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1918’den Günümüze İşgal Korkusu ve Göçmen Sorunu Bağlamında Asya-Pasifik Bölgesi’nde Avustralya Dış Politikası

Yıl 2023, , 285 - 330, 26.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.54078/savsad.1093173

Öz

Avustralya’nın jeostratejik olarak savunulması zor ve risk değerlendirmesi yüksek bir ada/kıta olmasının yanı sıra Anglo-Kelt kökenli bir etnik homojenliğe sahip olması, Avustralya’yı bölgesinde özel bir konuma yerleştirmiştir. 1850-1939 yılları arasında Asya-Pasifik’te Avustralya dış politiğini, Avustralya’da Çinli göçmen sorunu, Japon (yellow peril) ve Alman işgali risk değerlendirmesi merkezinde biçimlendirmiştir. Asya-Pasifik bölgesinde Avustralya, 1970’lere kadar kendisini Batı’ya ait hissetme ve Asyalı toplumları ötekileştirme üzerine kurgulanmış bir dış politika geliştirmiştir. Büyük Britanya’nın Avustralya’yla tarihi ve kültürel bağlarının güçlü olmasının ortaya çıkardığı bu tarihsel süreç, İkinci Dünya Savaşı’na kadar Büyük Britanya’nın Avustralya üzerinde siyasi, ekonomik ve askerî olarak baskın etkisine neden olmuştur. Bu bağlamda İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nın sonuna kadar Avustralya, Büyük Britanya’nın Asya-Pasifik’te ‘izole ileri karakolu’ olarak kalmasına neden olmuş ve savaş sonrası güç dengelerinin değişmesiyle Avustralya, ABD’nin koruma şemsiyesi altına girmiştir. Bu nedenle Soğuk Savaş sürecinde Avustralya, Asya-Pasifik’te ‘kızıl tehlike’ye karşı ABD’nin güdümünde göreceli bir dış politika üretmiştir. Asya-Pasifik bölge devletlerinin 1970’lerden sonra iktisadi bir güç olarak ortaya çıkması, Avustralya’da hızla yakın bölgesiyle bütünleşme eğilimi gösteren bir dış siyaset dönüşümü yaşanmasına neden olurken Avustralya’nın kendi kararlarıyla dış siyaseti belirleme yeteneği, işlevsellik kazanmıştır.

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Australian Foreign Policy in the Asia-Pacific Region in Context of Fear of Occupation and the Immigrant Problem from 1918 to Present

Yıl 2023, , 285 - 330, 26.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.54078/savsad.1093173

Öz

The fact that Australia is an island/continent that is geostrategically difficult to defend and has a high risk assessment, as well as having an ethnic homogeneity of Anglo-Celtic origin has placed Australia in a special position in its region. Between 1850 and 1939, she shaped Australian foreign policy in the Asia-Pacific, in the center of risk assessment of the Chinese immigrant problem, Japanese (yellow peril) and German occupation in Australia. In the Asia-Pacific region, until the 1970s, Australia developed a foreign policy based on feeling Western and marginalizing Asian societies. This historical process, which was revealed by the strong historical and cultural ties of Great Britain with Australia, caused the dominant influence of Great Britain on Australia, politically, economically and militarily, until the Second World War. In this context, until the end of the Second World War, Australia caused Great Britain to remain as an 'isolated outpost' in the Asia-Pacific, and with the change in the post-war balance of power, Australia came under the protection umbrella of the USA. For this reason, during the Cold War, Australia produced a relative foreign policy under the guidance of the USA against the 'red menace' in the Asia-Pacific. The emergence of the states of the Asia-Pacific region as an economic power after the 1970s caused a foreign policy transformation in Australia that tended to integrate with its immediate region, while Australia's ability to determine foreign policy with its own decisions gained functionality.

Kaynakça

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  • National Archives of Australia. “Conscription Referendums 1916 and 1917”. 11.05.2021 tarihinde https://www.naa.gov.au adresinden alınmıştır.
  • National Archives of Australia. “John Howard”. 12.05.2020 tarihinde http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/howard/before-office.aspx adresinden alınmıştır.
  • National Archives of Australia. “Julia Gillard”. 11.04.2020 tarihinde http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/gillard/ adresinden alınmıştır.
  • National Archives of Australia. “Paul Keating”. 12.04.2020 tarihinde http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/keating/ adresinden alınmıştır.
  • National Archives of Australia. “Conscription Referendums, 1916 and 1917”, 11.05.2021 tarihinde https://www.naa.gov.au. adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Nationals Day Constructing and Mobilizing National Identity. McCrone, David, Gayle McPherson (Edited) (2009). Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2009.
  • National Museum of Australia. “Gough Whitlam”. 14.05.2020 tarihinde https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/prime-ministers/gough-whitlam adresinden alınmıştır.
  • National Museum of Australia. “Malcolm Fraser”. 14.05.2020 tarihinde https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/prime-ministers/malcolm-fraser adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Palazzo, Albert (2001). The Australian Army: A History of Its Organisation 1901-2001. Melbourne, Oxford University Press.
  • Permanent Mission of Australia to the United Nations (2001). “Oceans and the Law of the Sea”. 11.04.2020 tarihinde, https://unny.mission.gov.au/unny/il_271101.html adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Relocate Global (2019). “Welcome to the Asian Century- Part Century Part 1”.21.01.2021tarihinde,https://www.relocatemagazine.com/articles/enterprise-welcome-to-the-asian-century-part-1- 2012 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Serle, Geoffrey (1993). Australian Dictionary of Biography, “Curtin, John (1885-1945)”. Volume 13, (MUP), 11.05.2020 tarihinde http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/curtin-john-9885 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Sharp, Heather (2014). “Representing Australia’s Involvement in the First World War: Discrepancies between Public Discourses and School History Textbooks from 1916 to 1936”. Journal of Educational Media, Memory&Society, Spring, Vol. 6, No.1.
  • Stanley, Peter (2002). “He’s (not) Coming South: The Invasion that wasn’t” 10.11.2021 tarihinde http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/ajrp2.nsf/WebI/Chapters/$file/Chapter2.pdf?OpenElement adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Stephens, Alan, Nicola Baker (2009). Savaşı Anlamak: 21. Yüzyıl İçin Strateji. Çeviren: Süleyman Yazır, Phoenix.
  • Stockings, Craig A.J. (2007). The Making and Breaking of the Post-Federation Australian Army 1901-1909. Land Warfare Studies Centre, Canberra.
  • Safecom.org.au (2003). “The Unthrown Kids”. 11.04.2020 tarihinde http://www.safecom.org.au/kids-overboard.htm adresinden alınmıştır.
  • SBSNEWS (2013). “Tampa Key Players Look Back”. 11.04.2020 tarihinde https://www.sbs.com.au/news/tampa-key-players-look-back adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Tchen, John Kuo Wei (1999). New York Before Chinatown, Orientalism and the Shaping of American Culture 1776-1882. Baltimore and London, The Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • The Age. 29 December 1941. “Looks to America”. p.3.
  • The Australian Army at War 1899-1975. Martin Windrow (Editor) (1982). Osprey Pub., 1982.
  • The Australian Study of Politics. R.A.W. Rhodes (Edited) (2009). Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2009.
  • The Examiner. 29 December 1941. “Australia Looks to U.S. for Aid”. p.4.
  • The Herald (Melbourne). 27 December 1941. “Task Ahead”. p.10.
  • The Sun. 28 December 1941. “Australia Looks to U.S.A.”. p.5.
  • The Sydney Morning Herald. 7 February 1883. “German Annexation of New Guina”. p.4.
  • The Sydney Morning Herald. 29 December 1941. “Grave Warning to Australians”. p.7.
  • The Conservation.com (2019). “Issues that Swung Elections: Tampa and the National Security Election of 2001”. 20.10.2021 tarihinde https://theconversation.com/issues-that-swung-elections-tampa-and-the-national-security-election-of-2001-115143 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • The Guardian (2001). “Australian Votes on How Tightly to Close the Door”. 11.04.2020tarihindehttps://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/10/immigration.uk adresinden alınmıştır.
  • The Straits Times (2020). “15 Countries, Including Singapore, Sign RCEP, the World’s Largest Trade Pact”. 22.02.2021 tarihinde https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/15-countries-including singapore-sign-rcep-the-worlds-largest-trade-pact adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Tuicakademi.org.(2011).03.10.2019tarihindehttp://www.tuicakademi.org/asya-pasifik-havzasina-genel-bir-bakis/ adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Only in Australia: The History, Politics and Economics of Australian Exceptionalism. O. Coleman William (Editor) (2016). Oxford University Press.
  • Watmough, Simon (2013). “Aynaya Yeni Bir Bakışın Ötesinde Avustralya’nın 20 Yıllık Asya Bağlantısı”. 25.03.2020 tarihinde https://tasam.org/trTR/Icerik/5081/aynaya_yeni_bir_bakisin_otesinde_avustralyanin_20_yillik_asya_baglantisi adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Wesley, Michael (2011). There Goes the Neighborhood: Australia and the Rise of Asia, Sydney: University of New South Wales Press.
  • West, Barbara A., Frances T. Murphey (2010). A Brief History of Australia. New York Facts on File.
  • White, Hugh (2010). “Power Shift: Australia’s Future between Washington and Beijing”. Quarterly Essay, Sayı:39, pp. 1-74.
  • White, Hugh (2011). “Power Shift: Rethinking Australia’s Place in the Asian Century”. Australian Journal of International Affairs. No:65, Sayı: 1, pp.81-93, DOI: 10.1080/10357718.2011.53563.
  • Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations: Asia and Oceania Vol.4. Greve, Jennifer, Kimberly Lewis, Kate Potthoff (Editors) (2007). USA Thomsan Gale.
  • Yahuda, Michael (2019). The International Politics of the Asia-Pacific, New York, Routledge, 2019.
Toplam 86 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler (Diğer)
Bölüm SAVSAD Savunma ve Savaş Araştırmaları Dergisi Aralık 2023
Yazarlar

Orhan Özcan 0000-0002-0398-7184

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Özcan, O. (2023). 1918’den Günümüze İşgal Korkusu ve Göçmen Sorunu Bağlamında Asya-Pasifik Bölgesi’nde Avustralya Dış Politikası. SAVSAD Savunma Ve Savaş Araştırmaları Dergisi, 33(2), 285-330. https://doi.org/10.54078/savsad.1093173