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RUSYA FEDERASYONU UNESCO DÜNYA MİRAS KENTLERİNİ TEHDİT EDEN FAKTÖRLER ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 14, 329 - 347, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.48068/rusad.1535091

Öz

UNESCO Dünya Miras Listesi, kültürel ve doğal miras alanlarının korunmasında en etkili araçlardan birisidir. Barındırdıkları işlevlerin çokluğu, çok katmanlı yapıları ve alanlarının büyüklüğü sebebi ile kentsel miras alanları, çok boyutlu miras koruma sorunlarından etkilenir. UNESCO Dünya Miras Komitesi, kentsel ölçekteki dünya miras alanlarının korunmasında yaşanan zorlukları göz önünde bulundurarak bu miras türünün korunmasında taraf devletlere yardımcı olmak için 2005 yılında Dünya Miras Kentleri Programı’nı başlatmıştır. Bu programa dâhil olan dünya miras alanı sayısı, 2025 yılı itibari ile 360’a ulaşmıştır. UNESCO Dünya Miras Listesi’nde toplam 33 dünya miras alanı bulunan Rusya Federasyonu, kültürel statüdeki 22 miras alanından dokuzunu kentsel ölçekli olarak tercih etmiştir. Rusya Federasyonu, 196 taraf devlet arasından bu miras türünü en çok barındıran sekizinci taraf devlet konumundadır. Bu çalışma, Rusya Federasyonu’nda bulunan dünya miras kentlerinin mevcut koruma durumlarını olumsuz etkileyen faktörleri ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmanın temel verisi, 2024 yılı periyodik raporlama döngüsü kapsamında UNESCO Dünya Miras Merkezi’ne sunulan ülke raporlarından elde edilmiştir. İnceleme sonucunda, Rusya Federasyonu dünya miras kentlerini etkileyen 29 farklı faktör belirlenmiş, bunlardan 13’ünün en az bir kentsel miras alanını önemli ölçüde olumsuz etkilediği saptanmıştır. Özellikle iklim kaynaklı faktörlerin, kentsel miras alanlarında eş zamanlı görülen en yaygın tehdit unsuru olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Ayrıca insan faaliyetlerinden kaynaklanan çevresel tehditlerin de çeşitli kentlerde belirgin düzeyde etkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmayı özgün kılan yönlerinden biri, Rusya Federasyonu özelinde dünya miras kentlerinin koruma durumlarına ilişkin bütüncül ve güncel veriye dayalı bir değerlendirme sunmasıdır. Sonuç olarak, UNESCO nezdinde periyodik raporlamanın bir izleme aracı olarak kullanılmasına ek olarak yönlendirici ve önleyici bir planlama aracı olarak da değerlendirilmesi gerektiği vurgulanmıştır. Politik koruma mekanizmaları için taraf devletlere özgü, yerel, çevresel ve kentsel bağlamı dikkate alan stratejik koruma planlarının gerekliliği ortaya konulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Cui, Shenghui, Xiai Yang, Xianhua Guo, Tao Lin, Qianjun Zhao & Ling Feng. “Increased challenges for world heritage protection as a result of urbanisation in Lijiang City.” International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 18/6 (2011): 480–485.
  • Feng, Haoxuan. “Impact of Urbanization on Cultural Heritage: A Quantitative Analysis.” Advances in Education, Humanities and Social Science Research 11/1 (2024 International Conference on Humanities Education, Art Appreciation, and Social Sciences - ICHEAS 2024) (2024): 153–163.
  • Hiswara, Abrar, Adit Mohammad Aziz & Yenik Pujowati. “Cultural Preservation in a Globalized World: Strategies for Sustaining Heritage.” West Science Social and Humanities Studies 1/3 (2023): 98–106.
  • Katontoka, Moses, Francesca Noardo, Daniela Palacios-Lopez, Thomas Esch, Nourian Pirouz, Fulong Chen, & Ana Pereira Roders. “How Urban Is World Heritage? An Investigation of Built-up Area Increase in Cultural Heritage Properties.” Preprints (2024). Erişim 28.07.2025. https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202409.0423/v1
  • Pham, Van-Manh, Son Van Nghiem, Cu Van Pham, Mai Phuong Thi Luu & Quang-Thanh Bui. “Urbanization impact on landscape patterns in cultural heritage preservation sites: A case study of the complex of Huế Monuments, Vietnam.” Landscape Ecol 36 (2021): 1235–1260.
  • Sánchez Alvarado, David, Nicolás Arízaga Hamilton, Verónica Cristina Heras & Julia Rey-Pérez. "Struggling with globalization challenges: addressing the oversupply of cultural facilities in the world heritage city of Cuenca, Ecuador." Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 15/1 (2025): 75–88.
  • Udeaja, Chika, Claudia Trillo, Kwasi G. B. Awuah, Busisiwe C. N. Makore, D. A. Patel, Lukman E. Mansuri & Kumar N. Jha. “Urban Heritage Conservation and Rapid Urbanization: Insights from Surat, India,” Sustainability 12/2172 (2020): 17.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention (WHC. 08/01). Paris: WHC, 2008.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Architectural Ensemble of the Trinity Sergius Lavra in Sergiev Posad. Periodic Report - Second Cycle, Second Section. Paris: WHC, 2014.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent. Periodic Report - Second Cycle, Second Section. Paris: WHC, 2014.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Historic and Architectural Complex of the Kazan. Periodic Report - Second Cycle, Second Section. Paris: WHC, 2014.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments. Periodic Report - Second Cycle, Second Section. Paris: WHC, 2014.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings. Periodic Report - Second Cycle, Second Section. Paris: WHC, 2014.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Historical Centre of the City of Yaroslavl. Periodic Report - Second Cycle, Second Section. Paris: WHC, 2014.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Item 10 of the Provisional Agenda: Global Strategy: Evaluation of the Cairns-Suzhou Decision (WHC-07/31.COM/10). Paris: WHC, 2007.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow. Periodic Report - Second Cycle, Second Section. Paris: WHC, 2014.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention (WHC. 05/2). Paris: WHC, 2005.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention (WHC.23/01). Paris: WHC, 2023.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal. Periodic Report - Second Cycle, Second Section. Paris: WHC, 2014.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. “Russian Federation.” World Heritage Convention (2025). Erişim 24.07.2025. https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ru
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. “Tentative Lists – Russian Federation.” World Heritage Convention (2025). Erişim 28.07.2025. https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/action=listtentative&order=states&state=ru
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. “Virgin Komi Forests.” World Heritage Convention (2025). Erişim 25.09.2025. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/719
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. “Western Caucasus.” World Heritage Convention (2025). Erişim 25.09.2025. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/900
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. “World Heritage Cities Programme.” World Heritage Convention (2025). Erişim 28.07.2025. https://whc.unesco.org/en/cities/
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. “World Heritage List.” World Heritage Convention (2025). Erişim 24.07.2025. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/
  • Wang, Kaixuan & Kalliopi Fouseki. “Sustaining the Fabric of Time: Urban Heritage, Time Rupture, and Sustainable Development.” Land 14/113 (2025).

AN ANALYSIS OF THREATENING FACTORS AFFECTING UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE CITIES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 14, 329 - 347, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.48068/rusad.1535091

Öz

The UNESCO World Heritage List stands as one of the most effective instruments for preserving cultural and natural heritage sites. Due to their functional diversity, multilayered structures, and expansive spatial characteristics, urban heritage areas are particularly susceptible to complex, multidimensional conservation challenges. In recognition of the specific difficulties associated with safeguarding urban-scale heritage sites, the UNESCO World Heritage Committee launched the World Heritage Cities Programme in 2005 to support State Parties in addressing these issues. As of 2025, the number of World Heritage properties participating in this programme has reached 360. Among the 33 World Heritage properties inscribed in the Russian Federation, nine of the 22 cultural sites are classified as urban-scale heritage. This places the Russian Federation eighth among 196 State Parties in terms of the number of urban heritage properties it holds. This study aims to identify and analyse the factors adversely affecting the current conservation status of World Heritage Cities in the Russian Federation. The primary data for this research were derived from the national reports submitted to the UNESCO World Heritage Centre as part of the 2024 periodic reporting cycle. The analysis identified 29 distinct factors impacting Russia’s World Heritage Cities, with 13 of them found to significantly and negatively influence at least one urban heritage site. Notably, climate-related factors emerged as the most prevalent and simultaneous threats across multiple sites.
Additionally, environmental threats resulting from human activities have been observed to have a substantial impact on several cities. A key contribution of this study is its comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the conservation conditions of World Heritage Cities in the Russian Federation. The findings underscore the need to consider periodic reporting not only as a monitoring tool under UNESCO but also as a proactive and strategic planning instrument. The study further highlights the need to develop strategic conservation plans tailored to the specific political, local, environmental, and urban contexts of individual State Parties.

Kaynakça

  • Cui, Shenghui, Xiai Yang, Xianhua Guo, Tao Lin, Qianjun Zhao & Ling Feng. “Increased challenges for world heritage protection as a result of urbanisation in Lijiang City.” International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 18/6 (2011): 480–485.
  • Feng, Haoxuan. “Impact of Urbanization on Cultural Heritage: A Quantitative Analysis.” Advances in Education, Humanities and Social Science Research 11/1 (2024 International Conference on Humanities Education, Art Appreciation, and Social Sciences - ICHEAS 2024) (2024): 153–163.
  • Hiswara, Abrar, Adit Mohammad Aziz & Yenik Pujowati. “Cultural Preservation in a Globalized World: Strategies for Sustaining Heritage.” West Science Social and Humanities Studies 1/3 (2023): 98–106.
  • Katontoka, Moses, Francesca Noardo, Daniela Palacios-Lopez, Thomas Esch, Nourian Pirouz, Fulong Chen, & Ana Pereira Roders. “How Urban Is World Heritage? An Investigation of Built-up Area Increase in Cultural Heritage Properties.” Preprints (2024). Erişim 28.07.2025. https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202409.0423/v1
  • Pham, Van-Manh, Son Van Nghiem, Cu Van Pham, Mai Phuong Thi Luu & Quang-Thanh Bui. “Urbanization impact on landscape patterns in cultural heritage preservation sites: A case study of the complex of Huế Monuments, Vietnam.” Landscape Ecol 36 (2021): 1235–1260.
  • Sánchez Alvarado, David, Nicolás Arízaga Hamilton, Verónica Cristina Heras & Julia Rey-Pérez. "Struggling with globalization challenges: addressing the oversupply of cultural facilities in the world heritage city of Cuenca, Ecuador." Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 15/1 (2025): 75–88.
  • Udeaja, Chika, Claudia Trillo, Kwasi G. B. Awuah, Busisiwe C. N. Makore, D. A. Patel, Lukman E. Mansuri & Kumar N. Jha. “Urban Heritage Conservation and Rapid Urbanization: Insights from Surat, India,” Sustainability 12/2172 (2020): 17.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention (WHC. 08/01). Paris: WHC, 2008.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Architectural Ensemble of the Trinity Sergius Lavra in Sergiev Posad. Periodic Report - Second Cycle, Second Section. Paris: WHC, 2014.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent. Periodic Report - Second Cycle, Second Section. Paris: WHC, 2014.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Historic and Architectural Complex of the Kazan. Periodic Report - Second Cycle, Second Section. Paris: WHC, 2014.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments. Periodic Report - Second Cycle, Second Section. Paris: WHC, 2014.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings. Periodic Report - Second Cycle, Second Section. Paris: WHC, 2014.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Historical Centre of the City of Yaroslavl. Periodic Report - Second Cycle, Second Section. Paris: WHC, 2014.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Item 10 of the Provisional Agenda: Global Strategy: Evaluation of the Cairns-Suzhou Decision (WHC-07/31.COM/10). Paris: WHC, 2007.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow. Periodic Report - Second Cycle, Second Section. Paris: WHC, 2014.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention (WHC. 05/2). Paris: WHC, 2005.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention (WHC.23/01). Paris: WHC, 2023.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal. Periodic Report - Second Cycle, Second Section. Paris: WHC, 2014.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. “Russian Federation.” World Heritage Convention (2025). Erişim 24.07.2025. https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ru
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. “Tentative Lists – Russian Federation.” World Heritage Convention (2025). Erişim 28.07.2025. https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/action=listtentative&order=states&state=ru
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. “Virgin Komi Forests.” World Heritage Convention (2025). Erişim 25.09.2025. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/719
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. “Western Caucasus.” World Heritage Convention (2025). Erişim 25.09.2025. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/900
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. “World Heritage Cities Programme.” World Heritage Convention (2025). Erişim 28.07.2025. https://whc.unesco.org/en/cities/
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. “World Heritage List.” World Heritage Convention (2025). Erişim 24.07.2025. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/
  • Wang, Kaixuan & Kalliopi Fouseki. “Sustaining the Fabric of Time: Urban Heritage, Time Rupture, and Sustainable Development.” Land 14/113 (2025).

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ФАКТОРОВ, УГРОЖАЮЩИХ ГОРОДАМ ВСЕМИРНОГО НАСЛЕДИЯ ЮНЕСКО В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 14, 329 - 347, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.48068/rusad.1535091

Öz

Список всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО является одним из наиболее эффективных инструментов охраны культурного и природного наследия. Из-за многофункционального характера, многослойной структуры и большого масштаба территорий, городские объекты наследия подвержены множественным и многомерным проблемам сохранения. Учитывая сложности, возникающие при охране объектов всемирного наследия в городском масштабе, Комитет всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО в 2005 году инициировал Программу городов всемирного наследия с целью оказания содействия государствам-участникам в защите этого типа наследия. К 2025 году насчитывалась около 360 объектов, имеющих выраженное городское измерение, включённых в данную программу. В Списке всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО числится 33 объекта, расположенных на территории Российской Федерации, из которых 22 имеют статус культурного наследия. Девять из этих объектов культурного наследия классифицируются как города всемирного наследия в городском масштабе. По количеству таких объектов среди 196 государств-участников Россия занимает восьмое место. Цель настоящего исследования — выявить факторы, негативно влияющие на текущее состояние сохранности городов всемирного наследия в Российской Федерации. Основные данные были получены из национальных докладов, представленных Центру всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО в рамках цикла периодической отчетности 2024 года. В результате анализа были определены 29 различных факторов, влияющих на объекты, при этом установлено, что 13 из них оказывают значительное негативное воздействие как минимум на один городской объект наследия.
Особо отмечено, что климатические факторы являются наиболее распространённой и одновременной угрозой для городских объектов. Кроме того, экологические угрозы, вызванные деятельностью человека, оказались заметно выраженными в ряде городов. Уникальность исследования заключается в том, что оно представляет собой целостную и основанную на современных данных оценку состояния сохранности городов всемирного наследия в Российской Федерации. В заключение подчёркивается, что периодическая отчётность должна рассматриваться не только как инструмент мониторинга в рамках ЮНЕСКО, но и как направляющий и предупредительный механизм стратегического планирования. Обоснована необходимость разработки стратегических планов охраны, учитывающих политический, локальный, экологический и урбанистический контекст каждого государства-участника.

Kaynakça

  • Cui, Shenghui, Xiai Yang, Xianhua Guo, Tao Lin, Qianjun Zhao & Ling Feng. “Increased challenges for world heritage protection as a result of urbanisation in Lijiang City.” International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 18/6 (2011): 480–485.
  • Feng, Haoxuan. “Impact of Urbanization on Cultural Heritage: A Quantitative Analysis.” Advances in Education, Humanities and Social Science Research 11/1 (2024 International Conference on Humanities Education, Art Appreciation, and Social Sciences - ICHEAS 2024) (2024): 153–163.
  • Hiswara, Abrar, Adit Mohammad Aziz & Yenik Pujowati. “Cultural Preservation in a Globalized World: Strategies for Sustaining Heritage.” West Science Social and Humanities Studies 1/3 (2023): 98–106.
  • Katontoka, Moses, Francesca Noardo, Daniela Palacios-Lopez, Thomas Esch, Nourian Pirouz, Fulong Chen, & Ana Pereira Roders. “How Urban Is World Heritage? An Investigation of Built-up Area Increase in Cultural Heritage Properties.” Preprints (2024). Erişim 28.07.2025. https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202409.0423/v1
  • Pham, Van-Manh, Son Van Nghiem, Cu Van Pham, Mai Phuong Thi Luu & Quang-Thanh Bui. “Urbanization impact on landscape patterns in cultural heritage preservation sites: A case study of the complex of Huế Monuments, Vietnam.” Landscape Ecol 36 (2021): 1235–1260.
  • Sánchez Alvarado, David, Nicolás Arízaga Hamilton, Verónica Cristina Heras & Julia Rey-Pérez. "Struggling with globalization challenges: addressing the oversupply of cultural facilities in the world heritage city of Cuenca, Ecuador." Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 15/1 (2025): 75–88.
  • Udeaja, Chika, Claudia Trillo, Kwasi G. B. Awuah, Busisiwe C. N. Makore, D. A. Patel, Lukman E. Mansuri & Kumar N. Jha. “Urban Heritage Conservation and Rapid Urbanization: Insights from Surat, India,” Sustainability 12/2172 (2020): 17.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention (WHC. 08/01). Paris: WHC, 2008.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Architectural Ensemble of the Trinity Sergius Lavra in Sergiev Posad. Periodic Report - Second Cycle, Second Section. Paris: WHC, 2014.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent. Periodic Report - Second Cycle, Second Section. Paris: WHC, 2014.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Historic and Architectural Complex of the Kazan. Periodic Report - Second Cycle, Second Section. Paris: WHC, 2014.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments. Periodic Report - Second Cycle, Second Section. Paris: WHC, 2014.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings. Periodic Report - Second Cycle, Second Section. Paris: WHC, 2014.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Historical Centre of the City of Yaroslavl. Periodic Report - Second Cycle, Second Section. Paris: WHC, 2014.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Item 10 of the Provisional Agenda: Global Strategy: Evaluation of the Cairns-Suzhou Decision (WHC-07/31.COM/10). Paris: WHC, 2007.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow. Periodic Report - Second Cycle, Second Section. Paris: WHC, 2014.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention (WHC. 05/2). Paris: WHC, 2005.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention (WHC.23/01). Paris: WHC, 2023.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal. Periodic Report - Second Cycle, Second Section. Paris: WHC, 2014.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. “Russian Federation.” World Heritage Convention (2025). Erişim 24.07.2025. https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ru
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. “Tentative Lists – Russian Federation.” World Heritage Convention (2025). Erişim 28.07.2025. https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/action=listtentative&order=states&state=ru
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. “Virgin Komi Forests.” World Heritage Convention (2025). Erişim 25.09.2025. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/719
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. “Western Caucasus.” World Heritage Convention (2025). Erişim 25.09.2025. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/900
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. “World Heritage Cities Programme.” World Heritage Convention (2025). Erişim 28.07.2025. https://whc.unesco.org/en/cities/
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. “World Heritage List.” World Heritage Convention (2025). Erişim 24.07.2025. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/
  • Wang, Kaixuan & Kalliopi Fouseki. “Sustaining the Fabric of Time: Urban Heritage, Time Rupture, and Sustainable Development.” Land 14/113 (2025).
Toplam 26 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Çağdaş Rusya Tarihi, Yakınçağ Rusya Tarihi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Veysel Özbey 0000-0002-4454-2317

Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Ağustos 2024
Kabul Tarihi 2 Kasım 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 14

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Özbey, Veysel. 2025. “RUSYA FEDERASYONU UNESCO DÜNYA MİRAS KENTLERİNİ TEHDİT EDEN FAKTÖRLER ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA”. Rusya Araştırmaları Dergisi, sy 14: 329-47. https://doi.org/10.48068/rusad.1535091.

Rusya Araştırmaları Dergisi (RUSAD) | rusad.tr@gmail.com |

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