Mücadele burada mı, ebediyette mi? Sherman Alexie'nin The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven romanı

Öz

Rezervasyon alanları içinde sınırlandırılmış Yerli kimlik, yalnızca travmatik yoksulluk, işsizlik, parçalanmış aile, alkolizm ve baskı deneyimlerinden değil, aynı zamanda Amerikan Kızılderili kimliğini asil vahşilere, kana susamış savaşçılara, peygamber şamanlara veya sarhoş dışlanmışlara indirgeyen sistematik ırkçı uygulamalardan ve basmakalıp deneyimlerden de muzdariptir. Anglo-Amerikalılar’ın Yerli kimliğini silme girişimlerine karşı, N. Scott Momaday, Leslie Marmon Silko, Louise Erdrich, James Welch ve Gerald Vizenor gibi birçok Amerikan Kızılderili yazarı, Kızılderili kabile kültürünü ve tarihini korumaya ve travmalı Yerli imgesini düzeltmeye çalıştı. Bu yazı, diğer Yerli Amerikalı yazarlardan ayrı olarak Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven romanındaki Sherman Alexie'nin Spokane Indian rezervasyon hayatını yoksulluk, işsizlik, açlık, uyuşturucu bağımlılığı, alkolizm ve şiddet gibi çağdaş "Amerikan Yerlisi"sorunlarına eleştirel ve alaycı bir bakış açısıyla resmediş biçimine odaklanır. Bu makalede ayrıca Alexie'nin Yerli tarihi / geleneği ve beyaz kültürü eleştirel okumasıyla Yerli kimlik sorununa getirdiği kavrayış ve Amerikan Yerli kimliğinin hem olumlu hem de olumsuz basmakalıp okumalarına eleştirisi ele alınmaktadır. Çalışma, Sherman Alexie'nin, Homi Bhabha'nın terimlerinden yola çıkarak, şu soruya cevabında bir 'geçiş alanı' yarattığı öncülüne dayanıyor: Yerli kimlik Amerikan "Amerikan Yerlisi"kabile kültürüne mi yoksa baskın Anglo Amerikan kültürüne mi dayalı olarak inşa edilecek, yoksa alternatif bir yol var mı?

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Amerikan Yerlileri
• temsil
• kültürel kimlik
• kalıp yargılar

Fighting here or in Heaven? Sherman Alexie’s The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven

Öz

Confined within the borders of reservations Native identity suffers not only from the traumatic experiences of poverty, unemployment, broken families, alcoholism and oppression but also from systematic racist practices and stereotyping, which reduce the American Indian identity to noble savages, bloodthirsty warriors, prophetic shamans, or drunken outcasts. In resistance to Anglo-American attempts to erase Native identity many American Indian writers such as N. Scott Momaday, Leslie Marmon Silko, Louise Erdrich, James Welch, and Gerald Vizenor tried to preserve Native American tribal culture and history, and remedy the traumatized Native identity. This paper focuses on how Sherman Alexie in The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven, standing apart from other Native American writers, portrays the Spokane Indian reservation life with a critical and cynical viewpoint on contemporary Native American’s problems such as poverty, unemployment, hunger, drug addiction, alcoholism, and violence. The paper also discusses the insight Alexie brings to the Native identity problem through his critical reading of both the Native history/tradition and the white culture, and his critique of both the ‘positive’ and the negative stereotyping of the American Indian. The study is based on the premise that Sherman Alexie creates, borrowing from Homi Bhabha’s terms, an ‘interstitial space’ in his answer to the question: how will the Native identity be constructed, based on the American Indian tribal culture, or the dominant Anglo culture, or is there an alternative way?

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Native American
• American Indian
• Representation
• Cultural identity
• Stereotypes

Kaynakça

1. Alexie, S. (1994). The Lone Ranger and Tonto fistfight in heaven. New York, USA: Harper Perennial.
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13. Standiford, L. A. (1982). Worlds made of dawn: Characteristic image and incident in Native American imaginative literature. In Housten A. Baker, Jr. (Ed.), Three American perspectives. (pp.168-196). New York, USA: Modern Language Association of America.
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