Bilgisayar sözlükçülüğü çağı ve sorunları

Öz

60’lı yıllarda bilgisayarların uygulamalı sözlükbilim alanında kullanılması, geleneksel sözlükçülüğün icrasında köklü değişimin habercisi olur. Özellikle 90’lı yıllarda elektronik dilsel verilerin bir araya getirilmesi, 21. yüzyılın başında ise az maliyetli yüksek hızlı geniş bantlı internetin artan kullanımı bu tür çalışmaların hızla artmasına neden olur. Bu gelişmeler eşliğinde kısa süre içerisinde birçok basılı sözlük elektronik ortamda yayınlanır. Elektronik yayınlanan e-sözlüklerin basılı sözlüklere olan üstünlüğü birçok sözlükbilimcinin hemen dikkatini çeker. Ancak başta melezleme (İng. hybridisation) sorunu olmak üzere derlem uyumu, veri güvenilirliği, erişim yolu, özelleştirme, nitelik ve kullanışlılık benzeri sorunlar az kişinin dikkatini çeker. Hâlbuki e-sözlükbilimdeki modern gelişmeler, disiplinin kendisinden beklenenin aşırı derecede artmasına neden olmuş; uygulama alanında köklü değişimin ortaya çıkmasına yol açmıştır. Bu çalışmada başta uygulamalı e-sözlükbilimin tarihî gelişimi yanı sıra bilgisayar sözlükçülüğü kavramının tanımı üzerinde durulmuştur. Ayrıca ilk kez Tarp (2012a, s. 256-268; 2012b, s. 116-117), tarafından tanımlanan teknolojinin e-sözlük üretim sürecindeki aşamalar [taklitçiler (İng. copycats); hızlı atlar (İng. faster horses); model t fordlar (İng. model T Fords); rolls roycelar (İng. rolls royces)] ele alınmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra çağdaş e-sözlüklerde melezleme, derlem, veri güvenilirliği, erişim yolu, kişiselleştirme ve nitelik açısından herhangi bir sorunun olup olmadığı tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bilindiği üzere e-cihazlar, dilbilimsel ve sözlükbilgisel verileri çözümlemek için dil teknolojisi yazılımına ihtiyaç duyar. Sözlükbilgisel verilerin dil teknolojisi uygulamaları tarafından okunur/anlaşılır olması için dilin ölçünlü olması gerekir. Çünkü e-cihazlar, dillerdeki eksiklik ve/veya hataları algılamada insanlara kıyasla daha hassastır. Bundan dolayı bu çalışma ile e-sözlüklerin -varsa- sorunları tespit edilmeye çalışılmış; tespit edilen sorunların giderilmesi için bazı önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bilgisayar sözlükçülüğü
• basılı sözlükler
• e-sözlükler
• e-sözlük sorunları

The age of computer dictionary and its problems

Abstract

The use of computers in practical lexicography in the 1960s introduced a fundamental change in traditional lexicography. Especially in the 1990s, the accumulating of electronic language data and the increasing use of low-cost high-speed broadband internet at the beginning of the 21st century is leading to a rapid growth of e- lexicography studies. Along with these developments, many printed dictionaries became available as e-dictionaries within a short time. The advantage of electronically published dictionaries over printed dictionaries catches the attention of many lexicographers immediately. But nobody noticed the problems caused by hybridizations. Likewise, issues such as corpus coherence, data reliability, access path, quality, and utility attract few researchers' attention. Nevertheless, modern developments in e- lexicography have led to an unbalanced growth in expectations of the discipline, as well as a radical change in its functional field. In this study, the definition of the term computer lexicography is emphasized in addition to the historical advances of e-lexicography. And the phases of e-dictionary making were also discussed. In addition, an attempt was made to determine whether there are problems with today's e-dictionaries in terms of hybridization, corpus, data reliability, access path, personalization and quality. It is known that electronic devices require speech technology software to analyse linguistic and lexicographical data, and language technology applications require lexical data to be readable/understandable. Language needs to be standardized, because e-devices are more sensitive than humans to detect mistakes and errors. Therefore, this study makes some suggestions to identify and get rid of problems with e-dictionaries.

Keywords

• Computer lexicography
• printed dictionaries
• e-dictionary
• e-dictionary problems

Kaynakça

1. Abduvahobov, G. (2021). About the concept of computer lexicography. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 06 (98), 664-668. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2021.06. 98.89.
2. Abel, A. & C. M. Meyer (2016). Nutzerbeteiligung. A. Klosa and C. Müller-Spitzer (Ed.), Internetlexikografie: Ein Kompendium (s. 249-290) içinde. Berlin/Boston: de Gruyter.
3. Abel, A. (2012). Dictionary writing systems and beyond. G. Sylviane and P. Magali (Ed.), Electronic Lexicography (s. 1-46) içinde. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4. Amsler, R. A. (1980). The Structure of the Merriam-Webster Pocket Dictionary. PhD Thesis (Technical Report TR-164), Austin: University of Texas at Austin.
5. Amsler, R. A. (1984). Machine-readable dictionaries. M E Williams (Ed.), Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST) American Society for Information Science (19) (s. 161-209) içinde. Knowledge Industry Publications.
6. Atkins, B.T.S. & M. Rundell (2008). The Oxford Guide to Practical Lexicography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
7. Atkins, B.T.S. (1996). Bilingual Dictionaries: Past, Present and Future. M. Gellerstam J. Järborg, S-G. Malmgren, K. Norén, L. Rogström, and C. Röjder Papmehl (Ed.), Euralex ’96 Proceedings: Papers Submitted to the Seventh EURALEX International Congress on Lexicography in Göteborg (s. 515-546) içinde. Göteborg: Göteborg University.
8. Atli, M. H. (2021a). Sözlükbilim Kuramı. Elazığ: Manas Yayıncılık.

9. Atli, M. H. (2021b) Çağdaş Gelişmeler Eşliğinde Sözlük Portalı Tipolojisi Önerisi. Kaya, M. (Ed.), 6. Uluslararası Mardin Artuklu Bilimsel Araştırmalar Kongresi, Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Kitabı (s. 25-27) içinde. Mardin/Türkiye, Erişim adresi: https://www.artuklukongresi.org/kitaplar.
10. Baranov, A.N. (2007). Introduction to Applied Linguistics. Textbook. Moscow: LKI.
11. Béjoint, H. (2010). The Lexicography of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
12. Bergenholtz, H. and R. Gouws (2007). The Access Process in Dictionaries for fixed Expressions. Lexicographica. International Annual for Lexicography (23), 237–260.
13. Bolinger, D. (1990). Review of the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. International Journal of Lexicography 3(2), 133-145.
14. Crystal, D. (1986). The ideal dictionary, lexicographer and user. (https://www.davidcrystal.com/Files/BooksAndArticles/-4893.pdf Erişim tarihi: 21.01.2022).
15. De Schryver, G.-M. (2003). Lexicographers’ Dreams in the Electronic-Dictionary Age. International Journal of Lexicography (s. 143-199) içinde. DOI:10.1093/ijl/16.2.143.
16. Dodd, W. S. (1989). Lexicomputing and the dictionary of the future. G. James (Ed.), Lexicographers and Their Works (Exeter Linguistic Studies 14) (s. 83-93) içinde. Exeter: Exeter University Press.
17. Dziemianko, A. (2016). An insight into the visual presentation of signposts in English learners dictionaries online. International Journal of Lexicography (s. 490-524) içinde. DOI:10.1093/ijl/ecv040.
18. Fillmore, C. J. and B.T.S. Atkins (1992). Toward a Frame-Based Lexicon: The Semantics of RISK and Its Neighbors, A. Lehrer and E. Kittay (Ed.), Frames, Fields and Contrasts: New Essays in Semantic and Lexical Organization (s. 75-102) içinde. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
19. Fontenelle, T. (1997). Turning a Bilingual Dictionary into a Lexical-Semantic Database. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
20. Fuertes-Olivera, P. A. (2013). e-Lexicography: The Continuing Challenge of Applying New Technology to Dictionary Making. H. Jackson (Ed.), The Bloomsbury Companion to Lexicography (s. 323-340) içinde. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
21. Gamper, J., & Knapp, J. (2002). A Web-based language learning system. International Conference on Web-Based Learning (s. 106-118) içinde. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer.
22. Harley, A. (2000). Cambridge Dictionaries online. Proceedings of the Ninth EuraLex International Congress, 85-88.
23. Hartmann, R. R. K. (2005). Pure or Hybrid? The Development of Mixed Dictionary Genres. Facta Universitatis Series: Linguistics and Literature 3(2), 193-208. (http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.463.5956&rep=rep 1&type=pdf, Erişim tarihi: 25.02.2022).
24. Kay, M. (1983). The dictionary of the future and the future of the dictionary. A. Zampolli and A. Cappelli (Ed.), The Possibilities and Limits of the Computer in Producing and Publishing Dictionaries: Proceedings of the European Science Foundation Workshop, Pisa ’81. (Linguistica Computazionale III.) (s. 161-174) içinde. Pisa: Giardini.
25. Kay, M. (1984). The Dictionary Server. Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING-84), 461-475. (file:///C:/Users/kullan%C4% B1c%C4%B1/Downloads/The_Dictionary_Server%20(2).pdf, Erişim tarihi: 20.02.2022).
26. Kunze, C.; Lemnitzer, L. (2007). Computerlexikographie. Eine Einführung. Tübingen: Narr.
27. Lannoy, V. (2010). The IDM Free Online Platform for Dictionary Publishers. Erişim adresi: Proc. Euralex (s. 389-401.) içinde. Leeuwarden, Netherlands. (https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/ viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.473.4141&rep=rep1&type=pdf, Erişim tarihi: 15.02.2022).
28. Lew, R. (2011). Online Dictionaries of English. P. A. Fuertes-Olivera and H. Bergenholtz (Ed.), (https://repozytorium.amu.edu.pl/jspui/handle/10593/742, Erişim tarihi: 15.02.2022).
29. Lew, R. (2012). How can we make electronic dictionaries more effective? S. Granger and M. Paquot (Ed.). Electronic Lexicography (s. 343-362) içinde. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
30. Lew, R. (2014). User-generated content (UGC) in online English dictionaries, OPAL – Online publizierte Arbeiten zur Linguistik. (http://repozytorium.amu.edu.pl:8080/bitstream/10593/5011 /1/Lew_GAL.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 10.02.2022).
31. Li, L. (1998). Cyberdictionaries, English Today, CUP, 14(2), 21-24.
32. Li, L. (2005). the growing prosperity of on-line dictionaries. English Today 83, CUP 21(3), 16–21.
33. Meijs W. J. (1990). Morphology and Word-formation in a machine-readable dictionary: Problems and possibilities. Folia Linguistica: Acta Societatis Linguisticae Europae 24 (1-2), 45-71.
34. Meyer, C. M. and I. Gurevych (2012). Wiktionary: A new rival for expert-built lexicons? Exploring the possibilities of collaborative lexicography. Sylviane Granger and Magali Paquot (Ed.), Electronic Lexicography (s. 259-291) içinde. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-965486-4. (https://download.hrz.tu-darmstadt.de/pub/FB20/Dekanat/Publikationen/UKP/oup-elex2012-meyer-wiktionary, Erişim tarihi: 15.02.2022).
35. Michiels, A. (2000). New Developments in the DEFI Matcher. International Journal of Lexicography 13(3), 151-167.
36. Michiels, A., Mullenders, J., and Noel, J. (1980). Exploiting a large data base by Longman. Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING-80), 374-382. Tokyo.
37. Müller-Spitzer, C., A. Koplenig and A. Töpel (2011). What Makes a Good Online Dictionary? - Empirical Insights front an Interdisciplinary Research Project Kosem, Iztok/Kosem, Karmen (Ed.), Electronic lexicography in the 21st century: New applications for new users. Proceedings of -eLex (s. 203-208) içinde. Ljubljana: Trojina, Institute for Applied Slovene Studies. (https://ids-pub.bsz-bw.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/3942/file/Mueller-Spitzer_Koplenig_Toepel _Wha t_makes_a_good_online_dictionary_2011.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 15.02.2022).
38. Nesi, H. (1999). A User’s Guide to Electronic Dictionaries for Language Learners, International Journal of Lexicography 12(1), 55–66.
39. Nesi, H. (2000). The Use and Abuse of EFL Dictionaries. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag.
40. Nesi, H. (2015). The Demands of Users and the Publishing World: Printed or Online, Free or Paid for?, P. Durkin (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Lexicography (s. 579-589) içinde. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
41. Rundell, M., Kilgarriff, A., (2011). Automating the creation of dictionaries: where will it all end? Meunier F., De Cock S., Gilquin G. and Paquot M. (Ed.). A Taste for Corpora (s. 257-281) içinde. Amster. John dam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
42. Sutter, P. (2017). Diatopische Variation im Wörterbuch: Theorie und Praxis (Studia Linguistica Germanica 127). Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter.
43. Tarp, S. (2009a). Reflections on Data Access in Lexicographic Works. S. Nielsen and S. Tarp (Ed.). Lexicography in the 21st Century: Honour of Henning Bergenholtz (s. 43-62) içinde. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
44. Tarp, S. (2012a). Online Dictionaries: Today and Tomorrow. Lexicographica 28(1), 253–267.
45. Tarp, S. (2012b). Theoretical challenges in the transition from lexicographical p-works to e-tools. S. Granger & M. Paquot (Ed.), Electronic lexicography (s. 107-118) içinde. Oxford Linguistics: Oxford. Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/ 9780199654864.003.0006
46. Usta, H.İ. (2010). Sözlükçülük ve Sözlük Araştırmacılığı. Modern Türklük Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(2), 92-101.
47. Weschler, R. & Pitts Chris (2000). An Experiment Using Electronic Dictionaries with EFL Students. The Internet TESL Journal, 2000 4.8. (http://iteslj.org/Articles/Weschler-ElectroDict.html, Erişim tarihi: 15.02.2022).
48. Wilks, Y. A., Slator, B. M., Guthrie, L. M. (1996). Electric Words: Dictionaries, Computers and Meanings. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
49. Zgusta, L. (1971) Manual of Lexicography. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
50. Zgusta, L. (1991). Probable Future Developments in Lexicography. Hausmann, F.J. et al. (Ed.). 1989– 1991 (III), 3158-3168.