Türkiye'de İpek Yolu Uzaktan Algılama İzleme ve Değerlendirme: Drone Sistemlerinin GPR ve RM ile Entegrasyonu

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 126 - 138, 18.09.2022

Gökhan Kılıç

https://doi.org/10.48123/rsgis.1115887

Öz

Bir ülkenin mirasının korunması, tercihen sıfır hasar/müdahale ve minimum son denetimlerle tarihi altyapının durum değerlendirmesine olanak sağlayan uygun yöntemlerin uygulanmasını gerektirir. Karmaşık kara ve deniz yolu ağlarının geniş bir alanı İpek Yolları olarak bilinir. Doğu ve Batı kültürlerini bir araya getirmede çok önemlidirler. Ayrıca Batı Anadolu'daki Bağdat veya İzmir gibi büyük şehirlerin avantajlı konumları nedeniyle bağlantı kurabildikleri kaydedilmiştir. Tahribatsız Teknikler (NDT) bu kriterleri karşılayabilirken aynı zamanda zaman ve maliyet açısından verimlidir. Bu makale, bilgi aralığını ve doğruluğunu en üst düzeye çıkarmak için çeşitli tekniklerin bir arada kullanılmasını önermektedir. Daha spesifik olarak, yüzey altı durumunu değerlendirmek ve dış miras kusurlarını tespit etmek için Yüksek Çözünürlüklü ve Kızılötesi Termografi (IRT) drone sistemleri ve dahili kusurları tespit etmek için Yere Nüfuz Eden El Radarı (GPR) ve Direnç Ölçümü (RM) kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'de İpek Yolu üzerinde uygun verileri toplayarak, yer ve büyüklük açısından yüzeysel ve iç kusurları doğru bir şekilde tanımlayabilen kapsamlı bir yaklaşım sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tahribatsız teknikler, Kızılötesi termografi, Dronlar, Yer radarı, Direnç ölçümü, Tarihi miras

Remote Sensing Monitoring and Assessment of Silk Road in Turkey: Integrating Drone Systems with GPR and RM

Öz

Maintaining a country’s heritage requires the implementation of appropriate methods, which enable the condition assessment of historic infrastructure with preferably zero damages/interventions and minimum post-inspections. A vast expanse of intricate land- and sea-route networks is known as the Silk Roads. They were crucial in bringing Eastern and Western cultures together. Additionally, it has been noted that major cities in Western Anatolia, such as Baghdad or Izmir, have been able to establish links because to their advantageous position. Non-Destructive Techniques (NDT) can meet such criteria, while they are also time and cost-efficient. This paper recommends the combined use of several techniques to maximize information range and accuracy. More specifically, High Definition and Infrared Thermography (IRT) drone systems to assess sub-surface state and detect external heritage defects, and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Resistivity Measurement (RM) for detecting internal defects. By accumulating suitable data from heritage structures along the Silk Road in Turkey, this study presents a comprehensive approach that can accurately identify surficial and internal defects, in terms of their location and size.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Non-destructive techniques, Infrared thermography, Drones, Ground penetrating radar, Resistivity measurement, Historic heritage

Kaynakça

• Ahmadi, S., Burgholzer, P., Mayr, G., Jung, P., Caire, G., & Ziegler, M. (2020). Photothermal super resolution imaging: A comparison of different thermographic reconstruction techniques. NDT & E International, 111, 102228. doi: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2020.102228.
• Anchuela, Ó. P., Frongia, P., Di Gregorio, F., Casas Sainz, A. M., Pocoví Juan, A. (2018). Internal characterization of embankment dams using ground penetrating radar (GPR) and thermographic analysis: A case study of the Medau Zirimilis Dam (Sardinia, Italy). Engineering Geology, 237, 129-139.
• Asadi, P., Gindy, M., Alvarez, M., & Asadi, A. (2020). A computer vision based rebar detection chain for automatic processing of concrete bridge deck GPR data. Automation in Construction, 112, 103106. doi: 10.1016/j.autcon.2020.103106.
• Bai, H., & Sinfield, J. V. (2020). Improved background and clutter reduction for pipe detection under pavement using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). Journal of Applied Geophysics, 172, 103918. doi: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2019.103918.
• Biçici, S., & Zeybek, M. (2021). An approach for the automated extraction of road surface distress from a UAV-derived point cloud. Automation in Construction, 122, 103475. doi: 10.1016/j.autcon.2020.103475.
• Capozzoli, L., & Rizzo, E. (2017). Combined NDT techniques in civil engineering applications: Laboratory and real test. Construction and Building Materials, 154, 1139-1150.
• Carrière, S. D., Chalikakis, K., Sénéchal, G., Danquigny, C., & Emblanch, C. (2013). Combining electrical resistivity tomography and ground penetrating radar to study geological structuring of karst unsaturated zone. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 94, 31-41.
• Cavalcanti, M. M., Rocha, M. P., Blum, M. L. B., & Borges, W. R. (2018). The forensic geophysical controlled research site of the University of Brasilia, Brazil: Results from methods GPR and electrical resistivity tomography. Forensic science international, 293, 101-e1. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.09.033.
• Dell, R. M., Moseley, P. T., & Rand, D. A. J. (2014). The Evolution of Unsustainable Road Transport. In R. M. Dell, P. T. Moseley, D. A.J. Rand, (Eds.), Towards Sustainable Road Transport (pp. 1-64). Waltham, MA, USA: Academic Press.
• Diallo, M. C., Cheng, L. Z., Rosa, E., Gunther, C., & Chouteau, M. (2019). Integrated GPR and ERT data interpretation for bedrock identification at Cléricy, Québec, Canada. Engineering Geology, 248, 230-241.
• Dslrpros. (2021, October 3). Matrice 210 - Zenmuse XT2, 19850 Nordhoff PI, Chatsworth - Z30, Retrieved from https://www.dslrpros.com/
• El-Qady, G., Hafez, M., Abdalla, M. A., & Ushijima, K. (2005). Imaging subsurface cavities using geoelectric tomography and ground-penetrating radar. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 67(3), 174-181.
• Fabbri, K., & Costanzo, V. (2020). Drone-assisted infrared thermography for calibration of outdoor microclimate simulation models. Sustainable Cities and Society, 52, 101855. doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2019.101855.
• Feng, J. (2005, October). UNESCO’s efforts in identifying the world heritage significance of the Silk Road. In 15th ICOMOS General Assembly and International Symposium, 2005. Proceedings. (pp. 934-944). ICOMOS.
• Fernandes Jr, A. L., Medeiros, W. E., Bezerra, F. H., Oliveira Jr, J. G., & Cazarin, C. L. (2015). GPR investigation of karst guided by comparison with outcrop and unmanned aerial vehicle imagery. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 112, 268-278.
• Fodde, E. (2006). Conserving sites on the central Asian silk roads: The case of Otrar Tobe, Kazakhstan. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 8(2), 77-87.
• Han, D., Zhao, Y., Pan, Y., Liu, G., & Yang, T. (2020). Heating process monitoring and evaluation of hot in-place recycling of asphalt pavement using infrared thermal imaging. Automation in Construction, 111, 103055. doi: 10.1016/j.autcon.2019.103055.
• Ibarra-Castanedo, C., Sfarra, S., Klein, M., & Maldague, X. (2017). Solar loading thermography: Time-lapsed thermographic survey and advanced thermographic signal processing for the inspection of civil engineering and cultural heritage structures. Infrared Physics & Technology, 82, 56-74.
• Janků, M., Cikrle, P., Grošek, J., Anton, O., & Stryk, J. (2019). Comparison of infrared thermography, ground-penetrating radar and ultrasonic pulse echo for detecting delaminations in concrete bridges. Construction and Building Materials, 225, 1098-1111.
• Jazayeri, S., Kruse, S., Hasan, I., & Yazdani, N. (2019). Reinforced concrete mapping using full-waveform inversion of GPR data. Construction and Building Materials, 229, 117102. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117102.
• Johnston, B., Ruffell, A., McKinley, J., & Warke, P. (2018). Detecting voids within a historical building façade: A comparative study of three high frequency GPR antenna. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 32, 117-123.
• Khalifa, A., Bouzouidja, R., Marchetti, M., Buès, M., Bouilloud, L., Martin, E., & Chancibaut, K. (2018). Individual contributions of anthropogenic physical processes associated to urban traffic in improving the road surface temperature forecast using TEB model. Urban Climate, 24, 778-795.
• Kilic, G. (2015). Using advanced NDT for historic buildings: Towards an integrated multidisciplinary health assessment strategy. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 16(4), 526-535.
• Kilic, G. (2017). Applications of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to detect hidden beam positions. Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 45(3), 911-921.
• Kilic, G., & Eren, L. (2018). Neural network based inspection of voids and karst conduits in hydro–electric power station tunnels using GPR. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 151, 194-204.
• Kilic, G., & Unluturk, M. S. (2016). Wavelet analysis with different frequency GPR antennas for bridge health assessment. Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 44(1), 647-655.
• Meola, C., Boccardi, S., & maria Carlomagno, G. (2017). Nondestructive Testing With Infrared Thermography. In C. Meola, S. Boccardi, & G. maria Carlomagno (Eds.), Infrared Thermography in the Evaluation of Aerospace Composite Materials (pp. 85-125), Cambridge, MA, USA: Woodhead Publishing.
• Oban, R. (2006). İzmir’in eski kentsel dokusunun korunması ve turizm açısından değerlendirilmesi (Doktora Tezi). Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir, Türkiye.
• Ortega-Ramírez, J., Bano, M., Cordero-Arce, M. T., Villa-Alvarado, L. A., & Fraga, C. C. (2020). Application of non-invasive geophysical methods (GPR and ERT) to locate the ancient foundations of the first cathedral of Puebla, Mexico. A case study. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 174, 103958. doi: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2020.103958.
• Özgün, C. (2008). Batı Anadolu Limanlarına Ulaşan Şark Ticaret Yolu (İpek Yolu) Üzerine Gözlemler: 19. Yüzyıldan Cumhuriyetin İlk Yıllarına, Büyük Menderes Havzasında Ticaret Yolları. In A. E. Kefeli, A. Taşağıl, N. Sarıahmetoğlu Karagür, Ö. D. Yılmaz (Eds.), Dünden Bugüne İpek Yolu, Beklentiler ve Gerçekler (pp. 227-258), İstanbul: Ötüken Yayınları.
• Pellicer, X. M., & Gibson, P. (2011). Electrical resistivity and Ground Penetrating Radar for the characterisation of the internal architecture of Quaternary sediments in the Midlands of Ireland. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 75(4), 638-647.
• Sbartaï, Z. M., Laurens, S., Rhazi, J., Balayssac, J. P., & Arliguie, G. (2007). Using radar direct wave for concrete condition assessment: Correlation with electrical resistivity. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 62(4), 361-374.
• Shapovalov, V., Yavna, V., Kochur, A., Khakiev, Z., Sulavko, S., Daniel, P., & Kruglikov, A. (2020). Application of GPR for determining electrophysical properties of structural layers and materials. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 172, 103913. doi: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2019.103913.
• Vileikis, O., Quintero, M. S., Van Balen, K., Dumont, B., & Tigny, V. (2011, September). Information management systems for cultural heritage and conservation of world heritage sites. The silk roads case study. In XXIIIrd International CIPA Symposium, 2011. Proceedings. (pp. 364-369). ICOMOS & ISPRS Committee for Documentation of Cultural Heritage.
• Yıldırım, R., & Oban, R. (2011). The importance of heritage roads on the development of Western Anatolia and Izmir. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 19, 90-97.
• Zeybek, M., & Biçici, S. (2020). Road Distress Measurements Using UAV. Turkish Journal of Remote Sensing and GIS, 1(1), 13-23.
• Zeybek, M., & Biçici, S. (2021). 3D Dense Reconstruction of Road Surface from UAV Images and Comparison of SfM Based Software Performance. Turkish Journal of Remote Sensing and GIS, 2(2), 96-105.