EXPLORING ARTISTIC FRONTIERS IN THE ERA OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 577 - 603, 23.12.2024

Vildan Işık

https://doi.org/10.20488/sanattasarim.1603119

Öz

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a groundbreaking force in the world of art, redefining the boundaries of creativity and offering new experiences. This article focuses on exploring the impressive realm of artistic endeavors shaped by AI and how it has changed the traditional art paradigm. The materials and techniques used in artworks produced by AI surpass traditional boundaries, incorporating elements such as virtual and augmented reality, robot technologies, and 3D printing. These approaches make significant contributions to the art world, expanding the boundaries of artistic expression and supporting the creative process for artists. Additionally, AI makes art more accessible to a broader audience, promoting inclusivity. However, these innovations also lead to significant debates in the art world. Questions about the reality of AI-generated art, the role of the artist in this process, and the future of art in the age of AI are prominent. AI-supported or AI-generated art redraws boundaries across a spectrum ranging from complex digital landscapes to interactive installations. The impact and future trajectory of these approaches depend on evolving values in the art world and society at large, holding the potential to transform artistic paradigms at the intersection of technological innovation and creative expression.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Artificial intelligence art, Generative art, Deep learning art, Data-Driven art, Creativity.

YAPAY ZEKÂ ÇAĞINDA SANATSAL SINIRLARI KEŞFETMEK

Öz

Yapay Zekâ (YZ), sanat dünyasında çığır açan bir güç olarak belirginleşmiş, yaratıcılığın sınırlarını yeniden tanımlayarak ve yeni deneyimler sunarak öne çıkmıştır. Bu makale, YZ’nin şekillendirdiği sanatsal çabaların etkileyici dünyasını araştırarak, geleneksel sanat paradigmasını nasıl değiştirdiğine odaklanmaktadır. YZ tarafından üretilen sanat eserlerinde kullanılan malzeme ve teknikler, geleneksel sınırları aşmakta sanal ve artırılmış gerçeklik, robot teknolojileri ve 3D baskı gibi unsurları içermektedir. Bu yaklaşımlar, sanat dünyasına önemli katkılar sunmakta, sanatsal ifadenin sınırlarını genişletmekte ve sanatçılar için yaratıcı süreci desteklemektedir. Ayrıca, YZ sanatı daha geniş bir izleyici kitlesine ulaşılabilir kılarak kapsayıcılığı teşvik etmektedir. Ancak, bu yenilikler aynı zamanda sanat dünyasında önemli tartışmalara da yol açmaktadır. YZ tarafından üretilen sanatın gerçekliği, sanatçının bu süreçteki rolü ve YZ çağında sanatın geleceği üzerine sorular ön plandadır. YZ destekli veya YZ tarafından üretilen sanat, karmaşık dijital manzaralardan interaktif yerleştirmelere kadar uzanan bir yelpazede, sınırları yeniden çizmektedir. Bu yaklaşımların etkisi ve gelecekteki seyri, sanat dünyasındaki ve toplumun genelinin evrilen değerlerine bağlıdır ve teknolojik yenilik ile yaratıcı ifadenin kesişiminde sanatsal paradigmalarda dönüşüme neden olma potansiyeline sahiptir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yapay zekâ sanatı, Üretken sanat, Derin öğrenme sanatı, Veri odaklı sanat, Sanatsal yaratıcılık

Kaynakça

• Alice Cattley. (2020, August 26). What ‘The Next Rembrandt’ Tells Us About Art and AI. UX Connections. https://www.uxconnections.com/what-the-next-rembrandttells-us-about-art-and-ai/
• Akten, M. S. (2021). Deep visual instruments: Realtime continuous, meaningful human control over deep neural networks for creative expression [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Goldsmiths, University of London Department of Computing. https://research.gold.ac.uk/id/eprint/30191/1/COM_thesis_AktenM_2021.pdf
• Anadol, R., Reas, C., Kuo, M., & Antonelli, P. (2021, November 15). Modern dream: How Refik Anadol is using machine learning and NFTs to interpret MoMA’s collection. MoMA Magazine. https://www.moma.org/magazine/articles/658
• Anderson, T., & Kim, N. (2021). 3D printing and AI: Revolutionizing modern art. Contemporary Art and Design, 12(1), 45-61. https://doi.org/10.3141/cad.v12i1.4151
• Arbiza Goenaga, M. (2020). A critique of contemporary artificial intelligence art: Who is ’Edmond de Belamy’?. AusArt, 8(1). https://ojs.ehu.eus/index.php/ausart/article/ view/21490/19682
• Atwater, C. (2023, December 10). The future of creativity: How generative AI is transforming art, music, and design. Robots.net. Retrieved from https://robots.net/ai/ the-future-of-creativity-how-generative-ai-is-transforming-art-music-and-design/
• Brown, M. (2016, April 5). “‘New Rembrandt’ to be unveiled in Amsterdam.” The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/apr/05/new-rembrandt-to-be-unveiled-in-amsterdam
• Browne, K. (2022). Who (or what) is an AI artist? Leonardo, 55(2), 130-134. Preprint. Retrieved from Kieranbrowne.com. https://storage.googleapis.com/kieranbrowne-public-files/preprints/who_or_what_is_an_ai_artist.pdf
• Cangiano, S., & Casey, R. (2016, December 5). Coding as a way of thinking: Interview with Casey Reas. Medium. https://medium.com/progetto-grafico/coding-as-away-of-thinking-interview-with-casey-reas-cbb9ecdbb980
• Cetinic, E., & She, J. (2021). Understanding and creating art with AI: Review and outlook. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.09109.pdf
• Chen, X., & Ibrahim, Z. (2023). A comprehensive study of emotional responses in AI-enhanced interactive installation art. Sustainability, 15(22), 15830. https://doi. org/10.3390/su152215830
• Cheng, M. (2022). The creativity of artificial intelligence in art. Proceedings, 81(1), 110. https://www.mdpi.com/2504-3900/81/1/110
• Cohn, G. (2018, October 22). Up for bid, AI art signed ‘algorithm’. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/22/arts/design/christies-art-artificial-intelligence-obvious.html.
• Coronado, E., Itadera, S., & Ramirez-Alpizar, I. G. (2023). Integrating virtual, mixed, and augmented reality to human–robot interaction applications using game engines: A brief review of accessible software tools and frameworks. Applied Sciences, 13(3), 1292. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031292
• Cossich, V. R. A., Carlgren, D., Holash, R. J., & Katz, L. (2023). Technological breakthroughs in sport: Current practice and future potential of artificial intelligence, virtual reality, augmented reality, and modern data visualization in performance analysis. Applied Sciences, 13(23), 12965. https://doi.org/10.3390/app132312965
• Dager, N. (2023, August 31). Sphere Entertainment to unveil Machine Hallucinations: Sphere. Digital Cinema Report. https://www.digitalcinemareport.com/news/sphere-entertainment-unveil-machine-hallucinations-sphere
• Elgammal, A., Liu, B., Elhoseiny, M., & Mazzone, M. (2017). CAN: Creative adversarial networks, generating “art” by learning about styles and deviating from style norms. arXiv [preprint] arXiv:1706.07068. https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.07068
• Elsden, C. (2019). AI and art: New prompts for creativity. In C. Elsden (Ed.), Philosophy and the digital turn (pp. 253-273). Springer. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-13417-4_13
• EMB Blogs. (2024, January 17). The intersection of art and technology in interactive installations. EMB Global. https://blog.emb.global/art-and-technology-in-interactive-installations/
• Epstein, Z., Epstein, Z., Hertzmann, A., Herman, L., Mahari, R., Frank, M. R., Groh, M., Schroeder, H., Smith, A., Akten, M., Fjeld, J., Farid, H., Leach, N., Pentland, A. S., & Russakovsky, O. (2023). Art and the science of generative AI: A deeper dive [Preprint]. arXiv. https://ar5iv.labs.arxiv.org/html/2306.04141
• Esser, P., Chiu, J., Atighehchian, P., Granskog, J., & Germanidis, A. (2023). Structure and content-guided video synthesis with diffusion models [Unpublished manuscript]. https://www.scribd.com/document/646864840/2302-03011-ai-video-creation
• Filimowicz, M. (2020). Creative collaboration: How artists and AI can work together. Higher Neurons. Retrieved from https://medium.com/higher-neurons/creative-collaboration-how-artists-and-ai-can-work-together-187502fd8fdb
• Gatys, L. A., Ecker, A. S., & Bethge, M. (2016). Image style transfer using convolutional neural networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (pp. 2414-2423). https://doi.org/10.1109/ CVPR.2016.265
• Gatys, L. A., Ecker, A. S., & Bethge, M. (2016). Image style transfer using convolutional neural networks. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2414-2423. https://www.cv-foundation.org/openaccess/content_cvpr_2016/papers/Gatys_Image_Style_Transfer_CVPR_2016_paper.pdf
• Gatys, L. A., Ecker, A. S., & Bethge, M. (2015). A Neural Algorithm of Artistic Style. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/1508.06576
• Goodfellow, I., Pouget-Abadie, J., Mirza, M., Xu, B., Warde-Farley, D., Ozair, S., Courville, A., & Bengio, Y. (2014). Generative adversarial nets. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 27, 2672-2680. https://papers.nips.cc/paper/5423-generative-adversarial-nets.pdf
• Güçlütürk, Y., Güçlü, U., van Lier, R., van Gerven, M. A. J. (2016). Convolutional sketch inversion. Computer Vision–ECCV 2016 Workshops: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, October 8-10. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1606.03073
• Haase, J., Djurica, D., & Mendling, J. (2023). The art of inspiring creativity: Exploring the unique impact of AI-generated images. In Proceedings of the 29th Americas Conference on Information Systems AMCIS 2023, Panama, August 10-12. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371874578_The_Art_of_Inspiring_Creativity_Exploring_the_Unique_Impact_of_AI-_generated_Images
• Herman, L. (2022, December 8). As algorithms infiltrate our visual culture, what impact do they have on how audiences perceive creative content? University of Oxford researchers question the role of algorithmic curation in a forthcoming London exhibit. University of Oxford. https://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/news-events/art-algorithms-new-exhibit-highlights-differences-between-algorithmic-and-human-curation/
• Hurst, W., Spyrou, O., Tekinerdogan, B., & Krampe, C. (2023). Digital art and the metaverse: Benefits and challenges. Future Internet, 15(6), 188. https://www.mdpi. com/1999-5903/15/6/188/pdf
• Jones, J. (2016, April 6). The Next Rembrandt: Is this art or just a clever trick? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/jonathanjonesblog/2016/ apr/06/digital-rembrandt-mock-art-fools
• López de Mántaras, R. (2017). Artificial intelligence and the arts: Toward computational creativity. In The Next Step: Exponential Life. BBVA OpenMind. https://www. bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/artificial-intelligence-and-the-arts-toward-computational-creativity/
• Liu, Q., Iovene, E., Ferrigno, G., & De Momi, E. (2023). Recent advancements in augmented reality for robotic applications: A survey. Actuators, 12(8), 323. https://doi. org/10.3390/act12080323
• Lyu, Y., Wang, X., Lin, R., & Wu, J. (2022). Communication in human–AI co-creation: Perceptual analysis of paintings generated by text-to-image system. Applied Sciences, 12(22), 11312. https://doi.org/10.3390/app122211312
• Madhok, R., et al. (2018). AI-based affective music generation systems: A review of methods, and challenges. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2301.06890
• Martinez, R., & Lee, K. (2023). Integrating AI in 3D model creation for artistic purposes. International Journal of 3D Printing, 5(6), 23-39. https://doi.org/10.1121/ij3dp. v5i6.3141
• Mazzone, M., & Elgammal, A. (2019). Art, creativity, and the potential of artificial intelligence. Arts, 8(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/arts8010026
• McCormack, J., Gifford, T., & Hutchings, P. (2019). Autonomy, authenticity, authorship and intention in computer generated art. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1-12). ACM. https://doi. org/10.1145/3290605.3300377
• Melnik, A., Miasayedzenkau, M., Makaravets, D., Pirshtuk, D., Akbulut, E., Holzmann, D., Renusch, T., Reichert, G., & Ritter, H. (2024). Face generation and editing with StyleGAN: A survey. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 46(5). https://www.computer.org/csdl/journal/tp/2024/05/10399793/1TJtkO7xtss
• Mitra, A., & Das, S. (2024). Artificial intelligence and the evolution of creativity: An in-depth analysis of AI’s role in modern content creation. J.U. Journal for Communication, Society and Outreach, 1(1), 21-36. https://jadavpuruniversity.in/?jet_ download=18473
• Pickett-Groen, N. (2016). The Next Rembrandt: bringing the Old Master back to life. Medium. https://medium.com/@DutchDigital/the-next-rembrandt-bringing-theold-master-back-to-life-35dfb1653597
• Raley, R., & Rhee, J. (2023). Critical AI: A field in formation. American Literature, 95(2), 185-208. https://doi.org/10.1215/00029831-10575021
• Ridler, A., & Carey, J. M. (2021). Interview with Anna Ridler. Antennae: The Journal of Nature in Visual Culture, (53), 53-65. Edited by G. Aloi. https://uis.brage.unit.no/ uis-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/3053499/carey.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
• Saleh, B., & Elgammal, A. (2015). Large-scale classification of fine-art paintings: Learning the right metric on the right feature. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/1505.00855
• Sharifani, K., & Amini, M. (2023). Machine learning and deep learning: A review of methods and applications. World Information Technology and Engineering Journal, 10(7), 3897-3904. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4458723
• Stevens, A. (2021, August 5). How VR and AR are changing the world of immersive theater. Carnegie Mellon University Arts Management & Technology Laboratory. https://amt-lab.org/blog/2021/8/how-vr-and-ar-are-changing-the-world-of-immersive-theater
• Subačiūtė-Žemaitienė, J., Šutinys, E., Samukaitė-Bubnienė, U., & Bučinskas, V. (2022). Advanced applications of industrial robotics: New trends and possibilities. Applied Sciences, 12(1), 135. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010135
• Tatar, K., Ericson, P., Cotton, K., Torres Núñez del Prado, P., Batlle-Roca, R., Cabrero-Daniel, B., Ljungblad, S., Diapoulis, G., & Hussain, J. (2024). A shift in artistic practices through artificial intelligence. Leonardo, 57(3), 293–297. Retrieved from https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.10054
• Wu, Z., Qu,H., Zhang, K. (2024). A survey of recent practice of artificial life in visual art.
• Artificial Life (2024) 30 (1): 106–135. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00433
• Internet Resourses:
• http 1. https://ikestevens27.medium.com/visualized-best-picture-nominations-exploring-data-driven-art-64471dc7b9d0 (Access: 02.01.2024)
• http 2. https://annaridler.com/works (Access: 02.02.2024)
• http 3. a) https://annaridler.com/myriad-tulips b) https://annaridler.com/myriad-tulips (Access: 05.01.2024)
• http 4. https://underdestruction.com/category/work/ (Access: 02.02.2024)
• http 5. https://vimeo.com/298000366 (Access: 02.02.2024)
• http 6. https://reas.com/ (Access: 13.01.2024)
• http 7. https://vimeo.com/153406220 (Access: 13.01.2024)
• http8. https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2019/contemporary-art-day-auction-l19021/lot.109.html?locale=tr (Access: 01.01.2024)
• http 9. https://www.vml.com/work/next-rembrandt (Access: 05.01.2024)
• http 10. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IuygOYZ1Ngo (Access: 05.01.2024)
• http 11. https://www.vml.com/work/next-rembrandt (Access: 01.01.2024)
• http 12. http 8. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lQ3Yxi6pCvc (Access: 27.01.2024)
• http 13. https://refikanadol.com/works/machine-hallucinations-sphere/ (Access: 16.01.2024)
• http 14. https://refikanadol.com/works/machine-hallucinations-sphere/ (Access: 16.01.2024)
• http 15. https://refikanadol.com/works/machine-hallucinations-sphere/ (Access: 16.01.2024)
• http 16. https://www.vml.com/work/next-rembrandt (Access: 05.01.2024)
• http 17. https://www.jorislaarman.com/work/bone-chair/ (Access: 11.01.2024)
• http 18. https://www.jorislaarman.com/work/bone-chair/ (Access: 11.01.2024)
• http 19. https://www.midjourney.com/home?callbackUrl=%2Fexplore (Access: 07.11.2023)
• http 20. https://leonardo.ai/ (Access: 11.12.2023)
• http 21. https://deepdreamgenerator.com/ (Access: 13.12.2023)
• http 22. https://www.artbreeder.com/ (Access: 02.01.2024)
• http 23. https://magenta.tensorflow.org/studio (Access: 05.01.2024)
• http 24. https://welcome.ai/solution/amper (Access: 16.11.2023)
• http 25. https://www.aican.io/ (Access: 03.01.2024)
• http 26. https://metaverse.sothebys.com/ (Access: 14.12.2023)
• http 27. https://acuteart.com/ (Access: 18.12.2023)
• http 28. https://www.louvre.fr/en/online-tours (Access: 10.12.2023)
• http 29. https://www.britishmuseum.org/blog/how-explore-british-museum-home (Date of access: 11.12.2023)
• http 30. https://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/en (Access: 13.12.2023)
• http 31. https://obvious-art.com/portfolio/edmond-de-belamy/ (Access: 07.12.2023)
• http 32. https://sofiacrespo.com/ (Access: 01.02.2024)
• http 33. a) https://www.artnews.com/gallery/art-in-america/aia-photos/sofia-crespo-neural-zoo-1234614514/ b) https://www.artnews.com/gallery/art-in-america/aia-photos/sofia-crespo-neural-zoo-1234614514/web-morphing_3234/ c) https://www.artnews.com/gallery/art-in-america/aia-photos/sofia-crespo-neural-zoo-1234614514/web-entangled_5586/ (Access: 06.01.2024)