Effects of maternal diet on infant microbiota development through human breast milk

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 4, 608 - 614, 31.12.2024

Ece Melike Ünal , Solmaz Ece Yılmaz

Öz

Human breast milk is the ideal food for infants with its macro and micro nutrients, oligosaccharides, immune factors, many bioactive components and microbiota. In addition to the benefits of human breast milk for the infant, breastfeeding is also known to have many benefits for the mother. It is recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) that babies should be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months and breastfed with complementary foods until the age of two. Although human breast milk was considered sterile in the past, it is now known to have a microbiota. Breast milk has been reported to be the main source of bacteria entering the intestines of breastfed infants. Vertical transfer of bacteria through breastfeeding is thought to contribute significantly to the formation of the infant's gut microbiota. It is estimated that the source of breast milk microbiota may be the mother’s areolar skin, the infant’s mouth and the mother’s gut microbiota. The hypothesis that bacteria can pass from the mother's gut into her milk is called the entero-mammary pathway. Increasing evidence suggests that maternal diet may modify the microbiota of breast milk. In this study, investigations examining the effects of maternal diet on microbiota development in relation to breast milk microbiota were reviewed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

human breast milk, microbiota, maternal diet, entero-mammary pathway

Maternal diyetin anne sütü aracılığıyla bebeğin mikrobiyota gelişimine etkisi

Öz

Anne sütü içerdiği makro ve mikro besin öğeleri, oligosakkaritler, bağışıklık faktörleri, birçok biyoaktif bileşeni ve mikrobiyotasıyla bebekler için en uygun besindir. Anne sütünün bebeğe olan faydalarının yanında emzirmenin anne için de birçok faydasının olduğu bilinmektedir. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ) ve Birleşmiş Milletler Uluslararası Çocuklara Acil Yardım Fonu (UNICEF) tarafından bebeğin ilk 6 ay sadece anne sütü, 2 yaşına kadar da tamamlayıcı gıdalarla anne sütü alması önerilmektedir. Geçmişte anne sütü steril olarak kabul edilse de günümüzde bir mikrobiyotaya sahip olduğu bilinmektedir. Anne sütünün emzirilen bebeklerin bağırsaklarına giren başlıca bakteri kaynağı olduğu bildirilmiştir. Emzirme yoluyla bakterilerin dikey transferinin bebeğin bağırsak mikrobiyotasının oluşumunda önemli katkısı olduğu düşünülmektedir. Anne sütü mikrobiyotasının kaynağının annenin areolar derisi, bebeğin ağzı ve annenin bağırsak mikrobiyotasının olabileceği tahmin edilmektedir. Annenin bağırsağından sütüne bakteri geçebileceği hipotezi entero-mammary yolağı olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Bu konuda artan kanıtlar annenin diyetiyle anne sütünün mikrobiyotasında değişiklik sağlanabileceğini düşündürmektedir. Bu çalışmada, maternal diyetin anne sütü mikrobiyotası ile ilişkili olarak mikrobiyota gelişimine etkilerini inceleyen araştırmalar derlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

anne sütü, mikrobiyota, maternal diyet, entero-mammary yolağı

Kaynakça

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