Yahudilikte Tartışmalı Bir Ritüel: Kapparot

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 44, 329 - 353, 15.12.2021

Mürsel Özalp

https://doi.org/10.17335/sakaifd.977277

Cited By: 1

Öz

Yahudilikte Roş ha-Şana (Yıl Başı) ile başlayıp Yom Kippur (Kefaret Günü) ile sona eren Tişri ayının ilk on günü en kutsal zaman dilimidir. Bu dönemde genellikle Ultra-Ortodoks Yahudi gruplarca (haredim) yerine getirilen dinî bir uygulama hem Yahudilik içinde hem Yahudilik dışında tartışma konusu yapılmaktadır. Bu uygulama, kişinin günahlarının sembolik olarak tavuk ya da horoz cinsinden bir kümes hayvanına yüklenerek kesilmesi ve etinin fakirlere verilmesi geleneği olan kapparot ritüelidir. Hayvan hakları, hijyen kuralları vb. argümanlar yanında asıl tartışma ne Tevrat ne de Talmud’da geçmemesi nediniyle kapparot ritüelinin köken ve dolayısıyla dini meşruiyetine ilişkindir. Bazı araştırmacılar kapparot ritüelinin mabet döneminde Azazel’e adanan günah keçisi ayininin yerine mabet sonrası dönemde ikame edilen bir ritüel veya pagan-putperest kaynaktan alınan bir adet ve uygulama olduğunu iddia eder. Öte yandan kapparot uygulaması, Roş ha-Şana’nın ilk günü bir su kaynağı yanında icra edilen bir diğer tartışmalı arınma ayini taşlih (tashlick) ile de ilişkilendirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada günah keçisi ve taşlih uygulamaları bağlamında kapparot ritüelinin dini ve tarihi kökenleri ile bu ritüele yönelik itirazlar ele alınmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dinler Tarihi, Ultra-Ortodoks Yahudilik, Roş ha-Şana, Yom Kippur, Kapparot, Taşlih, Günah keçisi

Kapparot: A Controversial Ritual in Judaism

Öz

The first ten days of the month of Tishri (High Holidays) which begins with Rosh Hashanah (New Year) and ends with Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) are the most sacred time period in Jewish religious tradition. A religious practice, which is usually performed by Ultra-Orthodox Jewish groups (haredim), in this period, is subject to discussion both within and outside Judaism. This is the kapparot ritual, which is the tradition of symbolically attributing one’s sins to a chicken or a rooster then slaughtering it and giving it to the poors. In addition to the arguments related to animal rights, hygiene rules etc., the main issue of debate ison the origin and hence religious legitimacy of the kapparot ritual. Since It is claimed that kapparot is mentioned neither in the Torah nor in the Talmud. Some scholars claim that the kapparot practice was substituted for the scapegoat ritual devoted to Azazel during the temple period or a custom or practice taken from pagan (gentile) sources. On the other hand, the kapparot ritual is closely related to another polemical purity ritual tashlick, which is performed near a body of running water on the first day of Rosh Hashanah. This study examines the religious and historical origins of the kapparot ritual and the objections to this ritual in the context of scapegoat and tashlick practices.
[You may find an extended abstract of this article after the bibliography.]

Anahtar Kelimeler

History of Religions, Ultra-Orthodox Judaism, Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, Kapparot, Tashlick, Scapegoat

Kaynakça

• Adam, Baki. Yahudi Kaynaklarına Göre Tevrat. İstanbul: Pınar Yayınları, 2002.
• Ahituv, Shmuel. “Azazel”. Encyclopedia Judaica. ed. Fred Skolnik-Michael Berenbaum. 2/763-764. Detroit: Macmillan Rerefence USA, 2007.
• Alliance to End Chickens as Kaparos. “Founding Members”. Erişim 14 Kasım 2021. https://www.endchickensaskaporos.com/founding.html
• APRL, Animal Protection and Rescue League. “Our Mission”. Erişim 14 Kasım 2021. https://www.aprl.org/about
• Araz, Ömer Faruk. “Rabbâni Yahudiliğin Temellerini Oluşturan Hillel ve Şammay’ın Hayatı ve Ekolleri”. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi 6/2 (2017), 1049-69.
• Araz, Ömer Faruk. “Rabbani Yahudiliğin Teşekkülü: Rabbi Yişmael ve Rabbi Akiva Ekolleri”. Kocaeli İlahiyat Dergisi 3/1 (2019), 185-202.
• Bamberger, Bernard Jacob. Fallen Angels: Soldiers of Satan’s Realm. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2006.
• Ben Ezra, Daniel Stökl. The Impact of Yom Kippur on Early Christianity: The Day of Atone-ment from Second Temple Judaism to the Fifth Century. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2003.
• Berkovitz, Jay. “Jewish Law and Ritual in Early Modern Germany”. Jews, Judaism and the Reformation in Sixteenth Century. ed. Dean Phillip Bell-Stephen G. Burnett. 481-502. Leiden: Brill, 2006.
• Bloch, Abraham P. The Biblical and Historical Background of Jewish Customs and Ceremonies. New York: Ktav Publishing House, 1980.
• Carus, Paul. The History of the Devil and the Idea of Evil from the Earliest Times to Present Day. La Salle: Open Court Publishing, ts.
• Dagan, Avigdor. “Kapparot”. Encyclopaedia Judaica. ed. Fred Skolnik-Michael Berenbaum. 11/781-782. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007.
• Demirci, Kürşat. Eski Mezopotamya Dinlerine Giriş: Tanrılar, Ritüel, Tapınak. İstanbul: Ayışığı Kitapları, 2013.
• Diemling, Maria. “Anthonius Margaritha on the Whole Jewish Faith: A Sixteenth-Century Convert from Judaism and his Depiction of the Jewish Religion”. Jews, Judaism and the Reformation in Sixteenth Century. ed. Dean Phillip Bell-Stephen G. Burnett. 303-334. Leiden: Brill, 2006.
• Drazin, Israel. Maimonides: The Exceptional Mind. Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House, 2008.
• Fishbane, Simcha. “The Ritual of Kapparot”. The Jewish Journal of Sociology 50 (2008), 67-75.
• Freedman, Harry vd. (ed.). Midrash Rabbah Ecclesiastes. çev. A. Cohen. London: The Soncino Press, 1983.
• Gershom, Yonassan. Kapporos Then and Now: Toward a More Compassionate Tradition. Raleigh: Lulu Press, 2015.
• Gordon, Rabbi Leonard. vd. Mahzor Lev shalem for Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. New York: The Rabbinical Assembly, 2019.
• Gündüz, Şinasi. Son Gnostikler Sabiîler: İnanç Esasları ve İbadetleri. Ankara: Vadi Yayın-ları, 1999.
• Gürkan, Salime Leyla. Yahudilik. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2017.
• Cheslow, Daniella. “Israel’s ultra-Orthodox rethink Yom Kippur ritual”. Houston Chronicle. Erişim 17 Mayıs 2021. https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/nation-world/article/Israel-s-ultra-Orthodox-rethink-Yom-Kippur-ritual-2206756.php
• Jacobs, Louis. “Ro’sh Ha-Shanah And Yom Kippur”. Encyclopedia of Religion. ed. Lind-say Jones. 12/7927-7929. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2005.
• Jewis Veg. “Mission Statement”. Erişim 14 Kasım 2021. https://www.jewish-veg.org/about
• Josephus. Jewish Antiquities. çev. Ralph Marcus. vol. VII. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957.
• Karash, Sara E.- Hurvitz, Mitchell M. “Geonim”. Encyclopedia of Judaism. 172. New York: Facts On File, 2006.
• Klein, Rudolf. “Synagogue”. Encyclopedia Judaica. ed. Fred Skolnik-Michael Beren-baum. 19/352-383 Detroit: Macmillan Rerefence USA, 2007.
• Kolatch, Alfred J. The Jewish Book of Why. New York: Jonathan David Publishers, 1981.
• Levy, Sharona. “Feminism, Modern Judaism and”. Encyclopedia of Modern Jewish Culture. ed. Glenda Abramson. 1/381-386. London: Routledge, 2006.
• Los Angeles Daily News. “Animal rights group sues Woodland Hills synagogue over holiday chicken slaughter; rabbi pushes back”. Erişim 17 Mayıs 2021. https://www.dailynews.com/2019/07/30/animal-rights-group-sues-woodland-hills-synagogue-over-holiday-chicken-slaughter-rabbi-pushes-back/
• Lauterbach, Jacob Z. Rabbinic Essays. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 1951.
• Lauterbach, Jacob Z. Studies in Jewish Law, Custom and Folklore. New York: Ktav Publis-hing House, 1970.
• Ministry of Environmental Protection. “Ministry Calls on Public Not to Use Chickens for Kapparot Tradition this Yom Kippur Eve”. Erişim 3 Mayıs 2021. https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/kippur_day_moep_call_avoi-ding_use_of_chickens#:~:text=A%20live%20chicken%20is%20wa-ved,of%20the%20person%20performing%20it.
• Noy, Dov. “Folklore”. Encyclopaedia Judaica. ed. Fred Skolnik-Michael Berenbaum. 7/95-113. Detroit: Macmillan Rerefence USA, 2007.
• Nulman, Macy. The Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer: Ashkenazik and Sephardic Rites. Lan-ham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc., 1993.
• RJ, Reform Judaism. “Tashlich: Into the Deep”. Erişim 12 Nisan 2021. https://reformju-daism.org/tashlich-deep
• Ross, Lesli Koppelman. Celebrate!: The Complete Jewish Holidays Handbook. Northvale: Jason Aronson Inc., 1994.
• Schwartz, Richard H. Who Stole My Religion?: Revitalizing Judaism and Applying Jewish Values to Help Heal Our Imperiled Planet. Raleigh: Lulu Press, 2011.
• Sefaria. “The Custom of Kapparot on Erev Yom Kippur”. Erişim 14 Kasım 2021. https://www.sefaria.org/Shulchan_Arukh%2C_Orach_Chayim.605.1?ven=Se-faria_Community_Translation&lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en
• Shamayim. “Kapparos”. Erişim 17 Mayıs 2021. https://www.shamayim.us/#!/page/kap-paros
• Sperber, Daniel. “Rosh Ha’shana”. Encyclopedia of Jewish Folklore and Traditions. ed. Haya Bar-Itzhak. 452-453. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 2013.
• The Book of Enoch, Start Publishing LLC. 2013.
• The New York Jewish Week. “If You Need a Chicken for Kapparot They’II Swing by”. Erişim 17 Mayıs 2021. https://jewishweek.timesofisrael.com/if-you-need-a-chicken-for-kapparot-theyll-swing-by/
• Trachtenberg, Joshua. Jewish Magic and Superstition: A Study in Folk Religion. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.
• Zatelli, Ida. “The Origin of the Biblical Scapegoat Ritual: The Evidence of Two Eblaite Texts”. Vetus Testamentum 48 (1998), 254-263.
• Zivotofsky, Ari Z. “What’s the Truth about … Tashlich?”. Jewish Action (Fall 2007), 62-65.