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Environmental Security Policies of the Russian Federation

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 8, 79 - 100, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.48068/rusad.1211146

Öz

Since the earliest times of history, humanity has been known to be fighting an existential war against nature. Although man’s struggle against his natural environment has not caused severe damage to nature for centuries, human-induced natural environmental degradation has begun to be seen with modernization, the effect of which was experienced to a great extent in the 20th century. With both population growth and technological developments, humanity has achieved significant gains in its struggle for survival against nature, but these gains have turned against humanity itself with the irreversible deterioration of nature. This degradation, which started with environmental pollution in the past and resulted in climate changes today, has been taken care of by modern states, which have significant power in the governance of people. These modern states, which previously had a security perspective through their relations, have started to take steps as environmental problems harm their legitimacy and citizens. States had to come together to solve this common problem no matter how different they were in government type and ideology. Since the day it left the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation has not refrained from taking national steps toward the global environmental security regime. Although like many states, the fight against environmental problems has made mistakes and shortcomings, it has cooperated internationally for various reasons. The most important reason is that the Russian Federation is at the top of the list of states polluting nature. But apart from this, environmental security has been the area of interest of the Kremlin administration due to its geopolitical and geostrategic interests in the international system. Therefore, it has set targets on environmental security in documents such as foreign policy and security concepts adopted since the early 1990s. This study aims to examine the national and international environmental policies of the Russian Federation on global climate change. For this reason, firstly, a brief introduction to the subject of environmental security will be made, and the documents containing the political and security perspective of the Russian Federation will be discussed in the next section. In the last part, it will try to summarize what kind of international contribution and cooperation the Russian Federation has made in solving environmental problems.

Kaynakça

  • Afionis, Stavros, and Ioannis Chatzopoulos. “Russia’s role in UNFCCC negotiations since the exit of the United States in 2001.” International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 10/1 (2010): 45-63.
  • Ausübe, Jesse H. "Historical note." In Changing Climate: Report of the Carbon Dioxide Assessment Committee (Washington D.C.: National Academy Press, 1983), 487-491.
  • Barnett, Jon. “Security and climate change.” Global Environmental Change 13/1 (2003): 7-17.
  • Buzan, Barry. "Rethinking security after the Cold War." Cooperation and conflict 32/1 (1997): 5-28.
  • Buzan, Barry. “New patterns of global security in the twenty-first century.” International affairs 67/3 (1991): 439-451.
  • Chazan, Guy. “EU Backs Russia’s WTO Entry As Moscow Supports Kyoto Pact.” Wall Street Journal (2004). Erişim Tarihi: 25.10.2022, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB108514021459817981
  • “Climate Doctrine of the Russian Federation (2009)”. En.Kremlin.ru – President of Russia, Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2022, http://en.kremlin.ru/supplement/4822.
  • Davide, Marinella. “The Doha Climate Gateway: a First Key-Point Assessment.” Review of Environment, Energy and Economics (2012). Erişim Tarihi: 25.10.2022, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID2189448_code1809440.pdf
  • Detraz, Nicole. “Environmental security and gender: Necessary shifts in an evolving debate.” Security Studies 18/2 (2009): 345-369.
  • Dyer, Hugh C. “Environmental security as a universal value: implications for international theory.” In The Environment and International Relations. Washington D.C.: Routledge, 2005: 34-53.
  • Elliott, Lorraine. “Human security/environmental security.” Contemporary Politics 21/1 (2015): 11-24.
  • Gordeeva, Yelena M. “The Russian Federation and the International Climate Change Regime.” Carbon & Climate Law Review (2014): 167-174.
  • Gossen, L. P. and L. M. Velichkina. “Environmental problems of the oil-and-gas industry.” Petroleum Chemistry 46/2 (2006): 67-72.
  • Haas, Peter M. “The capacity of international institutions to manage Bhopal-like problems.” Epistemic Communities, Constructivism, and International Environmental Politics (2015): 75-94.
  • “Human Development Report 1994 (1994)". UNDP. Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2022, https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents//hdr1994encompletenostatspdf.pdf.
  • “Kontseptsii vneshnei politiki Rossiiskoi Federatsii (2016)”. Kremlin.Ru. Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2022, http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/41451
  • “Kontseptsiia vneshnei politiki Rossiiskoi Federatsii (2013)”. Zakony, Kodeksy Inormativno-Pravovye Aktyrossiiskoi Federatsii. Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2022, https://legalacts.ru/doc/kontseptsija-vneshnei-politiki-rossiiskoi-federatsii-utv-prezidentom/
  • Korppoo, Anna, Nina Tynkkynen, and Geir Hønneland. Russia and the politics of international environmental regimes: Environmental encounters or foreign policy?. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015.
  • Light, Margot. “In search of an identity: Russian foreign policy and the end of ideology.” Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 19/3 (2003): 42-59.
  • Luhn, Alec. “Russia Ratifies Paris Climate Accord-but Targets Are ‘Critically Insufficient’.” The Telegraph (2019). Erişim Tarihi: 25.10.2022, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/09/23/russia-ratifies-paris-climate-accord-targets-critically-insufficient/
  • Mahapatra, Sushanta Kumar, and Keshab Chandra Ratha. “The 21st Conference of the Parties Climate Summit in Paris: a slippery slope.” Journal of International Development 28/6 (2016): 991-996.
  • McDonald, Matt. “Climate change and security: towards ecological security?.” International Theory 10/2 (2018): 153-180.
  • McDonald, Matt. “Discourses of climate security.” Political Geography 33 (2013): 42-51.
  • Melville, Andrew. Russian Foreign Policy in Transition: Concepts and Realities. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2005.
  • Mitchell, Ronald B. "International environmental politics." International environmental politics 2 (2013): 801-826.
  • “National Security Concept of the Russian Federation.” Medzinárodné Otázky 9/3 (2000): 99–118. Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2022, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44963336.
  • “National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation to 2020 (2009)”. MepoForum.sk – Fórum pre medzinárodnú politiku. Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2022, http://mepoforum.sk/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/NDS-RF-2009-en.pdf
  • Newell, Peter, and Matthew Paterson. “From Geneva to Kyoto: The second conference of the parties to the UN framework convention on climate change.” Environmental Politics 5/4 (1996): 729-735.
  • Nilsen, Thomas. “2017 To Be Putin’s Year of Ecology.” The Independent Barents Observer (2016). Erişim Tarihi: 25.10.2022, https://thebarentsobserver.com/ru/node/280
  • “O gosudarstvennoi strategii Rossiiskoi Federatsiipo okhrane okruzhaiushchei sredyi obespecheniiu ustoichivogo razvitiia”. Ekologicheskie Razdel Saita GPNTB Rossii (1994). Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2022, https://ecology.gpntb.ru/usefullinks/oficialdoc/zakonrf/zakons_ukaz/zakons_262/
  • “O stavke otchislenii (sbora) na vosproizvodstvo, okhranu i zashchitu lesov”. Ekologicheskie Razdel Saita GPNTB Rossii (1993). Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2022, https://ecology.gpntb.ru/usefullinks/oficialdoc/zakonrf/zakons_ukaz/zakons_260/
  • “O Strategii ekologicheskoi bezopasnosti Rossiiskoi Federatsii na period do 2025 goda (2017)". Kremlin.Ru. Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2022, http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/41879
  • “O vidakh produktsii (rabot, uslug) i otkhodov proizvodstva, svobodnaia realizatsiia kotorykh zapreshchena”. Ekologicheskie Razdel Saita GPNTB Rossii (1992). Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2022, https://ecology.gpntb.ru/usefullinks/oficialdoc/zakonrf/zakons_ukaz/zakons_256/
  • “Ob okhrane prirodnykh resursov territorial-nykh vod, kontinental-nogo shel-fa i ekonomicheskoi zonyRossiiskoi Federatsii”. Ekologicheskie Razdel Saita GPNTB Rossii (1992). Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2022, https://ecology.gpntb.ru/usefullinks/oficialdoc/zakonrf/zakons_ukaz/zakons_257/.
  • “Ob usilenii gosudarstvennogo kontrolia za ispol-zovaniem i okhranoi zemel- pri provedenii zemel-noi reformy”. Ekologicheskie Razdel Saita GPNTB Rossii (1993). Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2022, https://ecology.gpntb.ru/usefullinks/oficialdoc/zakonrf/zakons_ukaz/zakons_259/
  • Obi, Cyril. “Globalized images of environmental security in Africa.” Review of African Political Economy 27/83 (2000): 47-62.
  • Porter, Gareth. “Environmental security as a national security issue.” Current History 94/592 (1995): 218-222.
  • “Rasporiazheniem Pravitel-stva Rossiiskoi Federatsii ot 31 avgusta 2002 g”. Legal Office FAOLEX – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States. Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2022, http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/rus46915.pdf
  • Renner, Michael. National Security: The Economic and Environmental Dimensions. Washington D.C.: Worldwatch Inst, 1989.
  • “Russian President Vladimir Putin Says Humans Not Responsible for Climate Change.” France 24 (2017). Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2022, https://www.france24.com/en/20170331-russian-president-vladimir-putin-says-humans-not-responsible-climate-change
  • Sayın, Melek. “Rusya Federasyonu Dış Politikasında Çevresel Güvenlik Uygulamaları.” Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, 2020.
  • Schipper, E. Lisa F. “Conceptual history of adaptation in the UNFCCC process.” Review of European Community & International Environmental Law 15/1 (2006): 82-92.
  • Semenova, Galina. “Global environmental problems in Russia.” E3S Web of Conferences, 157, (2020): 1.
  • Siebenhüner, Bernd. “The changing role of nation states in international environmental assessments—the case of the IPCC.” Global Environmental Change 13/2 (2003): 113-123.
  • Smith, Dan and Janani Vivekananda. A Climate of Conflict: The Links between Climate Change, Peace, and War. London: International Alert, 2007.
  • Soldatkin, Vladimir and Dmitry Zhdannikov. “Putin: I Don’t Share Excitement about Greta Thunberg’s UN Speech.” Reuters (2019). Erişim Tarihi: 25.10.2022, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-putin-thunberg-idUSKBN1WH1FM
  • “The Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation (2008)”. Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the European Union. Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2022, https://russiaeu.ru/userfiles/file/foreign_policy_concept_english.pdf
  • Theisen, Ole Magnus, Nils Petter Gleditsch, and Halvard Buhaug. “Is climate change a driver of armed conflict?.” Climatic Change 117/3 (2013): 613-625.
  • Timoshenko, Alexandre S. “Ecological Security: Global Change Paradigm.” Colo. J. Int'l Envtl. L. & Pol'y 1 (1990): 127-145.
  • Turkowski, Andrzej. "№ 027: Russia’s International Climate Policy." Polski İnstytut Spraw Międzynarodowych - The Polish Institute of International Affairs 27 (2012): 1-8.
  • “United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change”. United Nations. (1992): 1-24, Erişim Tarihi: 25.10.2022, https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf
  • “Utverzhdeny osnovy gosudarstvennoi politiki v oblasti ekologicheskogo razvitiia Rossii na period do 2030 goda (2012)”. Kremlin.Ru. Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2022, http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/15177
  • Warner, Jeroen. “Global environmental security: an emerging 'concept of control'?” In Political Ecology: Science, Myth and Power (London: Arnold, 2000), 247-265.

Политика экологической безопасности Российской Федерации

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 8, 79 - 100, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.48068/rusad.1211146

Öz

Экзистенциальное противостояние человека и природы идет с древнейших времен. Несмотря на то, что на протяжении столетий оно не наносило комплексного ущерба окружающей среде, деградация экосферы из-за увеличения антропогенной нагрузки, возросшая в эпоху технологической модернизации, стала уже весьма отчетливо ощущаться и осознаваться в ХХ веке. Ввиду роста населения и развития технологий человечество добилось огромных успехов в покорении природы, но эти достижения обернулись комплексной деградацией окружающей среды. Противостояние деградации, которое началась с загрязнения природы в прошлом и приводит к изменению климата сегодня, является одной из основных проблем современных государств, обладающих значительной властью в управлении людьми. Ранее использовавшие международные отношения лишь для создания себе гарантий безопасности, современные государства вынуждены предпринимать шаги на изменение и улучшение экологической обстановки, поскольку проблемы окружающей среды затрагивают интересы простых граждан, а нерешенность их способно ударить по законности и легитимности властей. Поэтому государства должны были объединиться для решения этой общей проблемы, какими бы разными они ни были по стилю и форме правления, а также идеологии. Со дня выхода из состава Советского Союза Российская Федерация не уклонялась от национальных и международных шагов по созданию режима глобальной экологической безопасности. Хотя, как и во многих государствах, борьба с экологическими проблемами имеет свои просчеты и недостатки, ее международное сотрудничество было мотивировано характерными исключительно для нее факторами. Самая главная причина заключается в том, что Российская Федерация находится на первом месте в списке государств, загрязняющих природу. Но и помимо этого, экологическая безопасность была особой сферой интересов кремлевской администрации из-за ее связи с геополитическими и геостратегическими интересами в международной системе. Поэтому цели по экологической безопасности были декларированы в таких документах, как внешняя политика и концепции безопасности, принятые с начала 1990-х годов. Настоящее исследование направлено на изучение национальной и международной экологической политики Российской Федерации в отношении глобального изменения климата. По этой причине, в работе сделано краткое введение в предмет экологической безопасности, а также проанализированы документы, содержащие политическую перспективу и безопасность Российской Федерации. Исследование пытается определить, какой международный вклад в решение экологических проблем внесла Российская Федерация в решение экологических проблем.

Kaynakça

  • Afionis, Stavros, and Ioannis Chatzopoulos. “Russia’s role in UNFCCC negotiations since the exit of the United States in 2001.” International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 10/1 (2010): 45-63.
  • Ausübe, Jesse H. "Historical note." In Changing Climate: Report of the Carbon Dioxide Assessment Committee (Washington D.C.: National Academy Press, 1983), 487-491.
  • Barnett, Jon. “Security and climate change.” Global Environmental Change 13/1 (2003): 7-17.
  • Buzan, Barry. "Rethinking security after the Cold War." Cooperation and conflict 32/1 (1997): 5-28.
  • Buzan, Barry. “New patterns of global security in the twenty-first century.” International affairs 67/3 (1991): 439-451.
  • Chazan, Guy. “EU Backs Russia’s WTO Entry As Moscow Supports Kyoto Pact.” Wall Street Journal (2004). Erişim Tarihi: 25.10.2022, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB108514021459817981
  • “Climate Doctrine of the Russian Federation (2009)”. En.Kremlin.ru – President of Russia, Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2022, http://en.kremlin.ru/supplement/4822.
  • Davide, Marinella. “The Doha Climate Gateway: a First Key-Point Assessment.” Review of Environment, Energy and Economics (2012). Erişim Tarihi: 25.10.2022, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID2189448_code1809440.pdf
  • Detraz, Nicole. “Environmental security and gender: Necessary shifts in an evolving debate.” Security Studies 18/2 (2009): 345-369.
  • Dyer, Hugh C. “Environmental security as a universal value: implications for international theory.” In The Environment and International Relations. Washington D.C.: Routledge, 2005: 34-53.
  • Elliott, Lorraine. “Human security/environmental security.” Contemporary Politics 21/1 (2015): 11-24.
  • Gordeeva, Yelena M. “The Russian Federation and the International Climate Change Regime.” Carbon & Climate Law Review (2014): 167-174.
  • Gossen, L. P. and L. M. Velichkina. “Environmental problems of the oil-and-gas industry.” Petroleum Chemistry 46/2 (2006): 67-72.
  • Haas, Peter M. “The capacity of international institutions to manage Bhopal-like problems.” Epistemic Communities, Constructivism, and International Environmental Politics (2015): 75-94.
  • “Human Development Report 1994 (1994)". UNDP. Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2022, https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents//hdr1994encompletenostatspdf.pdf.
  • “Kontseptsii vneshnei politiki Rossiiskoi Federatsii (2016)”. Kremlin.Ru. Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2022, http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/41451
  • “Kontseptsiia vneshnei politiki Rossiiskoi Federatsii (2013)”. Zakony, Kodeksy Inormativno-Pravovye Aktyrossiiskoi Federatsii. Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2022, https://legalacts.ru/doc/kontseptsija-vneshnei-politiki-rossiiskoi-federatsii-utv-prezidentom/
  • Korppoo, Anna, Nina Tynkkynen, and Geir Hønneland. Russia and the politics of international environmental regimes: Environmental encounters or foreign policy?. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015.
  • Light, Margot. “In search of an identity: Russian foreign policy and the end of ideology.” Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 19/3 (2003): 42-59.
  • Luhn, Alec. “Russia Ratifies Paris Climate Accord-but Targets Are ‘Critically Insufficient’.” The Telegraph (2019). Erişim Tarihi: 25.10.2022, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/09/23/russia-ratifies-paris-climate-accord-targets-critically-insufficient/
  • Mahapatra, Sushanta Kumar, and Keshab Chandra Ratha. “The 21st Conference of the Parties Climate Summit in Paris: a slippery slope.” Journal of International Development 28/6 (2016): 991-996.
  • McDonald, Matt. “Climate change and security: towards ecological security?.” International Theory 10/2 (2018): 153-180.
  • McDonald, Matt. “Discourses of climate security.” Political Geography 33 (2013): 42-51.
  • Melville, Andrew. Russian Foreign Policy in Transition: Concepts and Realities. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2005.
  • Mitchell, Ronald B. "International environmental politics." International environmental politics 2 (2013): 801-826.
  • “National Security Concept of the Russian Federation.” Medzinárodné Otázky 9/3 (2000): 99–118. Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2022, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44963336.
  • “National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation to 2020 (2009)”. MepoForum.sk – Fórum pre medzinárodnú politiku. Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2022, http://mepoforum.sk/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/NDS-RF-2009-en.pdf
  • Newell, Peter, and Matthew Paterson. “From Geneva to Kyoto: The second conference of the parties to the UN framework convention on climate change.” Environmental Politics 5/4 (1996): 729-735.
  • Nilsen, Thomas. “2017 To Be Putin’s Year of Ecology.” The Independent Barents Observer (2016). Erişim Tarihi: 25.10.2022, https://thebarentsobserver.com/ru/node/280
  • “O gosudarstvennoi strategii Rossiiskoi Federatsiipo okhrane okruzhaiushchei sredyi obespecheniiu ustoichivogo razvitiia”. Ekologicheskie Razdel Saita GPNTB Rossii (1994). Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2022, https://ecology.gpntb.ru/usefullinks/oficialdoc/zakonrf/zakons_ukaz/zakons_262/
  • “O stavke otchislenii (sbora) na vosproizvodstvo, okhranu i zashchitu lesov”. Ekologicheskie Razdel Saita GPNTB Rossii (1993). Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2022, https://ecology.gpntb.ru/usefullinks/oficialdoc/zakonrf/zakons_ukaz/zakons_260/
  • “O Strategii ekologicheskoi bezopasnosti Rossiiskoi Federatsii na period do 2025 goda (2017)". Kremlin.Ru. Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2022, http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/41879
  • “O vidakh produktsii (rabot, uslug) i otkhodov proizvodstva, svobodnaia realizatsiia kotorykh zapreshchena”. Ekologicheskie Razdel Saita GPNTB Rossii (1992). Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2022, https://ecology.gpntb.ru/usefullinks/oficialdoc/zakonrf/zakons_ukaz/zakons_256/
  • “Ob okhrane prirodnykh resursov territorial-nykh vod, kontinental-nogo shel-fa i ekonomicheskoi zonyRossiiskoi Federatsii”. Ekologicheskie Razdel Saita GPNTB Rossii (1992). Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2022, https://ecology.gpntb.ru/usefullinks/oficialdoc/zakonrf/zakons_ukaz/zakons_257/.
  • “Ob usilenii gosudarstvennogo kontrolia za ispol-zovaniem i okhranoi zemel- pri provedenii zemel-noi reformy”. Ekologicheskie Razdel Saita GPNTB Rossii (1993). Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2022, https://ecology.gpntb.ru/usefullinks/oficialdoc/zakonrf/zakons_ukaz/zakons_259/
  • Obi, Cyril. “Globalized images of environmental security in Africa.” Review of African Political Economy 27/83 (2000): 47-62.
  • Porter, Gareth. “Environmental security as a national security issue.” Current History 94/592 (1995): 218-222.
  • “Rasporiazheniem Pravitel-stva Rossiiskoi Federatsii ot 31 avgusta 2002 g”. Legal Office FAOLEX – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States. Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2022, http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/rus46915.pdf
  • Renner, Michael. National Security: The Economic and Environmental Dimensions. Washington D.C.: Worldwatch Inst, 1989.
  • “Russian President Vladimir Putin Says Humans Not Responsible for Climate Change.” France 24 (2017). Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2022, https://www.france24.com/en/20170331-russian-president-vladimir-putin-says-humans-not-responsible-climate-change
  • Sayın, Melek. “Rusya Federasyonu Dış Politikasında Çevresel Güvenlik Uygulamaları.” Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, 2020.
  • Schipper, E. Lisa F. “Conceptual history of adaptation in the UNFCCC process.” Review of European Community & International Environmental Law 15/1 (2006): 82-92.
  • Semenova, Galina. “Global environmental problems in Russia.” E3S Web of Conferences, 157, (2020): 1.
  • Siebenhüner, Bernd. “The changing role of nation states in international environmental assessments—the case of the IPCC.” Global Environmental Change 13/2 (2003): 113-123.
  • Smith, Dan and Janani Vivekananda. A Climate of Conflict: The Links between Climate Change, Peace, and War. London: International Alert, 2007.
  • Soldatkin, Vladimir and Dmitry Zhdannikov. “Putin: I Don’t Share Excitement about Greta Thunberg’s UN Speech.” Reuters (2019). Erişim Tarihi: 25.10.2022, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-putin-thunberg-idUSKBN1WH1FM
  • “The Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation (2008)”. Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the European Union. Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2022, https://russiaeu.ru/userfiles/file/foreign_policy_concept_english.pdf
  • Theisen, Ole Magnus, Nils Petter Gleditsch, and Halvard Buhaug. “Is climate change a driver of armed conflict?.” Climatic Change 117/3 (2013): 613-625.
  • Timoshenko, Alexandre S. “Ecological Security: Global Change Paradigm.” Colo. J. Int'l Envtl. L. & Pol'y 1 (1990): 127-145.
  • Turkowski, Andrzej. "№ 027: Russia’s International Climate Policy." Polski İnstytut Spraw Międzynarodowych - The Polish Institute of International Affairs 27 (2012): 1-8.
  • “United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change”. United Nations. (1992): 1-24, Erişim Tarihi: 25.10.2022, https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf
  • “Utverzhdeny osnovy gosudarstvennoi politiki v oblasti ekologicheskogo razvitiia Rossii na period do 2030 goda (2012)”. Kremlin.Ru. Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2022, http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/15177
  • Warner, Jeroen. “Global environmental security: an emerging 'concept of control'?” In Political Ecology: Science, Myth and Power (London: Arnold, 2000), 247-265.

Rusya Federasyonu’nun Çevresel Güvenlik Politikaları

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 8, 79 - 100, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.48068/rusad.1211146

Öz

Tarihin ilk zamanlarından beri, insanlığın doğa karşısında bir varoluş savaşı verdiği bilinegelmektedir. İnsanın kendi doğal çevresine karşı verdiği mücadele yüzyıllar boyunca doğaya ciddi zararlar vermemiş olsa da 20. yüzyılda etkisi büyük oranda yaşanılan modernleşmeyle birlikte insan kaynaklı doğal çevre bozulmaları görülmeye başlanmıştır. Gerek nüfus artışı gerekse teknolojik gelişmelerle birlikte, insanlık doğaya karşı verdiği hayatta kalma mücadelesinde önemli kazanımlar elde etmiş, fakat bu kazanımlar doğanın geri dönülemez şekilde bozulmasıyla insanlığın kendi aleyhine dönmüştür. Geçmişte çevresel kirlenmeyle sınırlı olan, yeni binyılda iklim değişiklikleriyle sonuçlanan bu bozulma, günümüzde insanlığın yönetilmesinde önemli güce sahip olan modern devletlerin dikkatini çekmeye başlamıştır. Önceleri kendi aralarındaki ilişkiler üzerinden güvenlik perspektifine sahip olan bu modern devletler, çevresel sorunlarının kendi meşruiyetlerine ve vatandaşlarına zarar vermesiyle birlikte bu konuda adımlar atmaya başlamışlardır. Yönetim biçimi ve ideoloji bakımından ne kadar farklı olsalar da, devletler bu ortak sorunu çözmede bir araya gelmek zorunda kalmışlardır. Rusya Federasyonu da Sovyetler Birliği’nde ayrıldığı günden itibaren küresel çevresel güvenlik rejimine yönelik ulusal ve uluslararası adımlar atmaktan geri durmamıştır. Her ne kadar birçok devlet gibi, çevre sorunlarıyla mücadele eksikler ve yanlışlar yapmış olsa da çeşitli sebeplerden dolayı uluslararası işbirliğinde bulunmuştur. Bunun en önemli sebebi, Rusya Federasyonu’nun doğayı kirleten devletler sıralamasında üstlerde bulunması kabul edilmektedir. Fakat bu sebepten başka çevresel güvenlik, Kremlin yönetiminin uluslararası sistemdeki jeopolitik ve jeostratejik çıkarları sebebiyle onun ilgi alanında olmuştur. Bu yüzden, 1990’ların başından itibaren kabul ettiği dış politika, güvenlik konseptleri gibi belgelerinde çevresel güvenlik konusunda hedefler belirlemiştir. Bu çalışmada, küresel iklim değişikliği konusunda, Rusya Federasyonu’nun ulusal çevre politikalarının ve bunun dış politikasına yansımasının incelenmesi hedeflenmektedir. Bu sebeple, öncelikle çevresel güvenlik konusuna kısa bir giriş yapılırken, sonraki bölümde Rusya Federasyonu’nun politik ve güvenlik perspektifini içeren belgeler ele alınacaktır. Son bölümde ise, Rusya Federasyonu’nun çevre sorunlarının çözümünde küresel çevresel güvenlik rejimine ne gibi katkılar sağladığı özetlenmeye çalışılacaktır.

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Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Toğrul İsmayıl 0000-0001-5014-2013

Ali Necefoğlu 0000-0003-3327-4078

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Kasım 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 8

Kaynak Göster

Chicago İsmayıl, Toğrul, ve Ali Necefoğlu. “Environmental Security Policies of the Russian Federation”. Rusya Araştırmaları Dergisi, sy. 8 (Aralık 2022): 79-100. https://doi.org/10.48068/rusad.1211146.

Rusya Araştırmaları Dergisi (RUSAD) | rusad.tr@gmail.com |

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