Effect of Weight- Lifting on Shoulder Muscle Activation in Healthy Individuals

Öz

Introduction: Weight lifting is frequently used in daily life, and the shoulder joint is responsible for most of the upper extremity's freedom of movement. Aim: The aim of the study is to determine the effect of weight-lifting on muscle activations at different angle values during flexion and abduction movements of the shoulder joint in healthy individuals. Methods: The study was carried out with the participation of 28 healthy male individuals with an average age of 22.60 ± 0.44. Muscle activations were recorded with superficial electromyography from the upper, middle and lower parts of the trapezius, anterior and middle parts of the deltoid while the individuals were making the movement of shoulder flexion and abduction with and without 3 kilograms. Movements were made between 0-30, 0-60, 0-90, 0-120, 0-150 and 0-180 degrees and accompanied by metronome. Results: In the flexion measurements performed without weight, the muscle with the highest activity in all range of motion was the frontal deltoid muscle, whereas in the flexion measurements carried out by weight, the most active muscle in the early angles of movement was the upper trapezius, and in other angles, the frontal deltoid muscle. In the weightless abduction measurements, the most active muscle in the early degrees was the anterior deltoid, while in the measurements performed by weight, the upper trapezius muscle was active. Conclusion and Suggestions: The upper trapezius and anterior deltoid are the most active in flexion and abduction movements with or without weight bearing in our study group. The usage of resistive flexion or abduction movements of the shoulder may be considered in therapies which aimed regulating the activations of these muscles.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Electromyography
• Deltoid muscle
• Shoulder

Sağlıklı Bireylerde Ağırlık Kaldırmanın Omuz Kas Aktivasyonlarına Etkisi

Öz

Giriş: Günlük yaşam sırasında ağırlık kaldırmak sıklıkla kullanılmakta olup, omuz eklemi de üst ekstremitenin hareket serbestliğinin çoğundan sorumludur. Amaç: Bu çalışmada, sağlıklı bireylerde omuz ekleminin fleksiyon ve abdüksiyon hareketleri sırasında ağırlık kaldırmanın kas aktivasyonlarına farklı açı değerlerindeki etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Çalışma, yaş ortalaması 22.60 ± 0.44 olan 28 sağlıklı erkek bireyin katılımı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bireyler ağırlıksız ve 3 kilogramlık bir ağırlık ile omuz fleksiyon ve abdüksiyon hareketi yaptığı sırada kas aktivasyonları trapezius kası üst orta ve alt parçaları ile deltoid kasının ön ve orta parçalarından yüzeyel elektromiyografi cihazı ile kaydedilmiştir. Hareketler 0-30, 0-60, 0-90, 0-120, 0-150 ve 0-180 dereceler arasında ve metronom eşliğinde yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Ağırlıksız olarak gerçekleştirilen fleksiyon ölçümlerinde tüm hareket açıklıklarında aktivitesi en fazla olan kas ön deltoid kası iken ağırlık ile gerçekleştirilen fleksiyon ölçümlerinde ise hareketin erken açılarında en aktif kasın üst trapezius, diğer açılarda ise ön deltoid kası olduğu görülmüştür. Ağırlıksız olarak gerçekleştirilen abdüksiyon ölçümlerinde ise yine erken derecelerde en aktif kas ön deltoid iken ağırlık ile gerçekleştirilen ölçümlerde ise üst trapezius kasının aktif olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuç ve Öneriler: Ağırlık ile veya ağırlıksız yapılan fleksiyon ve abdüksiyon hareketlerinde çalışma grubumuzda yer alan bireylerde en fazla aktivasyon gösteren kaslar, üst trapezius ve ön deltoid kasları olmaktadır. Bu kasların aktivasyonunu düzenlemeyi hedefleyen tedavilerde omuzun dirençli fleksiyon veya abdüksiyon hareketlerinin kullanımı göz önünde bulundurulabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Elektromiyografi
• Deltoid kas
• Omuz

Kaynakça

1. Akuthota V, Chou LH, Drake DF, Nadler SF, Toledo SD. (2004). Sports and performing arts medicine. 2. Shoulder and elbow overuse injuries in sports. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 85:52-8.
2. Andersen CH, Zebis MK, Saervoll C, Sundstrup E, Jakobsen MD, Sjøgaard G, et al. (2012). Scapular muscle activity from selected strengthening exercises performed at low and high intensities. J Strength Cond Res, 26(9):2408-16.
3. Bagg SD, Forrest WJ. (1986). Electromyographic study of the scapular rotators during arm abduction in the scapular plane. Am J Phys Med, 65(3):111-24.
4. Bassett R, Browne A, Morrey B, An K. (1990). Glenohumeral muscle force and moment mechanics in a position of shoulder instability. J Biomech, 23(5):405-15.
5. Calé-Benzoor M, Maenhout A, Arnon M, Tenenbaum G, Werrin M, Cools A. (2017). Quality assessment of shoulder plyometric exercises: Examining the relationship to scapular muscle activity. Phys Ther Sport, 26:27-34.
6. Calik Kutukcu E, Arikan H, Saglam M, Vardar Yagli N, Oksuz C, Inal Ince D, et al. (2017). Arm strength training improves activities of daily living and occupational performance in patients with COPD. Clin Respir J, 11(6):820-32.
7. de Araújo Farias D, Willardson JM, Paz GA, Bezerra EdS, Miranda H. (2017). Maximal Strength Performance and Muscle Activation for the Bench Press and Triceps Extension Exercises Adopting Dumbbell, Barbell, and Machine Modalities Over Multiple Sets. J Strength Cond Res, 31(7):1879-87.
8. Ekstrom RA, Donatelli RA, Soderberg GL. (2003). Surface electromyographic analysis of exercises for the trapezius and serratus anterior muscles. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 33(5):247-58.

9. Escamilla RF, Yamashiro K, Paulos L, Andrews JR. (2009). Shoulder muscle activity and function in common shoulder rehabilitation exercises. Sports Med, 39(8):663-85.
10. Folkerts MA, Hijmans JM, Elsinghorst AL, Mulderij Y, Murgia A, Dekker R. (2017). Effectiveness and feasibility of eccentric and task-oriented strength training in individuals with stroke. NeuroRehabilitation, 40(4):459-71.
11. Freeman S, Karpowicz A, Gray J, Mcgill S. (2006). Quantifying muscle patterns and spine load during various forms of the push-up. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 38(3):570.
12. Haraldstad K, Rohde G, Stea TH, Lohne-Seiler H, Hetlelid K, Paulsen G, et al. (2017). Changes in health-related quality of life in elderly men after 12 weeks of strength training. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act, 14(1):8.
13. Hardwick DH, Beebe JA, McDonnell MK, Lang CE. (2006). A comparison of serratus anterior muscle activation during a wall slide exercise and other traditional exercises. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 36(12):903-10.
14. Herrington L, Waterman R, Smith L. (2015). Electromyographic analysis of shoulder muscles during press-up variations and progressions. J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 25(1):100-6.
15. Hidding JT, Beurskens CH, van der Wees PJ, van Laarhoven HW, Nijhuis-van der Sanden MW. (2014). Treatment related impairments in arm and shoulder in patients with breast cancer: a systematic review. PLoS One, 9(5):e96748.
16. Ingram D, Engelhardt C, Farron A, Terrier A, Müllhaupt P. (2016). Improving anterior deltoid activity in a musculoskeletal shoulder model–an analysis of the torque-feasible space at the sternoclavicular joint. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin, 19(4):450-63.
17. Johnson GR, Pandyan AD. (2005). The activity in the three regions of the trapezius under controlled loading conditions—an experimental and modelling study. Clin Biomech, 20(2):155-61.
18. Kido T, Itoi E, Lee SB, Neale PG, An KN. (2003). Dynamic stabilizing function of the deltoid muscle in shoulders with anterior instability. Am J Sports Med, 31(3):399-403.
19. Kiss, R. M., Illyés, Á., & Kiss, J. (2010). Physiotherapy vs. capsular shift and physiotherapy in multidirectional shoulder joint instability. J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 20(3), 489-501.
20. Kolber MJ, Beekhuizen KS, Cheng M-SS, Hellman MA. (2009). Shoulder joint and muscle characteristics in the recreational weight training population. J Strength Cond Res, 23(1):148-57.
21. Lippitt S, Matsen F. Mechanisms of glenohumeral joint stability.( 1993). Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res, (291):20-8.
22. Liu J, Hughes R, Smutz W, Niebur G, Nan-An K. (1997). Roles of deltoid and rotator cuff muscles in shoulder elevation. Clin. Biomech, 12(1):32-8.
23. McMahon PJ, Jobe FW, Pink MM, Brault JR, Perry J. (1996). Comparative electromyographic analysis of shoulder muscles during planar motions: anterior glenohumeral instability versus normal. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 5(2):118-23.
24. Mork PJ, Westgaard RH. (2007). The influence of body posture, arm movement, and work stress on trapezius activity during computer work. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol, 101(4):445-56.
25. Nakamura Y, Tsuruike M, Ellenbecker TS. (2016). Electromyographic activity of scapular muscle control in free-motion exercise. J Athl Train, 51(3):195-204.
26. Otis JC, Jiang CC, Wickiewicz TL, Peterson MG, Warren RF, Santner TJ. (1994). Changes in the moment arms of the rotator cuff and deltoid muscles with abduction and rotation. JBJS, 76(5):667-76.
27. Paoli A, Moro T, Bianco A. (2015). Lift weights to fight overweight. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging, 35(1):1-6.
28. Park S, Nho H, Chang M-J, Kim J-K. (2012). Electromyography activities for shoulder muscles over various movements on different torque changes. Eur J Sport Sci, 12(5):408-17.
29. Schüldt K, Harms-Ringdahl K. (1988). Activity levels during isometric test contractions of neck and shoulder muscles. Scand J Rehabil Med, 20(3):117-27.
30. Suprak DN, Sahlberg JD, Chalmers GR, Cunningham W. (2016). Shoulder elevation affects joint position sense and muscle activation differently in upright and supine body orientations. Hum Mov Sci, 46:148-58.
31. Szucs KA, Molnar M. (2017). Differences in the activation and co-activation ratios of the four subdivisions of trapezius between genders following a computer typing task. Hum Mov Sci, 52:181-90.
32. Uga D, Endo Y, Nakazawa R, Sakamoto M. (2016). Electromyographic analysis of the infraspinatus and scapular stabilizing muscles during isometric shoulder external rotation at various shoulder elevation angles. J Phys Ther Sci, 28(1):154-8.
33. Uhl TL, Carver TJ, Mattacola CG, Mair SD, Nitz AJ. (2003). Shoulder musculature activation during upper extremity weight-bearing exercise. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 33(3):109-17.
34. Yanagawa T, Goodwin CJ, Shelburne KB, Giphart JE, Torry MR, Pandy MG. (2008). Contributions of the individual muscles of the shoulder to glenohumeral joint stability during abduction. J Biomech Eng, 130(2):021024.