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RUS MODERNLEŞMESİ VE EĞİTİM KURUMLARINDAKİ YANSIMALARI

Yıl 2023, , 43 - 63, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.48068/rusad.1265245

Öz

Batı Avrupa’da eğitimde dâhil birçok alanda modernizasyon ağırlıklı olarak Rönesans ve Reform döneminde gerçekleşirken, Rusya’da bu biraz daha geç bir dönemde ancak 18. yüzyılın başında görülmüştür. 17. yüzyılın sonunda tahta geçen I. Petro, nam-ı diğer Büyük Petro, Rusya’yı Batılı rakipleri karşısında güçlü bir ülke haline getirmek için birçok alanda reformlar yapmıştır. Eğitim de bu alanlardan biridir. Döneminde sadece birçok yeni okul açılmamış, aynı zamanda eğitime atfedilen anlam ve rol değişmiştir. Eğitim sadece modernize edilmiş devlet kurumlarına ve askeri kurumlara personel yetiştirmenin aracı değil, aynı zamanda özellikle aristokrat kültüründe toplumsal bir dönüşüm sağlamanın yoluydu. Bu “yeni” “modernleşmiş” aristokrat sınıfı, toplumsal döneminde taşıyıcı olarak görülmüştür.
Rusya’da modernleşmede rolü olan diğer isimler veya dönemler II. Katerina (1762-1794), I. Aleksandr (1801-1825) ve II. Aleksandr dönemleridir. İlk ikisi Aydınlanma Çağı ve Fransız İhtilali’nin etkisiyle eğitimin bireyi “aydınlatan” rolüne dikkat çekip, kadınları da içine alacak şekilde yaygınlaşması konusunda ilk adımları atarken, 1855-1881 yılları arasındaki II. Aleksandr döneminde birçok alanın yanı sıra eğitimde de bir dizi reform yapılmıştır. Petro döneminde modernleşme kapsamında ağırlıklı devletin ihtiyaç duyduğu asker ve sivil bürokratları yetiştirmeye yönelik eğitime ve daha çok aristokrat çocuklarının eğitimine önem verilirken, diğer dönemlerde eğitimin hem niteliği hem kapsamı ile ilgili bazı düzenlemeler yapılmış, eğitimin yaygınlaşması ve erişilebilir olması konusunda önemli gelişmeler kaydedilmiştir. Bu çalışmada bahsi geçen dönemlerde hem modernleşme eğitim ilişkisine değinilecek hem de eğitimdeki reformlara yer verilecektir. Bu yapılırken dönemler arasında bazı kıyaslamalar yapılarak, Rusya’daki modernleşme faaliyetlerinin eğitimdeki yansımaları değerlendirilecek ve analiz edilecektir. Bu bağlamda modernleşme politikalarında eğitime atfedilen öneme ve role de ayrıca yer verilecektir.

Kaynakça

  • Jurnal Ministerstva Narodnogo Prosveşçeniya, 1833-1855. Sankt Peterburg, 1864.
  • Krasnıy Arhiv 75 (1935): 101-103.
  • Krasnıy Arhiv 89-90 (1938): 265-279.
  • PSZRİ (Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy İmperii).Sobraniye 1. Tom 7. No 4443 (1724)
  • PSZRİ. Sobraniye 1. Tom 8. No 5811 (1731).
  • PSZRİ. Sobraniye 1. Tom 14. No 10436 (1755).
  • PSZRİ. Sobraniye 1. Tom 22. No 16421 (1786).
  • PSZR. Sobraniye 1. Tom 27. No 20597 (1803).
  • PSZRİ. Sobraniye 2. Tom 6. No 4364 (1831).
  • PSZRİ. Sobraniye 2. Tom 10. No 8337 (1835).
  • PSZRİ. Sobraniye 2. Tom 49. No 52985 (1874).
  • Acar, Kezban. Ortaçağ’dan Sovyet Devrimi’ne Rusya. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2020.
  • Buruşkin, Pavel A. Moskova kupeçeskiya. New York: Çekov, 1954.
  • Chrissidis, Nikolaos. “A Jesuit Aristotle in Seventeenth-Century Russia: Cosmology and the Planetary System in the Slavo-Greco-Latin Academy”. İn Modernizing Muscovy: Reform and Social Change in Seventeenth-Century Russia, edited by Marshall Poe and Jarmo Kotilaine, 391-416. London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004.
  • Crumney, Robert O. The Formation of Muscovy, 1304-1613. London, New York: Longman, 1987.
  • De Madariaga, Isabel. “The Foundation of the Russian Educational System by Catherine II.” The Slavonic and East European Review 57/3 (1979): 369-395.
  • Dowler, Wayne. A History of Education in Modern Russia: Aims, Ways, Outcomes. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2021.
  • Dukes, Paul. The Making of Russian Absolutism 1613-1801. London, New York: Longman, 1990.
  • Eklof, Ben. “Peasant Sloth Reconsidered: Strategies of Education and Learning in Rural Russia before the Revolution.” Journal of Social History 14/3 (1981): 355-385.
  • Eklof, Ben. & Elena Lisovskaya. “Russia’s Involuted Pathstoward and within Educational Modernity.” European Education 52/3 (2020): 185-192.
  • Fleener, Erin M. Peter the Great as a Constructive Revolutionary. Western Oregon University, 2007.
  • Geraci, Robert P. Window on the East: National and Imperial Identities in Late Tsarist Russia. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2001.
  • Hans, Nicholas. The Russian Tradition in Education. London: Routledge, 2011.
  • Hans, Nicholas. History of Russian Educational Policy (1701-1917). Russell & Russell, 1964.
  • Holmes, Brian H., Gerald Read & Natalya Voskresenskaya. Russian Education: Tradition and Transition. Taylor & Francis, 1995.
  • Kennan, George. Siberia and the Exile System. Vol. 1. New York, 1891.
  • Luppol, Ivan K. “The Empress and the Philosophe”. In Catherine the Great: A Profile, edited by Marc Raeff. Macmillan: London, 1972.
  • Mardin, Şerif. Türk Modernleşmesi: Makaleler 4. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2005.
  • Menning, Bruce W. Bayonets Before Bullets: The Imperial Russian Army, 1861-1914. Bloomington, Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1992.
  • Özberk, Mehmet. “Rus Eğitim Sisteminin Kurucusu K. D. Uşinski Üzerine.” MSGSÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 1/23 (2021): 452-460.
  • Roucek, Joseph S. “Education in Czarist Russia.” History of Education Journal 9/2 (1958): 37-45.
  • Rumyantseva, N., V. Matveenko, L. Tretiyakova, Y. Yurova. “State Reforms in the Field of Education in Russia (Late 18th-Early 19th Centuries).” Journal of History Culture and Art Research 7/1 (2018): 46-54.
  • Saray, Mehmet. Kazak Türkleri Tarihi: Kazakların Uyanışı. İstanbul: Nesil, 1993.
  • Seton-Watson, Hugh. “Russia and Modernization.” Slavic Review 20/4 (1961): 583-588.
  • Soçineniya T. N. Granovskogo. 3. bs. C. 2. Moskva, 1892.
  • Thurston, Robert. “Developing Education In Late Imperial Russia: The Concerns of State, "Society," and People in Moscow, 1906-14.” Russian History 11/1 (1984): 53-82.
  • Waugh, Daniel Clarke. “We Have Never Been Modern: Approaches to the Study of Russia in the Age of Peter the Great.” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 49/3 (2001): 321-345.
  • Worobec, Christine D. Peasant Russia: Family and Community in the post-Emancipation Period. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

MODERNIZATION IN RUSSIA AND ITS REFLECTIONS IN EDUCATION

Yıl 2023, , 43 - 63, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.48068/rusad.1265245

Öz

While European countries in general experienced modernization, including in education, mostly in Renaissance and Reform eras, Russia had these experiences in a later period, beginning early 18th century. Having ascended to the throne in the late 17th century, Peter the Great initiated a vast modernization program to catch up with Russia’s European rivals. Within this context, he also took some steps to modernize education, especially the military one. ducation is one of these fields. Not only many new schools were opened in his period, but also the meaning and role attributed to education changed. Petro saw education not only as a means of training administrative and military personnel for his new cadres but also as a tool to transform landed classes, who he hoped to be the main actors of modernization.
There were also modernization efforts and educational reforms in the reigns of Catherine II (1762-1794), Alexander I (180-1825), and Alexander II. The first two of those, under the influence of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment and the French Revolution, pointed out the role of education to “enlighten” individuals and took the first steps to provide their people with education.
Besides them, Alexander II (1855-1881) initiated further reforms to modernize not only the Russian educational system but also the military, legal, and economic systems. Despite some important steps and reforms in education, there were also setbacks in, pressure and control over education Focusing mostly on those periods and comparing them to Nicholas I, Alexander III, and Nicholas II’s reigns, this article aims to show how the modernization process affected education in Russia. While doing this, it plans to make comparisons between education before and after reforms.

Kaynakça

  • Jurnal Ministerstva Narodnogo Prosveşçeniya, 1833-1855. Sankt Peterburg, 1864.
  • Krasnıy Arhiv 75 (1935): 101-103.
  • Krasnıy Arhiv 89-90 (1938): 265-279.
  • PSZRİ (Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy İmperii).Sobraniye 1. Tom 7. No 4443 (1724)
  • PSZRİ. Sobraniye 1. Tom 8. No 5811 (1731).
  • PSZRİ. Sobraniye 1. Tom 14. No 10436 (1755).
  • PSZRİ. Sobraniye 1. Tom 22. No 16421 (1786).
  • PSZR. Sobraniye 1. Tom 27. No 20597 (1803).
  • PSZRİ. Sobraniye 2. Tom 6. No 4364 (1831).
  • PSZRİ. Sobraniye 2. Tom 10. No 8337 (1835).
  • PSZRİ. Sobraniye 2. Tom 49. No 52985 (1874).
  • Acar, Kezban. Ortaçağ’dan Sovyet Devrimi’ne Rusya. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2020.
  • Buruşkin, Pavel A. Moskova kupeçeskiya. New York: Çekov, 1954.
  • Chrissidis, Nikolaos. “A Jesuit Aristotle in Seventeenth-Century Russia: Cosmology and the Planetary System in the Slavo-Greco-Latin Academy”. İn Modernizing Muscovy: Reform and Social Change in Seventeenth-Century Russia, edited by Marshall Poe and Jarmo Kotilaine, 391-416. London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004.
  • Crumney, Robert O. The Formation of Muscovy, 1304-1613. London, New York: Longman, 1987.
  • De Madariaga, Isabel. “The Foundation of the Russian Educational System by Catherine II.” The Slavonic and East European Review 57/3 (1979): 369-395.
  • Dowler, Wayne. A History of Education in Modern Russia: Aims, Ways, Outcomes. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2021.
  • Dukes, Paul. The Making of Russian Absolutism 1613-1801. London, New York: Longman, 1990.
  • Eklof, Ben. “Peasant Sloth Reconsidered: Strategies of Education and Learning in Rural Russia before the Revolution.” Journal of Social History 14/3 (1981): 355-385.
  • Eklof, Ben. & Elena Lisovskaya. “Russia’s Involuted Pathstoward and within Educational Modernity.” European Education 52/3 (2020): 185-192.
  • Fleener, Erin M. Peter the Great as a Constructive Revolutionary. Western Oregon University, 2007.
  • Geraci, Robert P. Window on the East: National and Imperial Identities in Late Tsarist Russia. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2001.
  • Hans, Nicholas. The Russian Tradition in Education. London: Routledge, 2011.
  • Hans, Nicholas. History of Russian Educational Policy (1701-1917). Russell & Russell, 1964.
  • Holmes, Brian H., Gerald Read & Natalya Voskresenskaya. Russian Education: Tradition and Transition. Taylor & Francis, 1995.
  • Kennan, George. Siberia and the Exile System. Vol. 1. New York, 1891.
  • Luppol, Ivan K. “The Empress and the Philosophe”. In Catherine the Great: A Profile, edited by Marc Raeff. Macmillan: London, 1972.
  • Mardin, Şerif. Türk Modernleşmesi: Makaleler 4. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2005.
  • Menning, Bruce W. Bayonets Before Bullets: The Imperial Russian Army, 1861-1914. Bloomington, Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1992.
  • Özberk, Mehmet. “Rus Eğitim Sisteminin Kurucusu K. D. Uşinski Üzerine.” MSGSÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 1/23 (2021): 452-460.
  • Roucek, Joseph S. “Education in Czarist Russia.” History of Education Journal 9/2 (1958): 37-45.
  • Rumyantseva, N., V. Matveenko, L. Tretiyakova, Y. Yurova. “State Reforms in the Field of Education in Russia (Late 18th-Early 19th Centuries).” Journal of History Culture and Art Research 7/1 (2018): 46-54.
  • Saray, Mehmet. Kazak Türkleri Tarihi: Kazakların Uyanışı. İstanbul: Nesil, 1993.
  • Seton-Watson, Hugh. “Russia and Modernization.” Slavic Review 20/4 (1961): 583-588.
  • Soçineniya T. N. Granovskogo. 3. bs. C. 2. Moskva, 1892.
  • Thurston, Robert. “Developing Education In Late Imperial Russia: The Concerns of State, "Society," and People in Moscow, 1906-14.” Russian History 11/1 (1984): 53-82.
  • Waugh, Daniel Clarke. “We Have Never Been Modern: Approaches to the Study of Russia in the Age of Peter the Great.” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 49/3 (2001): 321-345.
  • Worobec, Christine D. Peasant Russia: Family and Community in the post-Emancipation Period. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

РОССИЙСКАЯ МОДЕРНИЗАЦИЯ И ЕЕ ОТРАЖЕНИЕ В СФЕРЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

Yıl 2023, , 43 - 63, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.48068/rusad.1265245

Öz

В европейских странах модернизация (в том числе в сфере образования) началась в эпоху Возрождения и Реформации. Россия подошла к этому позднее, в начале XVIII в. Взойдя на российский престол в конце XVII в., Петр Великий инициировал обширную программу модернизации, чтобы догнать европейских соперников. В их числе были некоторые шаги по модернизации образования, особенно военного. Они были не единственными примерами модернизации обучения. В его правление было открыто не только много новых школ, но и изменилась сама роль знаний. Петр рассматривал образование не только как средство подготовки административных и военных кадров для новой структуры власти, но и как инструмент изменения элиты страны, которая, как он надеялся, станет в ней главным проводником модернизации.
Новые волны модернизации, в том числе и в виде реформ сферы образования, происходили в правление Екатерины II (1762-1794) и Александра I (1801-1825). Они были вдохновлены влиянием идей эпохи Просвещения и Французской революции. При этом выделялась роль образования в интеллектуально-духовном «просвещении» личности и делались первые шаги по приобщению к знаниям более широких слоев народа.
Александр II (1855-1881) инициировал дальнейшие реформы, направленные на изменение и обновление не только российского образования, но и военной, правовой и экономической систем. Несмотря на некоторые важные шаги и реформы в образовании, были также неудачи, порождавшие давление и контроль над обучением. Сосредоточившись в основном на этих периодах и сравнивая их с царствованием Николая I, Александра III и Николая II, автор имеет целью показать, как процесс модернизации сказался на образовании в России. Основной замысел статьи состоит в том, чтобы провести сравнение системы образования в России до и после реформ.

Kaynakça

  • Jurnal Ministerstva Narodnogo Prosveşçeniya, 1833-1855. Sankt Peterburg, 1864.
  • Krasnıy Arhiv 75 (1935): 101-103.
  • Krasnıy Arhiv 89-90 (1938): 265-279.
  • PSZRİ (Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy İmperii).Sobraniye 1. Tom 7. No 4443 (1724)
  • PSZRİ. Sobraniye 1. Tom 8. No 5811 (1731).
  • PSZRİ. Sobraniye 1. Tom 14. No 10436 (1755).
  • PSZRİ. Sobraniye 1. Tom 22. No 16421 (1786).
  • PSZR. Sobraniye 1. Tom 27. No 20597 (1803).
  • PSZRİ. Sobraniye 2. Tom 6. No 4364 (1831).
  • PSZRİ. Sobraniye 2. Tom 10. No 8337 (1835).
  • PSZRİ. Sobraniye 2. Tom 49. No 52985 (1874).
  • Acar, Kezban. Ortaçağ’dan Sovyet Devrimi’ne Rusya. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2020.
  • Buruşkin, Pavel A. Moskova kupeçeskiya. New York: Çekov, 1954.
  • Chrissidis, Nikolaos. “A Jesuit Aristotle in Seventeenth-Century Russia: Cosmology and the Planetary System in the Slavo-Greco-Latin Academy”. İn Modernizing Muscovy: Reform and Social Change in Seventeenth-Century Russia, edited by Marshall Poe and Jarmo Kotilaine, 391-416. London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004.
  • Crumney, Robert O. The Formation of Muscovy, 1304-1613. London, New York: Longman, 1987.
  • De Madariaga, Isabel. “The Foundation of the Russian Educational System by Catherine II.” The Slavonic and East European Review 57/3 (1979): 369-395.
  • Dowler, Wayne. A History of Education in Modern Russia: Aims, Ways, Outcomes. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2021.
  • Dukes, Paul. The Making of Russian Absolutism 1613-1801. London, New York: Longman, 1990.
  • Eklof, Ben. “Peasant Sloth Reconsidered: Strategies of Education and Learning in Rural Russia before the Revolution.” Journal of Social History 14/3 (1981): 355-385.
  • Eklof, Ben. & Elena Lisovskaya. “Russia’s Involuted Pathstoward and within Educational Modernity.” European Education 52/3 (2020): 185-192.
  • Fleener, Erin M. Peter the Great as a Constructive Revolutionary. Western Oregon University, 2007.
  • Geraci, Robert P. Window on the East: National and Imperial Identities in Late Tsarist Russia. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2001.
  • Hans, Nicholas. The Russian Tradition in Education. London: Routledge, 2011.
  • Hans, Nicholas. History of Russian Educational Policy (1701-1917). Russell & Russell, 1964.
  • Holmes, Brian H., Gerald Read & Natalya Voskresenskaya. Russian Education: Tradition and Transition. Taylor & Francis, 1995.
  • Kennan, George. Siberia and the Exile System. Vol. 1. New York, 1891.
  • Luppol, Ivan K. “The Empress and the Philosophe”. In Catherine the Great: A Profile, edited by Marc Raeff. Macmillan: London, 1972.
  • Mardin, Şerif. Türk Modernleşmesi: Makaleler 4. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2005.
  • Menning, Bruce W. Bayonets Before Bullets: The Imperial Russian Army, 1861-1914. Bloomington, Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1992.
  • Özberk, Mehmet. “Rus Eğitim Sisteminin Kurucusu K. D. Uşinski Üzerine.” MSGSÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 1/23 (2021): 452-460.
  • Roucek, Joseph S. “Education in Czarist Russia.” History of Education Journal 9/2 (1958): 37-45.
  • Rumyantseva, N., V. Matveenko, L. Tretiyakova, Y. Yurova. “State Reforms in the Field of Education in Russia (Late 18th-Early 19th Centuries).” Journal of History Culture and Art Research 7/1 (2018): 46-54.
  • Saray, Mehmet. Kazak Türkleri Tarihi: Kazakların Uyanışı. İstanbul: Nesil, 1993.
  • Seton-Watson, Hugh. “Russia and Modernization.” Slavic Review 20/4 (1961): 583-588.
  • Soçineniya T. N. Granovskogo. 3. bs. C. 2. Moskva, 1892.
  • Thurston, Robert. “Developing Education In Late Imperial Russia: The Concerns of State, "Society," and People in Moscow, 1906-14.” Russian History 11/1 (1984): 53-82.
  • Waugh, Daniel Clarke. “We Have Never Been Modern: Approaches to the Study of Russia in the Age of Peter the Great.” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 49/3 (2001): 321-345.
  • Worobec, Christine D. Peasant Russia: Family and Community in the post-Emancipation Period. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Yakınçağ Rusya Tarihi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Kezban Acar Kaplan 0000-0003-4702-9778

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Mart 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Acar Kaplan, Kezban. “RUS MODERNLEŞMESİ VE EĞİTİM KURUMLARINDAKİ YANSIMALARI”. Rusya Araştırmaları Dergisi, sy. 9 (Haziran 2023): 43-63. https://doi.org/10.48068/rusad.1265245.

Rusya Araştırmaları Dergisi (RUSAD) | rusad.tr@gmail.com |

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