Through Perspectives of William Chittick And Reza Shah-Kazemi A Universalist Interpretation Of Ibn Al- ʿarabȋ’s Approach to Religions and Beliefs
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The purpose of this study is to examine the statements of Ibn al-ʿArabî regarding religions and beliefs through
the perspectives of William Chittick and Reza Shah-Kazemi comparatively. Even though his expressions are
occasionally elaborated in the light of the theory of the religious pluralism based on Western-Christian thought,
by considering the universal message of the Qur’ān Chittick and Shah-Kazemi identify these expressions with
“universalism.” This universalist approach bases on the distinction between “ontological will” and “religious
will,” and “submission” which is the substance of the term “islam.” While Chittick and Shah-Kazemi agree on
issues mostly, it is possible to see that in some sense they differ from each other in their departure points and
results. From this perspective, it is going to be seen that Ibn al-ʿArabî’s expressions encompass both the divine
religions and other religions which do not have a revelation. To examine Ibn al-ʿArabî’s expressions by taking
into account the propositions of the religious pluralism will be helpful to comprehend his outlook on the Qur’ān
and the Prophet Muhammad
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