılımını içermektedir. Diğer bir deyişle çocuklar için bir afet risk yönetimi değil, çocuklarla birlikte afet risk yönetimini gerektirmektedir. Bu yaklaşım bir yandan afet dirençli toplumun kurulmasında işlevseldir diğer yandan ise çocukların güçlenmesi açısından önemli bir potansiyele sahiptir.

Kaynakça

  • AFAD (2014). Türkiye Afet Farkındalığı ve Afetlere Hazırlık Araştırması. https://www.afad.gov.tr/kurumlar/afad.gov.tr/3923/xfiles/turkiye-afet-farkindaligi-ve-afetlere-hazirlik-arastirmasi_-2014-edited.pdf (02.02.2024)
  • AFAD (t.y.a). Açıklamalı Afet Yönteimi Terimleri Sözlüğü, https://www.afad.gov.tr/aciklamali-afet-yonetimi-terimleri-sozlugu (02.02.2024)
  • AFAD (t.y.b). Türkiye’de Afet Yönetimi ve Doğa Kaynaklı Afet İstatistikleri, https://www.afad.gov.tr/kurumlar/afad.gov.tr/35429/xfiles/turkiye_de_afetler.pdf (22.02.2024) AFAD (t.y.c). AFAD ve Tarihçesi, https://www.afad.gov.tr/afad-hakkinda (02.02.2024)
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  • Akman, A. ve Yıldırım, S. (2022). Okul öncesi öğrencilerinde afet yönetimine dair bir gözlem: Iğdır'da bir ilkokul örneği”. ANASAY, 6(21), 341–355. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2579150 (02.03.2024)
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  • Başıbüyük, A. ve Pala, Ş.M. (2023). Hayat Bilgisi, Sosyal Bilgiler ve Coğrafya dersi öğretim programlarının afet eğitimi açısından incelenmesi. Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(2), 184-197. https://doi.org/10.17556/erziefd.1063242 (11.05.2024)
  • Cappelli, F.; Constantini, V. ve Consoli, D. (2021). The trap of climate change-Induced "natural" disasters and inequality. Global Environmental Change, 70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102329 (07.06.2023)
  • Cerna-Turoffi, I.; Fischer, H.T.; Mansourian, H. ve Mayhew, S. (2021). The patways between natural disasters and violence against children: A systematic review, BMC Public Health, (21). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11252-3 (07.06.2023)
  • Cutter , S.L.; Boruff, B.J. ve Shirley, W.L. (2003). Social vulnerability to environmental hazards, Social Science Quarterly , 84(2), 242-261. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6237.8402002 (02.06.2023)
  • da Costa, K. ve Pospieszna, P. (2015). The relationship between human rights and disaster risk reduction revisited: bringing the legal perspective into the discussion. Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies, (6), 64-86. https://brill.com/view/journals/ihls/6/1/article-p64_4.xml (07.03.2023)
  • Değirmenci, Y.; Kuzey, M. ve Yetişensoy, O. (2019). Sosyal Bilgiler ders kitaplarında afet bilinci ve eğitimi. E-Kafkas Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(2), 33-46. https://doi.org/10.30900/kafkasegt.591345 (21.07.2024)
  • Delicado, A. ve diğerleri (2020). ). “Rights, Information, Needs and Active Involvement in Disaster Risk Management”, Children and Young People's Participation in Disaster Risk Reduction: Agency and Resilience, (Ed. M. Mort; I. Rodríguez-Giralt ve A. Delicado), (s. 63-91). Bristol University Press, Bristol
  • Dikmenli, Y. ve Gafa, İ. (2017). Farklı eğitim kademelerine göre afet kavramı. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (44), 21-36, https://doi.org/10.21764/maeuefd.335007 (04.06.2024)
  • Dranseika, V. (2016). Moral responsibility for natural disasters. Human Affairs, 26(1), 73-79. https://doi.org/10.1515/humaff-2016-0009 (05.06.2023)
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Child-Centered Disaster Risk Management: Not for Children but with Children

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 205 - 223, 16.07.2025

Öz

The main purpose of this study is to discuss the place of children in combating disasters. Before this, the study begins by objecting to the definition of "natural disaster". There is nothing natural about disasters, as scholars have argued especially in the last five decades. On the contrary, natural events cause disasters due to vulnerabilities of societies, social and structural security gabs, and misunderstood or mismanaged risks. This structural nature of disasters causes different groups and social categories that face them to be affected in different ways. Children are among the most vulnerable groups in disasters. This situation is due largely to the incomplete, dependent and secondary social position of children compared to adults.
Both the Convention on the Rights of the Child defines children as individuals with rights and their right to information and participation, and the understanding that the active participation of all individuals in society is necessary to be prepared for disasters allows children to take part in combating disasters. In this respect, the study includes many examples of child-centered disaster risk management, which is a new concept but is becoming increasingly widespread. This approach is not limited to centering only children and their needs but includes the active participation of children in the planning, implementation and evaluation of preparation, rescue, emergency aid, rehabilitation and recovery phases. In other words, it does not require disaster risk management for children, but disaster risk management with children. While this approach is functional in creating a disaster-resistant society, it also has significant potential for empowering children.

Kaynakça

  • AFAD (2014). Türkiye Afet Farkındalığı ve Afetlere Hazırlık Araştırması. https://www.afad.gov.tr/kurumlar/afad.gov.tr/3923/xfiles/turkiye-afet-farkindaligi-ve-afetlere-hazirlik-arastirmasi_-2014-edited.pdf (02.02.2024)
  • AFAD (t.y.a). Açıklamalı Afet Yönteimi Terimleri Sözlüğü, https://www.afad.gov.tr/aciklamali-afet-yonetimi-terimleri-sozlugu (02.02.2024)
  • AFAD (t.y.b). Türkiye’de Afet Yönetimi ve Doğa Kaynaklı Afet İstatistikleri, https://www.afad.gov.tr/kurumlar/afad.gov.tr/35429/xfiles/turkiye_de_afetler.pdf (22.02.2024) AFAD (t.y.c). AFAD ve Tarihçesi, https://www.afad.gov.tr/afad-hakkinda (02.02.2024)
  • Akdur, R. (2000). Afetler ve afetlerde sağlık hizmetleri. Türkiye Sorunlarına Çözüm Konferansı-3, https://www.recepakdur.com/media/1370/10-akdur-r-afetler-ve-sag-lik-hizmetleri-tu-rkiye-sorunlarina-c-o-zu-m-konferansi-3-21-yu-zyilda-tu-rki-ye-ankara-u-niversitesi-basimevi-2000.pdf (10.12.2023)
  • Akman, A. ve Yıldırım, S. (2022). Okul öncesi öğrencilerinde afet yönetimine dair bir gözlem: Iğdır'da bir ilkokul örneği”. ANASAY, 6(21), 341–355. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2579150 (02.03.2024)
  • Bartlett, S. (2005). Good governance: Making age part of the equation- An introduction. Children, Youth and Environments, 15(2), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.7721/chilyoutenvi.15.2.0001 (19.11.2023)
  • Başıbüyük, A. ve Pala, Ş.M. (2023). Hayat Bilgisi, Sosyal Bilgiler ve Coğrafya dersi öğretim programlarının afet eğitimi açısından incelenmesi. Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(2), 184-197. https://doi.org/10.17556/erziefd.1063242 (11.05.2024)
  • Cappelli, F.; Constantini, V. ve Consoli, D. (2021). The trap of climate change-Induced "natural" disasters and inequality. Global Environmental Change, 70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102329 (07.06.2023)
  • Cerna-Turoffi, I.; Fischer, H.T.; Mansourian, H. ve Mayhew, S. (2021). The patways between natural disasters and violence against children: A systematic review, BMC Public Health, (21). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11252-3 (07.06.2023)
  • Cutter , S.L.; Boruff, B.J. ve Shirley, W.L. (2003). Social vulnerability to environmental hazards, Social Science Quarterly , 84(2), 242-261. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6237.8402002 (02.06.2023)
  • da Costa, K. ve Pospieszna, P. (2015). The relationship between human rights and disaster risk reduction revisited: bringing the legal perspective into the discussion. Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies, (6), 64-86. https://brill.com/view/journals/ihls/6/1/article-p64_4.xml (07.03.2023)
  • Değirmenci, Y.; Kuzey, M. ve Yetişensoy, O. (2019). Sosyal Bilgiler ders kitaplarında afet bilinci ve eğitimi. E-Kafkas Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(2), 33-46. https://doi.org/10.30900/kafkasegt.591345 (21.07.2024)
  • Delicado, A. ve diğerleri (2020). ). “Rights, Information, Needs and Active Involvement in Disaster Risk Management”, Children and Young People's Participation in Disaster Risk Reduction: Agency and Resilience, (Ed. M. Mort; I. Rodríguez-Giralt ve A. Delicado), (s. 63-91). Bristol University Press, Bristol
  • Dikmenli, Y. ve Gafa, İ. (2017). Farklı eğitim kademelerine göre afet kavramı. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (44), 21-36, https://doi.org/10.21764/maeuefd.335007 (04.06.2024)
  • Dranseika, V. (2016). Moral responsibility for natural disasters. Human Affairs, 26(1), 73-79. https://doi.org/10.1515/humaff-2016-0009 (05.06.2023)
  • DRMKC-INFORM (t.y.). https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index (22.02.2024)
  • EM-DAT (2023). Earthquakes in Türkiye A Review From 1900 to Today, No 72. https://files.emdat.be/2023/09/CredCrunch72.pdf (20.02.2024)
  • Erdem, B.N. ve Kaynar, A. (2022). “Sesimizi duyan var mı?”: İzmir Depremi konulu televizyon haberlerinde çocukların temsili. Selçuk İletişim Dergisi, 15(2), 737-766. https://doi.org/10.18094/josc.1113783 (17.07.2023)
  • Ersoy, Ş. ve Koçak, A. (2016). Disasters and earthquake preparedness of children and schools in Istanbul, Turkey. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 7(4), 1307-1336, https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2015.1060637 (17.01.2024)
  • Farabollini, P.; Lugeri, F.R. ve Mugnano, S. (2019). “Introduction”, Earthquake Risk Perception, Communication and Mitigation Strategies, (Ed. P. Farabollini, F. R. Lugeri ve S. Mugnano), (s. 12-17). http://www.ilsileno.it/geographiesoftheanthropocene/Earthquake%20Risk%20Perception%20Communication%20and%20Mitigation%20Strategies.pdf (02.06.2023)
  • Green, P. (2005). Disaster by design. British Journal of Criminology, (45), 528-546. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azi036 (02.06.2023)
  • IASC. (2011). IASC Operational Guidelines on the Protection of Persons in Situations of Natural Disasters. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/IDPersons/OperationalGuidelines_IDP.pdf (01.05.2023)
  • Institute For Economics & Peace (2020). Ecological Threat Register 2020: Understanding Ecological Threats, Resilience and Peace, http://visionofhumanity.org/reports (07.06.2023)
  • JICA (2004). Türkiye'de Doğal Afetler Konulu Ülke Strateji Raporu, https://www.spo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/5d8ce590ad8981c_ek.pdf?tipi=58andturu=Xandsube=0 (20.02.2024)
  • Kadıoğlu, M. (2008). “Toplumda afet bilincini arttırma yöntemleri”, Afet Zararlarını Azaltmanın Temel İlkeleri, (Ed. M. Kadıoğlu ve E. Özdamar), (s. 223-241). JICA Türiye Ofisi, Ankara
  • kelimeler.gen.tr. (t.y.). Doğal Afet, http://kelimeler.gen.tr (12.10.2023)
  • King, T.A. ve Tarrant R.A. (2013). Children’s knowledge, cognitions and emotions surrounding natural disasters: An investigation of year 5 students, Wellington, New Zealand. Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, (1), 17-26. http://trauma.massey.ac.nz/issues/2013-1/AJDTS_2013-1_King.pdf (03.02.2024)
  • Kousky, C. (2016). Impacts of natural disasters on children. Future of Children, 26(1), 73-92, https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1101425.pdf (02.04.2023)
  • Kutluay, H. (2023, 06 25). Doğal Afet Nedir, Çeşitleri Nelerdir?, https://www.makaleler.com/dogal-afetler-nelerdir (12.10.2023)
  • Lauta, K. C. (2016). Human rights and natural disasters. Research Handbook on Disasters and International Law, 91-110, https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784717407.00015 (07.03.2023)
  • Leaning, J. ve Guha-Sapir, D. (2013). Natural disasters, armed conflict, and public health. The New England Journal of Medicine, 369(19), 1836-42. https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMra11109877?articleTools=true (12.07.2023)
  • Limoncu, S. ve Atmaca, A. B. (2018). Çocuk merkezli afet yönetimi. Megaron, 13(1), 132-143. https://jag.journalagent.com/megaron/pdfs/MEGARON-49369-ARTICLE-LIMONCU.pdf (02.02.2024)
  • Lopez, Y.; Hayden, J.; Cologon, K. ve Hadley, F. (2012). Child participation and disaster risk reduction. International Journal of Early Years Education, 20(3), 300-308, https://doi.org/10.1080/09669760.2012.716712 (17.07.2023)
  • Maya, İ. ve Sarı, B. (2016). Türkiye'de afet eğitimi ve MEB müfredatındaki afet eğitimi konularının değerlendirilmesi. VIII. Uluslararası Eğitim Araştırmaları Kongresi, (s. 676-682). Çanakkale.
  • Mitchell, T.; Haynes, K.; Hall, N.; Choong, W. ve Oven, K. (2008). The roles of children and youth in communicating disaster risk, Children, Youth and Environments, 18(1), 254-279. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7721/chilyoutenvi.18.1.0254 (21.05.2023)
  • Mitchell, T; Tanner, T. ve Haynes, K. (2009). Children as Agents of Change for Disaster Risk Reduction: Lessons from El Salvador and the Philippines, https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/document/children-agents-change-disaster-risk-reduction-lessons-el-salvador-and-philippines (17.07.2023)
  • Morris, K.-A. N. ve Edwards, M. T. (2008). Disaster risk reduction and vulnerable populations in Jamaica: Protecting children within the comprehensive disaster management framework. Children, Youth and Environments, 18(1), 389-407. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7721/chilyoutenvi.18.1.0389 (21.05.2023)
  • Mudavanhu, C. ve diğerleri (2015). Taking children's voices in disaster risk reduction a step forward. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, (6), s. 267-281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-015-0060-7 (23.01.2024)
  • O'Keefe, P.; Westgate, K. ve Wisner, B. (1976). Taking the naturalness out of natural disasters. Nature, (260), 566–567. https://doi.org/10.1038/260566a0 (11.03.2023)
  • OMÜ (t.y.). Doğal Afetlerin Tanımı ve Türleri. https://avys.omu.edu.tr_public_omur.keskiner (12.10.2023)
  • Peek, L. (2008). Children and disasters: Understanding vulnerability, developing capacities, and promoting resilience – An introduction. Children, Youth and Environments, 18(1), 1-29. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7721/chilyoutenvi.18.1.0001 (18.11.023)
  • Pfefferbaum, B.; Pfefferbaum, R. L. ve Van Horn, R. L. (2018). Involving children in disaster risk reduction: the importance of participation. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2018.1425577 (01.09.2023)
  • Rodríguez-Giralt, I., Arenas, M. ve Gómez, D. L. (2020). “Children, Participation and Disasters in Europe: A Poor Record”, Children and Young People’s Participation in Disaster Risk Reduction, (Ed. M. Mort, I. Rodríguez-Giralt ve A. Delicado), (s. 15-36). Bristol University Press, Bristol
  • Ronan, K. R. ve Johnston, D. M. (2001). Correlates of hazard education programs for youth. Risk Analysis, 21(6), 1055-1063, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11824681/ (01.09.2023)
  • Sadeghloo, T. ve Mikhak, H. (2022). Analyzing the impacts and experiences of children in disaster. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 76, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103000 (21.09.2023)
  • Save The Children (2006). Child Rights Perspective in Response to Natural Disasters in South Asia. (Kathmandu: Save the Children Sweden). https://www.preventionweb.net/files/15091_Childrightsprespectivesinresponseto.pdf (16.09.2023)
  • Sever, R. ve Değirmenci, Y. (2019). “Temel Kavramlar”, Afetler ve Afet Yönetimi, (Ed. R. Sever), (s. 2-12), Pegem Akademi, Ankara
  • SRCD. (2020). Child Evidence Brief, Understanding The Impacts of Natural Disasters on Children. https://www.srcd.org/sites/default/files/resources/FINAL_SRCDCEB-NaturalDisasters_0.pdf. (07.07.2023)
  • T.C. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Destek Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü. (2024). Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Eylem Planı (2023-2030). https://dhgm.meb.gov.tr/meb_iys_dosyalar/2024_01/04121233_evrak88811059594616074921.pdf. (22.02.2024)
  • Thomas, V. (2017). Climate Change and Natural Disasters: Transforming Economies and Policies for a Sustainable Future, Transaction Publishers, New York
  • TMMOB. (t.y.). Afet Yönetimi Bilgi Kitapçığı. TMMOB İnşaat Mühendisleri Odası Ankara Şubesi. https://imop.imo.org.tr/resimler/dosya_ekler/76bb2697ef75e44_ek.pdf. (21.02.2023)
  • Todres, J. (2011). Mainstreaming children's rights in post-disaster settings. Emory International Law Review, 25(3), 1233-1261, https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/eilr/vol25/iss3/8 (15.03.2023)
  • TRT Haber (2024, 02 02). 6 Şubat depremlerinde 53 bin 537 canımızı yitirdik, https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/6-subat-depremlerinde-53-bin-537-canimizi-yitirdik-833953.html (12.06.2024)
  • Tugnoli, C. (2015). The problem of evil in the tought of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Religious Inquiries, 4(8), 23-38, https://ri.urd.ac.ir/article_39291_7cd0bb16a09b3deddf91a7b79cf64079.pdf (05.06.2023)
  • UNISDR (t.y.). Sendai Afet Risk Azaltma Çerçevesi, https://uclg-mewa.org/uploads/file/748e86d91ae4409e9188794ddb6c004d/Sendai_TR.pdf (03.08.2023)
  • UN (2006). Disaster Risk Reduction Begins at School, https://www.undrr.org/publication/disaster-risk-reduction-begins-school-2006-2007-world-disaster-reduction-campaign (21.03.2023)
  • UN (2015). Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. https://www.preventionweb.net/files/43291_sendaiframeworkfordrren.pdf (23.04.2023)
  • UNDRR (03.10.2005). British Schoolgirl Hero Meets President Clinton: "All Children Should Know What a Tsunami is... and How to React," Says Tilly Smith, https://www.undrr.org/news/british-schoolgirl-hero-meets-president-clinton-all-children-should-know-what-tsunami-and-how (18.10.2023)
Toplam 58 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sosyoloji (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Aylın Dikmen Özarslan 0000-0003-3301-8488

Yayımlanma Tarihi 16 Temmuz 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Eylül 2024
Kabul Tarihi 8 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Dikmen Özarslan, A. (2025). Çocuk Merkezli Afet Risk Yönetimi: Çocuklar İçin Değil Çocuklarla Birlikte. Resilience, 9(1), 205-223.